Endogenetic Movements

Exercise

Q. 1 A. Tick in front of the correct option

A. On which of the following are slow movements in the earth’s interior

A. dependent?
B. Landforms
C. Velocity
D. Direction

Answer : Slow movements in the earth’s interior is dependent on velocity.

Explanation – Massive energy waves flowing through the mantle cause movements in
it. The velocity in which they move affect the earth’s interior.

Q. 1 B. Tick in front of the correct option

When waves divert from each other, what do they create

A. Compression
B. Tension
C. Mountain

Answer : When waves divert from each other, they create tension.

Explanation – When the energy waves within the earth’s mantle move away from each
other, they create tension on the layers of rock surrounding the waves leading to
fractures in the earth’s crust.

Q. 1 C. Tick in front of the correct option

For the formation of a rift valley, which of the following processes should occur
in the earth’s crust?

A. Compression
B. Tension
C. Weathering

Answer : For the formation of rift valleys, tension should occur in the earth’s crust.
Explanation - When the energy waves within the earth’s mantle move away from each
other, they create tension on the layers of rock surrounding the waves leading to
fractures in the earth’s crust. Sometimes, two fractures can occur parallel to each other
and the crust between these fractures subside forming the rift valley.

Q. 1 D. Tick in front of the correct option

Which of these is a fold mountain?

A. The Satpudas
B. The Himalayas
C. The Western Ghats

Answer : The Himalayas is a type of fold mountain.

Explanation – The Himalayas were formed around 40 to 50 million years ago when the
Indo-Australian plate collided with the Eurasian plate. This caused compression in the
Tethys sea which raised the ocean floor and folds were formed in the soft rocks to
create the mountains.

Q. 1 E. Tick in front of the correct option

The formation of extensive plateaus is a result of which type of movements?

A. Mountain-building
B. Continent-building
C. Horizontal

Answer : The formation of extensive plateaus is a result of continent-building

movements.

Explanation – Continent – building movements or epeirogenic movements occur when

slow movements at the earth’s center move towards the surface. This causes upliftment
in earth’s crust forming extensive plateaus.

Q. 2 A. Give geographical reasons.

Buildings collapsed at the foothills of the Himalayas because of an earthquake.

Before collapsing they were moving forward and backward.

Answer : An earthquake occurs when the tension in the normal movements within the
earth’s crust increases leading to formation of massive waves creating trembling on the
earth’s surface. Initially when the energy is emitted from the earth’s surface, it comes
out in the form of primary seismic waves that cause the particles it passes through to
move to and fro. This causes forward and backward movements or swaying in the
earth’s surface. This would cause the swaying in any structure present in the area
where such a phenomenon occurs. The collapse would be triggered by the secondary
seismic waves which causes the crust to move up and down. Thus, the forward and
backward movement caused by the primary waves would be observed first.

Q. 2 B. Give geographical reasons.

There is a difference in the formation of the Meghalaya Plateau and the Deccan
Plateau.

Answer : The Meghalaya plateau is a type of block mountain. It was formed when
horizontal movements of the waves within the earth’s crust moved away from each
other creating tension on the surface finally creating faults. When the surface between
two parallel faults rises up, it forms block mountains. It is characterized by a flat top and
steep sides as seen in the Meghalaya Plateau.

The Deccan plateau is a by-product of a volcanic eruption. During the eruption in a

fissure type volcano, the magma comes out not from one single vent but from several
fissures. This magma cools down and forms a gently rolling plateau as seen in the
Deccan plateau.

Q. 2 C. Give geographical reasons.

Most of the volcanoes are found on the plate boundaries.

Answer : Along plate boundaries, either plates sink below another plate (subduction),
heating and creating magma, or plates pull apart, allowing magma to rise to the surface.
In both these conditions, when the magma reaches the surface it creates volcanoes.
Thus, most of the volcanoes are found on the plate boundaries. More than 400
volcanoes—about 80 percent of all active volcanoes above sea level—are along
subduction zones in the Pacific Ocean. Thevolcanoes around the Pacific Ocean form a
belt called the Ring of Fire.

Q. 2 D. Give geographical reasons.

The Barren Island is becoming conical in shape.

Answer : The Barren Island is home to India’s only volcanic mountain, the Barren
Mountain which had been dormant for a long time. It was a central type or conical
volcano where the magma had been ejected through a single central vent. It has started
showing activity since February 2017, and mainly dust, smoke and mud is coming out of
the vent along with some lava. This has made it more conical in shape.

Q. 2 E. Give geographical reasons.

Volcanic eruptions can cause earthquakes.

Answer : Volcanic eruptions occur when either plates sink below another plate
(subduction), heating and creating magma, or plates pull apart, allowing magma to rise
to the surface. In both these conditions, when the magma reaches the surface it creates
volcanoes. Thus, most of the volcanoes are found on the plate boundaries. An
earthquake occurs when the tension in the normal movements within the earth’s crust
increases leading to formation of massive waves creating trembling on the earth’s
surface. Thus, volcanic eruptions can cause earthquakes because of the massive
amount of energy that is released during an eruption.

Q. 3 A. Identify and name the internal movement.

Tsunamis are generated in coastal areas.

Answer : Sudden internal movements within the earth’s crust below the ocean floor that
lead to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions can cause tsunamis.

Explanation – A tsunami is a seismic sea wave which is caused by the displacement of

a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. This displacement can
occur because of earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the ocean floor both of which
are categorized as sudden earth movements.

Q. 3 B. Identify and name the internal movement.

The Himalayas are an example of fold mountains.

Answer : Compression that lead to folding of the softer rocks formed the Himalayas.

Explanation - The Himalayas were formed around 40 to 50 million years ago when the
Indo-Australian plate collided with the Eurasian plate. This caused compression in the
Tethys sea which raised the ocean floor and folds were formed in the soft rocks to
create the mountains.

Q. 3 C. Identify and name the internal movement.

Molten magma is thrown out of the earth’s mantle.

Answer : Volcanic eruptions cause molten magma to be thrown out of the earth’s crust.

Explanation - Volcanic eruptions occur when either plates sink below another plate
(subduction), heating and creating magma, or plates pull apart, allowing magma to rise
to the surface. In both these conditions, the magma reaches the surface or is thrown out
to the surface through vents and fissures.

Q. 3 D. Identify and name the internal movement.

Rift valley is formed because of faulting.

Answer : Tension within the earth’s crust which leads to faulting creates rift valleys.

Explanation - When the energy waves within the earth’s mantle move away from each
other, they create tension on the layers of rock surrounding the waves leading to
fractures in the earth’s crust. Sometimes, two fractures can occur parallel to each other
and the crust between these fractures subside forming the rift valley.

Q. 4. Arrange the following statements in chronological order in which an

earthquake occurs.

A. The earth’s surface vibrates

B. The plates suddenly move.
C. Due to the movements in the mantle, compression goes on increasing.
D. Along the weak points (fault lines) rocks break apart.
E. Stored energy is released in the form of seismic waves.

Answer : The following sequence gives the chronological order when an earthquake
occurs –

B. The plates suddenly move.

E. Stored energy is released in the form of seismic waves.

C. Due to the movements in the mantle, compression goes on increasing.

A. The earth’s surface vibrates

D. Along the weak points (fault lines) rocks break apart.

Explanation – The given sequence describes how an earthquake occurs. An

earthquake occurs when the tension in the normal movements within the earth’s crust
increases leading to formation of massive waves creating trembling on the earth’s
surface. The tension is a direct result from the movements of plates putting statement B
in the first position. The effect of this sudden plate movement results in the release of
energy which makes statement E come in the second position. All these movements
(tension and energy release) are occurring in the earth’s mantle. Statement C which
describes the same along with the effect it has on the compression comes in the third
spot. Increasing compression will create trembling on the earth’s surface making
statement A come in at the fourth spot. This vibration is the earthquake and not only will
it cause faults to appear on the crust but the crust can also break apart at these fault
lines. This makes statement D come in the fifth position. Thus, the correct sequence is
B, E, C, A, D.

Q. 5 A. Distinguish between -

Block Mountain and Fold Mountain

Answer :
Q. 5 B. Distinguish between -
Primary and Secondary Seismic Waves
Answer :
Q. 5 C. Distinguish between -

Earthquakes and volcanoes

Answer :
Q. 6 A. Answer in brief

Give reasons why an earthquake occurs.

Answer : An earthquake occurs when the tension in the normal movements within the
earth’s crust increases leading to formation of massive waves creating trembling on the
earth’s surface.

• Movements below the earth’s surface creates tension which keeps on accumulating.

• High energy is released at the place where the tension mounts up creating the center
of the earthquake or the focus.

• Seismic waves scatter in all directions from the focus.

• Underground rocks can break along the fault lines created by movements of such
waves which is expressed by an earthquake on the surface.

Plate boundaries are active areas of earthquakes as the plates are in constant motion.

Q. 6 B. Answer in brief

Which type of movements have led to the formation of the major fold mountains
in the world?

Answer : Fold mountains are formed due to folding which occurs when the horizontal
movements within the earth’s crust move towards each other.
• The release of energy from within the earth’s crust causes movements in the earth’s
mantle.

• Velocity and direction define the result of these movements on the earth’s surface.

• When the movements are slow and horizontal in nature they can lead to formation of
mountains and other landforms.

• Slow horizontal movements that move towards each other create compression in the
earth’s crust.

• This causes the rock layers to fold over each other and rise in height.

• With constant high pressure large scale complex folds are formed, uplifting the earth’s
surface and forming fold mountains.

The Himalayas, the Aravalis, the Rockies, the Andes, the Alps are the major fold
mountains of the world.

Q. 6 C. Answer in brief

How is the magnitude of the earthquake related to the collapse of houses?

Answer : An earthquake occurs when the tension in the normal movements within the
earth’s crust increases leading to formation of massive waves creating trembling on the
earth’s surface. Movements below the earth’s surface creates tension which keeps on
accumulating. High energy is released at the place where the tension mounts up
creating the center of the earthquake or the focus. The point on the Earth's surface
directly above the focus is called the epicenter of the earthquake. The severity of an
earthquake can be expressed in terms of both intensity and magnitude. Intensity is
based on the observed effects of ground shaking on people, buildings, and natural
features. Magnitude is related to the amount of seismic energy released at the
hypocenter of the earthquake. The magnitude of an earthquake is thus represented by a
single, instrumentally determined value. This value for the magnitude of an earthquake
is measured with the help of seismographs which give the value according to the
Richter Scale.

Earthquakes with magnitude of about 2.0 or less are usually called microearthquakes;
they are not commonly felt by people and are generally recorded only on local
seismographs. Events with magnitudes of about 4.5 or greater--there are several
thousand such shocks annually--are strong enough to be recorded by sensitive
seismographs all over the world. Great earthquakes, such as the 1964 Good Friday
earthquake in Alaska, have magnitudes of 8.0 or higher. On the average, one
earthquake of such size occurs somewhere in the world each year. Although the Richter
Scale has no upper limit, the largest known shocks have had magnitudes in the 8.8 to
8.9 range.
Thus, higher the Richter scale reading on a seismograph, the earthquake has more
magnitude making it more devastating. Earthquakes with low magnitude would not
cause houses to collapse. But those of high magnitude can cause houses to collapse.

Q. 6 D. Answer in brief

What are the effects of earthquakes on the earth’s surface and human life?

Answer : An earthquake occurs when the tension in the normal movements within the
earth’s crust increases leading to formation of massive waves creating trembling on the
earth’s surface. Earthquakes are naturally devastating in nature and have both primary
and secondary effects. The primary effects are mostly observed on the earth’s surface,
while secondary effects are observed on human life.

Primary effects –

• The passage of seismic waves through the ground, causes it to shake which can be
gentle or extremely violent depending on the magnitude of the earthquake. This leads to
rupturing on the surface and/ or creation of faults further weaking the ground stability.

• Landslides are caused by earthquakes both by direct rupture and by sustained

shaking of unstable slopes. They can easily destroy buildings in their path, or block
roads and railroad lines, or take hilltop homes with them as they tumble.

• Earthquakes can cause tsunamis or seismic sea waves which is caused by the
displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake because
of ground shaking and displacement.

• In a similar fashion, earthquakes can also change the existing groundwater level in an
area in which it occurs.

• In mountain areas, earthquakes can also cause the accumulated snow on mountain
tops to dislodge through the shaking and create an avalanche.

Secondary effects –

• Earthquakes can cause devastating fires which in turn affect human life and property.

• Human life and property are also lost and damaged due to building collapse in the
event of an earthquake.

• Since earthquakes tend to damage the earth’s surface, transportation routes like roads
and railways are also severely affected and often destroyed during earthquakes of
higher magnitudes.
• The same reason applies for communication systems.

Q. 6 E. Answer in brief

Explain the types of seismic waves.

Answer : During an earthquake, accumulated tension is released in massive waves to

cause the trembling at the surface of the earth. These waves are called seismic waves
and are of three types –

1) Primary Seismic Waves or P waves -

• The waves that reach the earth’s surface first once energy is emitted from the earth’s
surface are called primary seismic waves.

• These waves can travel through all the three mediums of liquid, solid and gaseous
states.

• They have high velocity and move in a radial direction from the focus of the
earthquake.

• These waves are often called forward-backward waves as particles through which
these waves pass tend to move to and fro in the direction of the waves.

• Initial waves are felt but are not damaging to a great extent.

2) Secondary Seismic Waves or S waves -

• The waves that reach the earth’s surface after the primary waves once energy is
emitted from the earth’s surface are called secondary seismic waves.

• These waves can travel through only solid state medium and get absorbed in any
liquid state mediums.

• They have lower velocity than Primary waves and scatter in all directions from the
earthquake focus point.

• These waves cause the particles it passes through to move up and down.

• These waves are more damaging causing the maximum destruction during an
earthquake.

3) Surface Seismic Waves or L waves –

• These waves are generated after the main P and S waves reach the epicenter.
• They travel in the direction of the circumference of the earth along the crust.

• They are highly destructive.

Q. 6 F. Answer in brief

Explain the types of volcanoes on the basis of periodicity of eruption with

examples.

Answer : Volcanoes are mountains that result from volcanic eruptions. Volcanic
eruptions occur when either plates sink below another plate (subduction), heating and
creating magma, or plates pull apart, allowing magma to rise to the surface. In both
these conditions, the magma reaches the surface or is thrown out to the surface through
vents and fissures. Periodicity refers to the period between which eruptions occur from
a particular volcano. On the basis of periodicity, volcanoes are of three types –

1) Active Volcanoes -

• A volcano that is erupting or shows signs of future eruptions like emission of gas,
muds, etc. is called active.

• Any signs of unrest including unusual earthquake activity or significant new gas
emissions makes a volcano active by nature.

• Most volcanoes are situated on the Pacific Ring of Fire are considered active. Mt
Fujiyama in Japan, Mt. Stromboli in Mediterranean Sea are also considered as active
volcanoes.

2) Dormant Volcanoes –

• Dormant volcanoes are those that have not erupted for thousands of years, but are
likely to erupt again in the future.

• Mt. Vesuvius in Italy, Mt. Katmai in Alaska, and Barren Island, India are considered to
be examples of dormant volcanoes.

3) Extinct Volcanoes –

• Any volcano that shows no magma supply and has not erupted in recorded history is
considered as an extinct volcano.

• Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania is an extinct volcano.

Q. 7. Show the epicentre, focus and the primary, secondary and surface waves of
an earthquake with the help of a neat labelled diagram.
Answer :

Q. 8. Show the following on a given outline map of the world.

A. Mt. Kilimanjaro

B. Mid-Atlantic Earthquake zone

C. Mt. Fuji

D. Krakatoa

E. Mt. Vesuvius

Answer :
Description:

• Mt Kilimanjaro - Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania on the African continent is an extinct

volcano. Any volcano that shows no magma supply and has not erupted in recorded
history is considered as an extinct volcano.

• Mid -Atlantic earthquake zone – The mid-Atlantic earthquake zone refers to the zone
surrounding the mid-Atlantic ridge. This ridge lies over active plate boundaries where
different plates are known to converge or diverge. Mainly it is a convergent plate
boundary and the shifting of plates often causes under water earthquakes in this region.

• Mt Fuji – Mt Fujiyama in Japan is an active volcano. A volcano that is erupting or

shows signs of future eruptions like emission of gas, muds, etc. is called active.

• Krakatoa – This is a volcanic island in Indonesia. It is famous because of a

cataclysmic eruption in 1883. According to the official records of the Dutch East Indies
colony, 165 villages and towns were destroyed near Krakatoa, and 132 were seriously
damaged. At least 36,417 people died, and many more thousands were injured, mostly
from the tsunamis that followed the explosion. The eruption destroyed two-thirds of the
island of Krakatoa.

• Mt Vesuvius - Mt. Vesuvius in Italy is a dormant volcano. Dormant volcanoes are

those that have not erupted for thousands of years, but are likely to erupt again in the
future.