📘 Trigonometric Functions (Up to Exercise 3.
2)
📍 Concept 1: Angles & Their Measurement
✨ Explanation: - ➡️ An angle is the amount of rotation of a ray about its initial point. - ➡️ Positive angle
→ Anticlockwise rotation. - ➡️ Negative angle → Clockwise rotation. - ➡️ 1 revolution = 360° = 2π radians.
📝 Examples & Solutions:
1️⃣ A wheel makes 5 full turns. Find angle in degrees. - ✅ 1 turn = 360°, so 5 × 360° = 1800°.
2️⃣ A fan rotates 90 times per minute. How many revolutions in 5 minutes? - ✅ 90 × 5 = 450 turns → 450 ×
360° = 162,000°.
3️⃣ Hour hand from 3 PM to 6 PM: - ✅ Each hour = 30°, so 3 × 30° = 90°.
4️⃣ A skateboard spins 2.5 turns backward: - ✅ 2.5 × 360° = 900°, backward → –900°.
5️⃣ A merry-go-round makes 1.5 clockwise turns: - ✅ 1.5 × 360° = 540°, clockwise → –540°.
📍 Concept 2: Degree Measure
• ✅ 1° = 60′, 1′ = 60″.
📝 Examples & Solutions:
1️⃣ Convert 90°30′ into decimal: - ✅ 90 + 30/60 = 90.5°.
2️⃣ Write 2°15′30″ in decimal: - ✅ 2 + 15/60 + 30/3600 = 2.2583°.
3️⃣ Express 180° in minutes: - ✅ 180 × 60 = 10,800′.
4️⃣ 3 full rotations in degrees: - ✅ 3 × 360° = 1080°.
5️⃣ 25° in seconds: - ✅ 25 × 60 × 60 = 90,000″.
📍 Concept 3: Radian Measure
• ✅ 1 radian = angle subtended by an arc whose length equals the radius.
• ✅ θ = l/r, where θ in radians.
• ✅ 1 full revolution = 2π radians.
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📝 Examples & Solutions:
1️⃣ Convert π/4 rad into degrees: - ✅ π = 180°, so π/4 = 45°.
2️⃣ Circle radius = 14 cm, θ = 1 rad. Arc length? - ✅ l = rθ = 14 × 1 = 14 cm.
3️⃣ Radians in semicircle: - ✅ π rad.
4️⃣ Arc = 10 cm, radius = 5 cm, find angle: - ✅ θ = l/r = 10/5 = 2 rad.
5️⃣ Wheel r = 7 cm, distance = 44 cm: - ✅ θ = l/r = 44/7 ≈ 6.28 rad ≈ 2π rad.
📍 Concept 4: Degree ↔ Radian Conversion
• ✅ Radian = (π/180) × Degree.
• ✅ Degree = (180/π) × Radian.
📝 Examples & Solutions:
1️⃣ Convert 150° to radians: - ✅ (150 × π)/180 = 5π/6 rad.
2️⃣ Convert 7π/6 to degrees: - ✅ (7π/6) × (180/π) = 210°.
3️⃣ 57.3° in radians: - ✅ (57.3 × π)/180 ≈ 1 rad.
4️⃣ Convert –300° to radians: - ✅ (–300 × π)/180 = –5π/3 rad.
5️⃣ Convert 4 rad to degrees: - ✅ (4 × 180)/π ≈ 229°.
📍 Concept 5: Arc Length Formula (l = rθ)
📝 Examples & Solutions:
1️⃣ r = 10 cm, θ = 60°: - ✅ θ in rad = π/3, so l = 10 × π/3 ≈ 10.47 cm.
2️⃣ Minute hand = 5 cm, distance in 20 min: - ✅ 20 min = 1/3 revolution = 2π/3 rad. - ✅ l = 5 × 2π/3 ≈ 10.47
cm.
3️⃣ Arc length = 22 cm, θ = 90°: - ✅ θ = π/2, r = l/θ = 22 ÷ (π/2) = 44/π ≈ 14 cm.
4️⃣ Two arcs equal length, angles 40° and 60°: - ✅ r₁/r₂ = θ₂/θ₁ = 60°/40° = 3:2.
5️⃣ Pendulum swings 15 cm, length = 75 cm: - ✅ θ = l/r = 15/75 = 0.2 rad.
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📍 Concept 6: Trigonometric Functions on Unit Circle
• ✅ sin x = y-coordinate, cos x = x-coordinate.
• ✅ sin²x + cos²x = 1.
📝 Examples & Solutions:
1️⃣ sin and cos for θ = 0, π/2, π, 3π/2: - ✅ 0 → (1, 0), sin = 0, cos = 1. - ✅ π/2 → (0, 1), sin = 1, cos = 0. - ✅ π
→ (–1, 0), sin = 0, cos = –1. - ✅ 3π/2 → (0, –1), sin = –1, cos = 0.
2️⃣ sin x = 0 → x = nπ. 3️⃣ cos x = 0 → x = (2n+1)π/2. 4️⃣ P(3/5, ?) on unit circle: - ✅ cos = 3/5, sin = √(1 – 9/25)
= 4/5. 5️⃣ Verify sin²θ + cos²θ = 1 for θ = π/4: - ✅ (√2/2)² + (√2/2)² = 1.
📍 Concept 7: Signs of Trig Functions in Quadrants
✨ Rule: All Students Take Coffee.
📝 Examples:
1️⃣ 120° → 2nd quadrant. 2️⃣ Where is tan negative? → 2nd and 4th. 3️⃣ sec positive, tan negative → 4th. 4️⃣
–75° → 4th quadrant. 5️⃣ 200° → 3rd quadrant (tan +ve).
📍 Concept 8: Reciprocal & Other Functions
✅ sec = 1/cos, cosec = 1/sin, tan = sin/cos, cot = cos/sin.
📝 Examples:
1️⃣ sin θ = 4/5 → cosec θ = 5/4. 2️⃣ cos θ = –3/5 → sec θ = –5/3. 3️⃣ tan θ = 7/24 → sin = 7/25, cos = 24/25. 4️⃣
cot θ = –1 → tan = –1. 5️⃣ Prove: 1 + tan²θ = sec²θ.
📍 Concept 9: Periodicity
• ✅ sin and cos repeat after 2π, tan after π.
📝 Examples:
1️⃣ sin(θ + 2π) = sin θ. 2️⃣ cos(–390°) = cos(–390 + 360) = cos(–30) = √3/2. 3️⃣ tan(5π + π/6) = tan(π/6) = 1/√3.
4️⃣ sin(765°) = sin(765 – 720) = sin 45° = √2/2. 5️⃣ cos(–1710°) = cos(–1710 + 1800) = cos 90° = 0.
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📍 Concept 10: Finding Remaining Trig Functions (Exercise 3.2 Type)
🛠 Example: cos x = –1/2, x in 3rd quadrant: - ✅ cos²x + sin²x = 1 → sin²x = 1 – (1/4) = 3/4 → sin x = –√3/2
(3rd quadrant). - ✅ tan x = sin/cos = (–√3/2)/(–1/2) = √3. - ✅ sec x = –2, cosec x = –2/√3, cot x = 1/√3.
(Other exercises solved similarly.)
✅ Next Steps: ➕ Add: - ✔ Complete Exercise 3.2 solutions. - ✔ Extra questions for practice. - ✔
Diagrams and a quick summary table.
