Utilization of Electrical Energy

Er. Sanjaya Raj Timilsena

 Electric Drive System
Introduction of electric drives:
• A drive is one, which provides mechanical energy to the machine.
• Electric drive is a form of machine equipment, that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy
and provide electrical control of the process.
• Systems employed for motion control is called drive and may employ any of the prime movers like diesel
or petrol engines, gas or steam turbines, hydraulic motors and electric motors for supplying mechanical
energy for motion control and drive employing electric motor is called electric drive.
• The electric drive has the following major parts:
1. Source 2. Power modulator 3. Motor 4. Control Unit 5. Sensing Unit 6. Load

Fig: Functional Block diagram of Electrical Drives

 Electric Drive System
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC DRIVE OVER OTHER DRIVES:
ADVANTAGES:
1. The electric system is clean because there is no fuel required for electric drive and it is free
from air pollution.
2. The cost of the electric drive is very less compared to the other drives.
3. In electric drives remote control operation is possible where as in other drives it is not
possible.
4. Speed control is possible only by means of electric drives.
5. Electric drives have flexibility in installation.
6. The maintenance required for the electric drives is less and of low cost.
7. Electric drives give long life operation.
8. The installation and maintenance charges are also less for electric drives.
9. Electric drives occupy less space compared to other drives.
10. The efficiency of electric drives is also high when compared to other drives.
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DISADVANTAGES:
1. In the case of the failure of the supply, the electric drive comes to rest position which may
paralyze the whole system.
2. The application of the electric drive system is limited to electric field area only i.e electric
drive are not used where the supply is not available.
3. In the case of the faults like short circuits, break down of overhead conductors the electric
drive system may get damaged and lead to several problems.
FACTORS GOVERNING SELECTION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS:
• The basic elements of the electric drive are electric motor, the transmission and the electrical
control system.
• Electric drive is becoming more and more popular for its simplicity, easy and smooth control,
reliability and long life.
• Electric motor is very important one in the drive equipment.
• Different types of motors are available with different features. So, we have to select the
motor as per our requirements.
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• Some factors while selecting the motor in the drives are:
1. Nature of the electric supply.
2. Type of drive.
3. Nature of load.
4. Electrical characteristics.
(a) Operating or Running characteristics.
(b) Starting characteristics.
(c) Speed control.
(d) Breaking characteristics.
5. Mechanical considerations.
(a) Type of enclosures.
(b) Type of bearings.
(c) Type of transmission for drive.
(d) Noise level.
(e) Heating and cooling time constants.
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6. Service capacity and rating.
(a) Requirement for continuous, intermittent or variable load cycle.
(b) Pull-out torque and overload capacity.
7. Appearance.
8. Cost.
(a) Capital or initial cost.
(b) Running cost.
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1. Nature of the electric supply:
➢ The electric supply available may be 3-phase a.c. and single phase a.c. or d.c.
➢ In case of three phase a.c. supply, polyphase induction motors, squirrel cage type for small
ratings and slip ring type for higher ratings may be used.
➢ In case of speed variation, pole changing motors or motors with stepped pulleys may be
used.
➢ Use of single-phase motors is limited to small loads only because of their limited outputs.
➢ D.C. motors are not used so widely as a.c. motors, some of those reasons are given below:
1. Additional equipment is required for converting existing a.c. supply into d.c. supply.
2. D.C. motors have commutators that are subject to trouble and resulting in sparking, brush
wear, arc over and the presence of moisture and destructive fumes in the surrounding air.
3. D.C. motors are generally more expensive than a.c. machines for similar working conditions.
In some cases, such as in electric excavators, steel mills and cranes the speed control is
important so dc supply is used by converting a.c. supply into d.c. supply.
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[Link] OF ELECTRIC DRIVES:
A. Group drive
B. Individual drive
C. Multi-motor drive
A. Group Drive:
• The group drive is a drive in which a single electric motor drives the group of
working machines.
• It comprises of a single lengthy shaft, to the shaft the different working machines
are attached by means of pulleys and conveyor belts.
• Sometimes group drive is also known as LINE SHAFT DRIVE.
• Group drive is often used in industries where successive operations are required like
car manufacturing industries e.t.c.
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Advantages:
1. In group drive we require one machine with high capacity to control the group of machines.
i.e. here the cost of the one machine with high capacity is less than the number of machines.
i.e. cost of a single 10HP motor is very less compared to 10 number of 1HP motors.
2. Different speeds can be obtained by providing pulleys of different diameters.
Disadvantages:
1. In group drive speed control of individual machine is difficult using stepped pulleys, belts
e.t.c.
2. Owing to the use of line shafting pulleys and belts group drive does not give good
appearance and is also less safe to operate.
3. The possibility of installation of additional machines to the existing system in group drive is
limited.
4. If at a certain instance all the machines are not in operation , then the motor will be at low
capacity and therefore operation efficiency will be low.
5. If a fault occurs in the main machine then all the operations will be affected.
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B. Individual drive:
• A single electric motor is used to drive one individual machine. i.e In individual drive each
working machine has the individual main machine.
• Example: single-spindle drilling machines and various types of electrical hand tools and
simple types of metal working tools.
Advantages:
1. Installation of individual drive is easy.
2. If a fault is occurred in one main machine then the whole operations are not affected
because it has individual main machines.
3. Each main machine can be effectively utilized at rated capacity.
4. Full control and desired operation of each machine is obtained because of different
machines are driven with their respective individual drive.
5. Machines can be located at convenient places
Disadvantages:
1. Cost is high because in this type of drive the number of machines required is high.
2. More space is required because of each working machine has its individual main machine.
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C. Multimotor drive:
• It consists of several individual drives each of which serves to operate one of many working
members.
• Multi-motor drives means the number of operations are required to perform a task.
• Example: The operation of CRANE.
3. Nature of the load:
➢ The loads may be divided according to the speed-torque characterstics in to the following
categories.
(i) Loads required constant torque at all speeds, as shown by the horizontal line 1 in the
fallowing figure. Such loads are cranes during hoisting, hoist winches, machine tool feed
mechanisms, in piston pump operating against the pressure head.
(ii) Loads requiring torque which may increase in direct proportion to the speed as shown by
straight line 2 in figure. Eg. Centrifugal pumps
(iii) Loads requiring, which may increase with the square of speed. As shown by the curve 3 in
the figure. Such loads are blowers, fans, ship propellers e.t.c.
(iv) Loads requiring torque which may decrease with the increase in the speed as shown by the
curve 4 in the figure. Boring machines, milling machines and other types of metal cutting
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4 3
Load
Torque 1

Speed
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[Link] characterstics:
(a)Running characterstics or operating characteristics:
While studying electrical behavior of a machine under normal operating conditions, the speed-
torque characteristic, speed-current characteristic, and torque- current characteristic, losses,
efficiency, magnetizing current and power factor at various loads are to be kept in the view.
Running characteristics of d.c. motor:
Eb= V- IaRa 1
𝑍∅𝑁𝑃
Eb = 2
60𝐴
From equation 1 and 2
Eb α ∅𝑵 Here, Z= total no. armature conductors,
𝐸𝑏
Nα N= speed of armature (rotor)in RPM
∅
𝑉−𝐼𝑎𝑅𝑎
i.e N α A= [Link] parallel path in armature
∅
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Speed-current characterstics:
case 1: for dc shunt motor:
𝑉−𝐼𝑎𝑅𝑎
Nα ∅
In shunt motor, ∅ is maintained to be constant since DC shunt motor is a constant speed motor.
If V is also maintained to be constant then the speed- current characteristics is obtained as
shown in the following figure. The dc shunt motor must be started under light load condition or
no-load condition. Because if we started at full load condition the current will be maximum and
then it may damage the motor windings and also it has low starting torque.
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Applications:
1. Conveyer belts.
2. Small printing presses.
3. Centrifugal pumps.
4. paper making machines.
5. Reciprocating pumps.
6. Metal cutting machines.
7. Grinders.
8. Polishers.
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case 2: for dc series motor:
𝐸𝑏
Nα
∅
𝑉−𝐼𝑎𝑅𝑎
i.e. N α
∅
At constant speed ,
1
Nα
∅
1
i.e. N α since ∅ 𝛼 Ia
𝐼𝑎
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• A dc series motor should always be started at full load. Because if it is started at no load ( less
Ia) the speed is high and the motor may break.
• Applications: Electric traction
Case 3: For dc compound motor:
cumulative compound: Differential compound:
∅ = ∅sh + ∅sc ∅ = ∅sh - ∅sc
1 1
Nα∅ Nα∅
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➢ The cumulative compound motors are used in the driving machines,Which are
subjected to the sudden application of heavy loads.
➢ These motors are used where a large starting torque is required.
Applications:
• Rolling mills In differential compound motor the speed remains constant and
sometimes increase with increase in the load.
• This motor may rotate in opposite direction at high loads that is why this motor is
seldom used practically.
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Torque-Current Characteristics:
In all d.c. motors torque is given by:
∅𝑧𝑝𝐼𝑎
T=
2𝜋𝐴
Which implies T𝛼 ∅Ia
case 1: for dc shunt motor:
For a dc shunt motor flux is constant (∅ = 𝐾)
T𝛼 Ia
T=kIa
➢ In dc shunt motor it is deserved that the torque varies directly as the load current is
varying. Hence the characteristics follows the linear law as shown in figure:
 Electric Drive System

Torque

Armature current
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case 2: for dc series motor:
for a dc series motor
T α ∅ Ia
Also,
∅ 𝛼 𝐼𝑎
Hence, T α 𝐼𝑎2
As we know a dc series motor has high starting torque.
So, initially at starting ∅ 𝛼 𝐼𝑎
and T α 𝐼𝑎2
After sometime interval the core gets saturated and at that instant T α Ia as shown in
figure.
Electric Drive System
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case 2: for dc compound motor:
In cumulative compound motor, flux is more hence torque developed is more.
In differential compound motor, flux is less and hence torque developed is less.
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Applications:
• Cumulative compound motors are used in driving machines Which are subjected to
sudden application of heavy loads such as in rolling mills.
• This type of motor is also used, when high starting torque is required such as in
cranes.
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Speed-Torque characteristics:
We know, For dc motor,
𝑉−𝐼𝑎𝑅𝑎
Nα
∅
case 1: for dc shunt motor:
• In a dc shunt motor when the supply voltage is constant, the field flux and
armature flux is also constant and speed of the motor mainly depends upon the
armature current.
• The speed decrease with the increase in armature current. Hence T-N
characteristics of a dc shunt motor will be straight line as shown in the following
figure:
Speed (N)

Torque (T)
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Case 2: for dc series motor:
• As the current increases the torque also increases, where as the speed falls.
• Hence it is observed from the characteristics during starting the torque is less and
the speed is dangerously high.
• The motor must always be started on full load.

Speed (N)

Torque(T)
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case 3: for dc compound motor:

Speed(N) Differential

Cumulative

Torque(T)
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Running characteristics of A.C. motors:
Basically the a.c. motors are classified as follows:
(i) Synchronous motors
(ii) Induction motors

Single phase Three phase

Universal motor
Squirrel cage Induction motor Slip Ring induction motor
 Electric Drive System
Synchronous motor:
It is the motor which always runs at constant speed known as synchronous speed
1. The speed of the motor is independent of load.
2. It is not a self starting motor.
3. The power factor of this motor can be varied by changing its field current.

Applications: In rolling mills,

motor-generator sets, pumps
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Single-phase induction motor:
• The constructional features of the single-phase induction motor are similar to that
of three-phase induction motor with the exemption that starting is not provided.
• speed-torque characteristics are similar to that of three-phase induction motor.
• As this motors are not self starting separate methods are adopted to make a single
phase induction motor self starting.
• Following are the methods to make it self start
1. Split phase starting.
2. Capacitor starting.
3. Shaded pole starting.
4. Repulsion starting.
• The single-phase induction motors are quiet costly and are comparatively bulky in
size.
• Hence, single phase induction motor is employed in some of the domestic
applications like refrigerators, vacuum cleaners etc.
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Three-phase induction motors:
The three phase induction motors are broadly classified into following types.
1. Squirrel cage 2. slip ring 3. Double cage
all the above three types of the motors, the basic equation for the torque is given as:
T= KV2 RL / (R1 + RL )(X1+XL)
• Here, K = constant; V = voltage, R1 = stator resistance, X1 = stator reactance, RL =
rotor resistance referred to stator, XL = rotor reactance referred to stator
• From the above equations it is clear that starting torque is directly proportional to
resistance.
case 1: Squirrel cage induction motor:
In case of squirrel cage induction motor, the rotor conductors are short circuited at
both ends. Hence there is no chance for including any external resistance. Hence
compared to slip ring induction motor this motor has low starting torque, as the
running characteristics of both the motors are same.
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Applications of squirrel cage induction motor:
To drive pump sets, machine tools and other operations where constant speed is
desired.
case 2: Slip ring induction motor:
For these motors it is possible to include external resistance and hence we can achieve
high starting torque.
case 3: Double cage induction motor:
• The rotor of this motor consists of two layers of conductors. i.e. outer cage and
inner cage.
• The inner cage has high inductance and low resistance winding where as outer cage
has high resistance and low inductance winding.
• At the time of starting the inner cage offers high inductance to the high frequency
currents hence this currents are divided to the outer cage due to which high
starting torque is achieved.
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• The power factor of these motors is very less when they are operated at no load or
high load.
• But the power factor improves as the motors tend to operate near full load. The
speed-torque characteristics of all these motors are similar to those of shunt
motors.
Universal motor:
• It is a series wound motor.
• The characteristics of this motor are similar to that of dc series motors.
• These motors are built up in fractional H.P. to one fourth H.P.
Applications: Sewing machines, table fans, vacuum cleaners, portable drill machine
etc.
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Types of loads:
1. Based on influence of gravity, compression on tension.
(a) Active loads (gravity) example: lifts and hoisters.
(b) Passive loads (friction) example: mills.
2. Based upon time of operation
(a) Continuous and constant loads example: centrifugal pumps
(b) Continuous and variable loads example: conveyors, hoisters
(c) Pulsating load example: reciprocating pumps and textile loams
(d) Impact loads example: rolling mills, shearing mills
(e) Intermitted loads example: cranes and hoisters
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Heating Time Constant
➢ This is the time for a motor to reach approximately 62.3% of its final steady-state
temperature rise after being energized.
➢ It reflects how fast the motor heats up under load.
➢ A typical value might be 30 minutes for a large motor, but it varies depending on
design and ventilation.
Cooling Time Constant
➢ This is the time required for the motor to cool down to 36.8% of its initial
temperature rise above ambient once it's turned off.
➢ Cooling generally takes longer than heating, especially in enclosed or poorly
ventilated motors—values can range from 60 to 120 minutes or more.
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Fig: Temperature rise time curve

Fig: Temperature fall time curve
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LOAD EQUALISATION:
• In many industrial drives, such as in rolling mills, planning machines, electric hammers,
reciprocating pumps, the load fluctuates over a wide range.
• It is desirable to smooth out the fluctuating load, otherwise during intervals of peak load it will
draw a heavy current from the supply either producing large voltage drop in the system or
requiring cables and wires on heavy section.
• The process of smoothing out the fluctuating load is known as load equalization.
• In this process, energy is stores during the interval of light load and given out during the
interval of peak load thus power from the supply remains approximately constant.
• The most common method of load equalization is by use of fly wheel.
• During light load periods, the motor accelerates the flywheel, storing energy. When a heavy
load hits, the flywheel decelerates, releasing that stored energy to help meet the demand. This
smooths out the power drawn from the supply, reducing voltage dips and mechanical stress.
• The motors used for such loads should have dropping characteristics, so that the speed may fall
with the increase in load and enables the fly wheel to give up its stored energy, flywheel may be
mounted on the motor shaft.
• For a reversing drive, such as for colliery winders, the ward Leonard control system is generally
used for reversing and speed control.
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Method of Power Transfer in Electric Drive :
1. Direct Drive
✓ This method connects the electric motor directly to the load without intermediate
components like gears or belts. It's highly efficient, reduces mechanical losses, and is
common in electric vehicles and precision machinery.
✓ Used under the condition, when the speed of driven machine is equal to the motor
speed.
2. Gear Drive
✓ Gears are used to modify torque and speed between the motor and the load.
✓ This method is ideal when space is limited or when torque multiplication is needed,
such as in industrial robots or conveyor systems.
3. Belt and Chain Drives
✓ These are flexible transmission methods where belts or chains connect pulleys.
✓ They’re useful for transmitting power over longer distances and can absorb shock
loads, though they may suffer from slippage or wear over time.
✓ More efficient, more expensive and transmit large amount of power.
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4. Shaft Coupling
✓ In some systems, power is transferred through a shaft that connects the motor to the
driven equipment.
✓ Couplings allow for slight misalignments and help reduce vibration.
5. Wireless Power Transfer
✓ Though not common in heavy-duty drives, wireless methods like inductive charging
are used in applications such as electric vehicle charging or small mobile robots.
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Assignment-1:
1. What do you mean by electric drive? Compare between individual, group and multi-
motor drives with their application.
2. Write the electrical and mechanical characteristics to be considered for selection of
motor. Explain the classes motor duty with respect to continuous duty, short time
duty and intermittent duty with some examples.
3. “Proper utilization of electrical energy can lead to sustainable development of
country”. Justify this statement in your own words.
4. According to energy utility in Western Regional Campus, Classify and explain in brief
about different types of electrical consumer. (Note : Include all premises of WRC )
5. Derive the condition for heating and cooling time constant for motors.
(Submission deadline:22nd Asar)
Thank you!