Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Course No: EEE-306
Course Title: Power System-I Laboratory
Experiment No: 02
Name of the Experiment: Load Flow Study of a Power System
Submitted to
Shoile Chakma, Lecturer, Department of EEE, BUET
Kazi Ishrak Ahmed
Submitted By
Md. Amir Hamza
Student ID:2006145
Department: EEE
Section: C1, Group: 02
Level:3 Term:1
Date of Performance:
Date of Submission :
Objective:
• To understand the line diagram representation of power systems
• To implement the connections of Bus, Transmission lines, Transformers,
Generators, Loads and VAR Compensators
• To study the load flow of a 7-Bus system in a software
Software:
1. PSAF 2.81
(a) Circuit Diagram:
Fig 1: One-line diagram of the 7-bus system in study
(b) Circuit Diagram with VAR Compensator:
Fig 2: One line diagram of the 7-bus system in study with VAR Compensator (c)
Circuit Diagram with added Generator at Bus-7 :
Fig 3: (a) Added Generator in System (b) Managing overload condition
Study:
After solving the Power System, the following report was obtained:
Table 1: Complete Summary Report
The power flow across the system, including generated power, load power, line
losses, and transformer losses, is shown in this table. This information provides a
summary of the system's power status.
Table 2: Bus Voltage Report
The values of bus voltages are displayed per unit. The system is working in better
condition the closer this value is to unity. As we can see, the bus voltages on Buses
B1–B6 are approximately 0.99–1. Nonetheless, B7's voltage is 4.8% less than what
would be expected under normal working conditions. This can be resolved by
installing a VAR compensator, which swings the power flow in this bus.
Here, we can observe that the voltage values per unit in each bus are now
approaching 1, indicating a major improvement in the system's voltage regulation.
Table 4: Generator Report
Both the rated MVA and operational MVA conditions of the generator are provided.
The system consists of stationary power generators that provide variable reactive
powers in addition to their nominal actual power. In addition to varying actual power,
the swing-type generator can supply or absorb power as needed by the system. As
we can see, most of the generators are running below their rated range, or in an
under-loaded state, and their power factors are good.
Table 5: Load Data
The load summary is the same as the static load data that was provided in the
problem statement, and no additional analysis is required in this part.
Table 6: Line Conditions Report
Line report gives us various information on the line current, voltage and power
flow. The 2nd-4th columns tell us about the real power, reactive power, and the total
complex power through the lines. This is the power shared by buses. 5 th column
gives an overview of the power factor. After that comes the current data. In the 8 th
and 9th column are the power losses in the lines. The last column is of importance
to us, as it provides significant information on whether the lines under observation
are being overloaded or not. For example, L26 has a loading of 14.1 percent, which
is quite under-loaded. On the other hand, L47 has a loading of 73.5 percent, so we
can say that the loading on this line is regular.
Table 7: Transformer Report
The amount of power passing through each transformer is shown in the transformer
report. Here, we can also see the power losses in every transformer. When
transmitting power to buses with varying operating voltages, transformers are
necessary. In this case, T34 is loaded close to the nominal working zone, whereas
T12 is underloaded.
Table 8: Abnormality Report
The abnormality report provides details on the various power system components'
overload or underload conditions. The system under analysis in this case merely has
an underload situation. When the loading is less than 50% of the rated condition, an
underload condition is reported.
Report:
Since generators are typically rated at 11 kV, and bus B7 is rated at 132 kV, we
would need to build another bus of 11 kV to add a 200 MW generator to B7. Buses
B8 and B7 are connected with a transformer T78. As a result, the system gains three
additional components: G7, B8, and T78 (fig. 3)
Part 1:
Dealing with underloaded conditions is less critical. Concerning circumstances are
the overload. Here, we can observe that line L24 has become overloaded as a result
of BUS 7 adding another generator. This is because power flow from the generator-
rich side of the system to the loaded side increases as a result of the generators
becoming concentrated around one side and the loads centering on the other.
The percentage loading of L24 is 112.5% in the last column, indicating that the
current passing through this line is higher than what is allowed.
Part 2:
Another line has been installed in parallel to the current L24 line to address the
overloaded problem by linking buses 2 and 4 (fig 3-b). The overloading problem in
the system has been resolved by adding this line.
Part 3:
A swing generator is usually the generator connected to a swing bus/slack bus.
In this case, bus 3 has the swing generator added to it, making it a slack bus. This
generator's job is to balance the system's reactive and active power while carrying
out load flow analysis. Put simply, this generator's output power can be adjusted to
match the system's load requirements. When necessary, it can release or absorb both
active and reactive power. The slack bus's job is to take up all of the system's
uncertainty.
The overall power produced in voltage-controlled generators, the total amount of
active load, and the power of the swing generator are used to compute its real and
reactive power losses.
.
PSWING = PDEMAND + PLOSS – PGENERATED
QSWING = QDEMAND + QLOSS – QGENERATED
Part 4:
A collection of components used in high-voltage electrical transmission networks
to supply quick-acting reactive power is called a static VAR compensator. Capacitor
banks or synchronous condensers are typically used. Reducing reactive power in
the system improves voltage regulation and total power factor, which is the goal of
VAR compensators. Additionally, VAR compensation lowers overall current, which
lowers line losses.
Discussion:
PSAF's power flow analysis may not always converge to a solution, which makes
the system unstable. In those situations, changes to the system are necessary to
stabilize it. Any power system that experiences overloading may experience
unfavorable outcomes including equipment failure or overheating of the
conductors, generators, or transformers. Conversely, operating circumstances that
are not fully loaded result in system inefficiency but are not immediately harmful.
Adding additional loads that are evenly spread over several busses will address the
underloaded operational state. Cutting back on surplus generators is an additional
way to save running expenses. Power systems can be designed in a variety of ways
to meet any requirements, but the total expenses and system stability must be keep
in mind.
