INDUSTRIAL INTERNSHIP REPORT

2025
On
SULPHURIC ACID PLANT (SAP-2 ) Unit
Offered by
Indorama Private Limited
Haldia, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal – 721602

Submitted by:
Anweha Garai (10300623017)
Anjana Khanna (10300623015)
Moupriya Saha (10300623055)
Madhurima Santra (10300623046)
Kriti Srivastava (10300623044)
07th July, 2025 ~ 04th August, 2025

Haldia Institute of Technology

ICARE Complex, Hatiberia
Haldia, Dist – Purba Medinipur, W.B. - 721657
 CONTENT

TOPIC PAGE NO.

Preface
PREFACE
Knowledge of any subject is incomplete without practical application. Chemical
engineering and its application, in particular, require practical training for a
comprehensive understanding. This report describes learning objectives and
personal goals set during the internship.
It also provides a synthesis of theoretical approaches and methods of
implementation in business. The report aims to discover the relationship between
theoretical and practical knowledge, bridging the gap between theoretical
assumptions and practical necessities. Academic study primarily focuses on
theoretical learning for academic success. Concise knowledge of the modern
business arena comes from implementing hypothetical ideas learned in academic
activities.
Efforts were made, and investigations were done to submit this report in an
enlightened form within a short time. The study acknowledges its limitations,
given the short internship period. The report will first provide an overview of the
tasks completed during the internship, including technical details. The goal was
to keep the report simple yet technically correct. The internship was an excellent
and rewarding experience, providing networking opportunities that may help
with future opportunities.
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Anwesha Garai, Anjana Khanna, Moupriya Saha,
Madhurima Santra, Kriti Srivastava, student of Haldia Institute of
Technology, have successfully completed their industrial internship at Indorama
Private Limited, from 07th July 2025 to 04th August 2025, in the Sulphuric Acid
Plant (SAP-2).
During the course of the internship, she was actively involved in various
departmental activities and demonstrated a keen interest in learning and applying
industrial practices. The internship was undertaken as part of the academic
curriculum prescribed by Haldia Institute of Technology and this certificate is
issued as a formal recognition of the successful completion of the internship.
We wish her all the best in her future academic and professional endeavours.

Signature Signature Signature

(HOD) (Internship Co-ordinator) (HOD)
(SAP & STG)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
After the completion of our In-plant training, I intend to thank all the staff
members of Indorama India Private Limited' who directly or indirectly were
responsible for making my stay during the training period fruitful. It was a
wonderful opportunity for me as Chemical Engineering students to experience
industrial atmosphere and this experience will surely help me in some way to
evolve as good engineers in future. I am indebted to Mr. Prakash Bhowmick,
AGM (HR) for making possible for me to come to Indorama India Private
Limited. I am especially thankful to Mr. Anjan Bhawmik, GM (Technical
Services, QC, Production (Acid) & STG) for giving us the opportunity to let
us work in that section. I am truly grateful to Mr. Snehangshu Roy (Deputy
GM of SAP & STG) for his valuable guidance and co-operation. I send my
appreciation to Mr. Amit Maity, Mr. Umesh Tiwary, Mr. Gurupada Mali and
others for their cordial guidance and valuable time. I also express my gratitude
towards our professor, Dr. Debayan Das & Dr. Tamal Mondal for arranging
such a wonderful summer internship successfully. With grateful heart, I would
like to thank the persons who have somehow helped me for my successful
training. But nevertheless, I thank the entire INDORAMA family for the pains
they undertook to guide me, their co-operation and valuable guidance and
support.

Yours Sincerely,
ABOUT INDORAMA
Indorama India Private Limited (Fertilizer Division) produces phosphate-
based fertilizers at its Haldia plant in West Bengal. The plant began operations
in 1985 with the establishment of its Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) facility
and later added capacity for NPK and SSP fertilizers, as well as manufacturing
sulphuric acid. Haldia can produce 1800 tons per day (TPD) of DAP, 3000 TPD
of NPK, and 600 TPD of SSP based on market needs. The fertilizers are marketed
under the Paras brand, which is well-regarded in Eastern India for its quality and
customer support.
In addition, Indorama India operates a facility in Jagdishpur, Uttar Pradesh,
where it produces and sells urea and other agricultural inputs under the
"Shaktiman" brand, with a capacity of 1.2 million tons of urea per year. This site
offers a full range of agricultural solutions from "seed to harvest," including
customized fertilizers, soil health products, seeds, and crop protection items,
under its Purak business. The Jagdishpur facility is one of the most energy-
efficient in the world, producing various grades of customized fertilizers. It is
recognized as the first fertilizer plant in India to register a Clean Development
Mechanism project and has received multiple ISO certifications for quality,
health, safety, and environmental management.
 INTRODUCTION
During our Industrial Training period, we had the opportunity to explore the
Sulphuric Acid Plant of Indorama India Private Ltd. This experience provided
us with in-depth exposure to various chemical engineering principles,
particularly those involved in mass and energy balance within a continuous
industrial process. We thoroughly observed and studied the working mechanisms
of critical equipment and process units that collectively drive the efficient
production of Sulphuric acid.
Throughout our training, we gained valuable insights into the Double
Contact Double Absorption (DCDA) process, which is employed in the plant to
enhance conversion efficiency and product purity. Beginning from the melting
of raw Sulphur in the melter to obtain molten Sulphur, we analyzed the
conversion process wherein Sulphur is oxidized to Sulphur dioxide and then to
Sulphur trioxide through a series of catalytic converters. The heat exchange
across different units such as superheaters, waste heat boilers, and economizers
plays a crucial role in maintaining the thermal balance of the plant.
Our primary focus during this training was to carry out a comprehensive
study on Mass and Energy Balances throughout the Sulphuric acid production
process. This involved tracking the flow of materials and energy across each
major equipment such as melters, converters, heat exchangers, absorption
towers, acid pump tanks, and cooling towers. By evaluating input and output
streams, we aimed to assess the overall efficiency of the process and identify
areas where improvements in heat recovery or mass utilization could be made.
This hands-on analysis not only enhanced our understanding of practical
chemical plant operations but also allowed us to apply theoretical concepts of
thermodynamics and process engineering in a real industrial setting. Ultimately,
this study contributed to optimizing resource use and minimizing energy loss
within the H2SO4 manufacturing process.
 Overview of DCDA Sulphuric acid production
There are 2 Sulphuric acid plants in In Indorama India Pvt . Ltd., Haldia, SAP-1
& SAP-2, and both are based upon DCDA Process. SAP-1 was built by Simon
Carves in 1979 having a capacity of 200 TPD, and its capacity was expanded to
450 TPD in 1995. SAP-2 was built by Monsanto DMCC in 1999 having a
capacity of 300 TPD.
SAP plants are highly advanced in technical aspects. The control section of SAP
plants is well equipped with a direct control system which is automatic in nature.
The technicians are always ready to tackle any kind of abnormal situation. The
technical committee consists of a group of panel operators and field operators.
The standard operating conditions vary with the industrial demand and ambient
conditions. The set points are adjusted according to the instructions in the
operating manual provided by the designer.
Accordingly, the other dependent variables vary with the process criteria so as
to meet the suitable product acid strength and quality. The general operating
instruction which is being followed is intended to assist the plant operators in
ensuring smooth and trouble-free operation of the plant with minimum
operational and maintenance expenses.
In here we are going to discuss Sulphuric acid production in SAP-2 acid plant.
 PROCESS DESCRIPTION
1. Sulphur Melting:
Raw material for Sulphuric Acid production is Solid Sulphur and Molten
Sulphur. Solid Sulphur comes from Middle East Asia.
Solid Sulphur will be charged into the melting compartment provided with
steam heated coils & turbine type agitator. Melting point of Sulphur is 115.200
C, so it should be taken around 125-1300C. Because even if the temperature
changes somehow, the liquid state of Sulphur will not change and the flow ability
will be good to transport. Turbine type agitator is there in melting compartment
to continuously mixing the Sulphur. Then molten Sulphur will overflow to dirty
Sulphur compartment from where it will be pumped
to the two Sulphur filters by dirty Sulphur pump.
Two clean compartment receive clean molten
Sulphur from the Sulphur filter by two separate
discharge lines. Two clean compartment are used, So
that in the event of shutdown of one compartment,
other can be used. Then with the help of clean Sulphur
Pump, it is pumped to Sulphur burner.
In melting compartment, steam kept at 7.0
kg/cm2to the steam coils. In other compartments, steam at 3.5 kg/cm2 to keep
Sulphur in molten state. Molten Sulphur is kept around 125-1300C to keep
viscosity to a minimum so that easy pumping of it can be done.
1. Air Drying System:
Another raw material of Sulphuric acid plant is atmospheric air. This
atmospheric air is first dried by counter current contact with 98.5 % H 2SO4 in
the drying tower to remove the moisture. Removal of moisture is an important
part before sending it to the burner as it can react with the SO3 inside the pipes
and can convert into Sulphurous acid which can damage the plant. Further
removal of acid mist takes place in brink mist eliminator (BME) housed in BME
housing.
2. Sulphur Burning and Waste Heat Recovery System:
In the Sulphur burner, combustion of molten Sulphur in presence of excess
air takes place to form SO2. The clean Sulphur pump delivers the molten Sulphur
to the Burner Gun. Since the combustion of Sulphur is exothermic reaction, the
gases leaving the burner will be at a high temperature. The air to Sulphur ratio is
so adjusted so as to obtain a 10.5 to 10.8% by volume of SO 2 in the exit gas
mixture. This will correspond to an approximate burner outlet temperature of
11100 to 11200C.
 The hot exit gases from the Sulphur burner enters the tube side of the waste
heat boiler. Tube side helps to exchange heat with water by forming steam. The
gas temperature at inlet to hot gas Filter (HGF) is adjusted to a desired
temperature of 410 - 4150C. Hot gas Filter (HGF) removes the impurities from
the Gas stream.
3. Oxidation System:
Filtered gas mixture containing 10.5 to 10.8% by volume of SO 2 goes
through converter where oxidation of SO2 to SO3 takes place in presence of
Oxygen and V2O5 catalyst. Converter has four passes because we need more
percentage of SO3.
FIRST PASS - Here, conversation of SO2 to SO3 achieved almost 60%, at a
temperature of 4100 C enters the first pass of converter. Bypass valve is provided
to control the outlet temp and leaves the first pass at 6150C.
Then it enters the tube side of the super
heater, cooled it about 4400C by exchange heat with
boiler fed water.
SECOND PASS - In second pass, the conversation
of SO2to SO3is achieved almost 25%, at a
temperature of 4400 C enters the second pass and
leaves the pass at 5250C.
Then it enters hot heat exchanger, cooled it
about 4400C by exchanging heat with shell side
gas.
THIRD PASS – In third pass, the conversation of SO3 to SO2 is achieved 8%, at
a temperature of 4400C enters the pass and leaves at approximately 4700 C.
• Then it enters Cold heat exchanger, cooled it about 300 0C, by releasing
heat to the
shell side gas.
• Then Economizer (ECO-3B), cooled it about 220oC.
• Then Inter absorption tower (I.A.T), here SO3 is absorbed by 98.5%
H2SO4.
• Unabsorbed gases released from top of tower packing and enters BME of
tower’s top.
• In BME, acid mist are arrested. Finally, gases free form acid mist enters
the bottom
shell side of CHE.
• Then in CHE, shell side gas is heated from 800C to 3000C.
• Then enters HHE, heated it about 4100C, by extracting heat from 2nd pass
outlet gas.
FOURTH PASS – In fourth pass, the
conversation of SO2 to SO3is achieved 6.7%, at
a temperature of 4400C by simultaneously
increasing the temperature.
• Then enters shell side of Economizer
(ECO-4C), cooled it about 1900C, by
heating boiler feedwater (BFW).
• Then enters bottom of Final absorption
tower (FAT), here SO3is absorbed by 98.5% H2SO4.
• After that Passes through BME, it removes the
acid mist before being discharged to atmosphere through stack.
The hot gas leaving the fourth pass of the converter is cooled to a suitable
temperature for the absorption of its SO3. The gas inlet temp in FAT for optimum
absorption of its SO3 is approx.1700C.
4. Steam Generation and Distribution system:
Steam is generated from the waste heat boiler & by extracting heat from
the hot gas coming from S-Burner.DM water is supplied to the de-aerator where
the water is freed from the dissolved O2.
• Condensate from within the plant is recycled back to emergency
condensate tank.
• Then it is sent to de-aerator.
also hydrazine is dosed in to BFW tank to remove the residual oxygen.
• De-aerated BFW is drawn for the BFW storage tank.
• BFW enters Economizer 4A where it’s heated from 105 0 to 1400C by the
hot gases passing.
• through shell side.
• Water from first Economizer enters second Economizer 3B then to 3 rd
Economizer 4C,
where it’s heated to 2580C and it goes to steam drum.
• In Steam drum, design steam pressure is 42 kg/cm2.
• Then steam passes through super heater where its temperature becomes
4000C and then this at 42.5 kg/cm2 is fed to steam turbine which run main
blower.
• Part of steam drawn from main header is reduced to 7kg/cm2 by pressure
reducing valve and
then fed to melting compartment.
• Steam at 4.2 kg/cm2 maintained for dirty and clean compartment. Also, to
the de-operator, steam at 0.35 kg/cm2 is maintained.
5. Alkali Scrubber:
An alkali scrubber in a Sulphuric acid plant is a crucial pollution control
device used to remove acidic gases, primarily Sulphur Dioxide (SO₂) and
Sulphur Trioxide (SO₃), from exhaust streams before they are released into the
atmosphere. The scrubber works by neutralizing acidic pollutants using alkaline
solutions such as Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) or Ammonia (NH₃) solution.
Significance of the Alkali Scrubber:
• Reduces SO₂ and SO₃ emissions, preventing air pollution and acid rain.
• Ensures environmental compliance with emission regulations.
• Can generate useful byproducts like Ammonium Sulphate, which can be
used as a fertilizer.
6. Acid Circulation System:
The acid required for absorption of SO3 and drying of wet air is
continuously circulated through IAT, FAT, &DT and returned by gravity to the
common acid circulation tank. All the towers are
packed with Intalox saddles over which the acid &
the gases are counter-currently contacted.
• Since absorption of moisture and SO3 are both
exothermic, the acid leaving the towers will
be at a high temp.
• The temp. of the acid at inlet to the tower is
maintained at around 73-750C; the acid temp.
in the tank will be about 1000C.
• Two separate acid coolers, one for IAT/DT circuit and the other for FAT
circuit cool
circulating acid from 1000C to around 750C by re-circulated cooling water.
• The acid coolers are of shell and tube type commonly called chemetics
cooler in which the acid is counter-currently cooled with cooling water
supplied from the cooling tower
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF SAP 2:
Wet Bulb Temperature: Wet bulb temperature is a critical parameter in the
design and sizing of cooling towers. This is because the cooling process in a
cooling tower primarily occurs through the evaporation of water, which lowers
the water temperature toward the wet bulb temperature of the surrounding air.
Therefore, the wet bulb temperature represents the theoretical minimum
temperature to which water can be cooled in the tower. It is essential for
evaluating the efficiency and performance of a cooling tower.
Dry bulb Temperature: The dry bulb temperature (DBT) is the temperature of
air measured by a standard thermometer freely exposed to the air but shielded
from moisture and radiation. It represents the actual or sensible temperature of
the air, without accounting for humidity. Dry bulb temperature is a fundamental
parameter in meteorology and HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air
Conditioning) applications, as it is used in various psychrometric calculations
and comfort assessments.
Relative humidity (RH): It is the amount of water vapor in the air compared to
the maximum amount that the air can hold at a given temperature. It's usually
expressed as a percentage.
RH = water vapor content/water vapor capacity.

RH= PH2O/P*H2O *100%

where, PH2O = Partial Pressure of water vapor.

P*H₂O = Equilibrium Vapor pressure of water.
RH=100%: the air is saturated. (clouds, fog, rain).
RH<100%: the air is not saturated.
RH>100%: the air is supersaturated-clean air with no condensation
nuclei (rare).
Vapor pressure: The vapor pressure is defined as the pressure that is exerted
by the vapours of solid and liquid in their condensed phase when they are in
the equilibrium.
 PSOLUTION=XSOLVENT PSOLVENT.

Where, PSOLUTION = vapor pressure of the solution.

XSOLVENT = mole fraction of the solvent.

PSOLVENT = vapor pressure of the pure solvent.

Partial pressure: The Partial pressure is defined as the pressure that is

exerted by the components in a gas mixture in an unreactive phase. Partial
pressure is the pressure that a gas in a mixture would exert if it were the only
gas present and occupied the same volume, and it is related to
its mole fraction.

PA=XAPTOTAL.

Where, PA =Partial Pressure of gas A.

XA = Mole Fraction of gas A.
PTOTAL = Total Pressure of Mixture.

Sensible Heat: Sensible heat is the heat energy added or removed from a
substance that changes its temperature but not its phase. It is measurable using a
thermometer. Sensible heat Involves only temperature change, no phase
change, it Can be felt and measured directly.

Q=m*c*ΔT.

Where, Q= Sensible heat (Joules).

m= Mass of the substance (kg).

c= Specific heat capacity (J/kg· K).

 ΔT= Temperature change (K or °C).
Dew Point: The dew point is the temperature at which air becomes saturated
with moisture and water vapor condenses into liquid (dew). It indicates the
amount of moisture in the air.

TD= T- [ (100-RH)/5].

Where, TD= Dew point temperature (°C).

T= Air temperature (°C).
RH= Relative humidity (%)
STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure) in Normal Cubic Meters (Nm³):
STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure) refers to a standard reference
condition used in gas calculations to express volumes consistently. The
conditions at STP is Temperature: 0°C (273.15 K) and Pressure: 1 atm (101.325
kPa). A normal cubic meter (Nm³) is the volume of gas measured at STP
conditions (0°C and 1 atm). It is different from actual cubic meters (m³), which
depend on real temperature and pressure conditions.

VNm3=V*(P/PSTP) *(TSTP/T)

Unsaturated Vapor: An unsaturated vapor is a vapor that is not in equilibrium

with its liquid phase, meaning it can still hold more vapor before reaching
saturation. It exists when the relative humidity (RH) is less than 100%, and
condensation has not yet started.

RH=(e/es) ×100

Where, RH= Relative Humidity (%).

 e= Actual vapor pressure (Pa or mmHg).
es= Saturation vapor pressure at the same temperature (Pa or mmHg).

For an unsaturated vapor,

RH<100%

This means the air can still absorb more moisture before reaching saturation.
Saturated Steam:
Saturated steam is steam that is in thermodynamic equilibrium with liquid
water at a given pressure and temperature. This means the steam is at the
saturation temperature, and any removal of heat will cause condensation
(conversion to liquid), while any addition of heat will start to superheat the
steam. Saturated steam exists when the steam is fully saturated with energy and
cannot hold any more without undergoing a phase change.
Condition for Saturated Steam:
Tactual=Tsat
Where:
• Tactual: Actual temperature of the steam
• Tsat: Saturation temperature at a given pressure
Superheated Steam:
Superheated steam is steam that has been heated beyond the saturation
temperature at a given pressure. It is a type of unsaturated vapor that is not
in contact with liquid water, and cannot condense unless it is cooled back to
the saturation point.
Superheated steam contains extra thermal energy compared to saturated steam,
making it suitable for use in turbines, power plants, and industrial heating
where dry and high-energy steam is required.
Condition for Superheated Steam:
Tactual>Tsat
Where:
• Tactual: Actual temperature of the steam
• Tsat: Saturation temperature corresponding to the same pressure
For superheated steam:
Tactual>Tsat⇒Steam is completely dry and cannot condense
This means the steam holds more energy than saturated steam and behaves
like a gas.
COOLING TOWER:
Approach: It refers to the difference between the temperature of the water
entering the cooling tower (the inlet water temperature) and the temperature of
Approach=TINLET-TWBT

the wet-bulb temperature of the cooling tower .It represents the ability of the
cooling tower to cool the water, with a smaller approach indicating more efficient
cooling.

Where, TINLET= the temperature of the water entering the cooling tower.
TWBT= the wet-bulb temperature of the air leaving the cooling tower.
Range: refers inlet temperature) and the water leaving the cooling tower (outlet
temperature). It measures how much the cooling tower has lowered the

Range=TINLET−TOUTLET
temperature of the water.to the difference in temperature between the water
entering the cooling tower.

Where, TINLET= is the temperature of the water entering the cooling tower.
TOUTLET= the temperature of the water leaving the cooling tower.
A higher range indicates a greater temperature reduction by the cooling tower,
meaning the water is cooled more effectively.

Efficiency: efficiency refers to the effectiveness with which the cooling tower
lowers the temperature of the water relative to the theoretical maximum cooling
possible based on the temperature difference between the inlet water and the
ambient air.
 Efficiency= [Range/ (Range + Approach)] *
100%

Where, Range is the difference between the inlet and outlet water temperatures.

Approach is the difference between the inlet water temperature and the wet-
bulb temperature of the surrounding air.

Types of Loss:

PUMPS:
Cavitation: Cavitation in a pump refers to the formation and collapse of vapor
bubbles in the liquid being pumped. This occurs when the pressure in the pump
drops below the vapor pressure of the fluid, causing the liquid to vaporize and
form small bubbles. When these bubbles reach areas of higher pressure, they
collapse violently, creating shock waves that can cause damage to the pump
components, such as erosion, pitting, and vibration.

Causes of Cavitation:

• Low suction pressure: When the pressure at the pump inlet is too low.

• High flow rate: Causing pressure drops due to friction in the piping.

• High temperature: Reduces the vapor pressure of the liquid.

• Improper pump selection: Using a pump with too high a flow rate or
improper operating conditions.

NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head): NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head) is a
critical measure in pump operation, indicating the pressure available at the
pump's inlet to prevent cavitation. It represents the energy available in the liquid
at the suction side of the pump to overcome the forces that cause vaporization of
the fluid.

There are two types of NPSH:

1. NPSH Available (NPSHA): The actual pressure available at the pump's

inlet to prevent

cavitation. It's determined by system conditions (like fluid properties,

suction line losses,

and atmospheric pressure).

 2. NPSH Required (NPSHR): The minimum pressure required at the pump
inlet to avoid

cavitation, which is specified by the pump manufacturer.

Where, PATM= Atmospheric pressure at the suction.

PVAPOUR= Vapor pressure of the fluid.

ρ= Density of the fluid.
g= Gravitational acceleration.
h= Height of the fluid above the pump (suction head).
HLOSS= Head loss due to friction in the suction piping.
γ= Specific weight of the fluid.

Head Of Pump: The head of a pump refers to the height at which the pump can
raise the water or fluid, and it is typically expressed in meters or feet. It
represents the energy imparted to the fluid by the pump, and is a measure of the
pressure energy generated by the pump to overcome the system's resistance, such
as friction losses and elevation changes. Head is a crucial factor in determining
the performance of a pump and its ability to move fluid against resistance.
Head can be categorized into three types:

1. Static Head: The vertical distance the fluid is lifted, usually defined as the
difference in height between the pump inlet and the discharge point.

2. Dynamic Head: The additional head generated due to the velocity of the
fluid flow,

representing the energy needed to overcome friction losses in the system.

 3. Total Head: The sum of the static head and dynamic head, representing
the overall

energy required to move the fluid.

HTOTAL= HSTATIC + HDYNAMICS + HFRICTION LOSSES

Where:
• HSTATIC is the vertical height difference (static head).
• HDYNAMICS represents the velocity head (velocity of the fluid flow).
• HFRICTION LOSSES= represents the energy lost due to friction in the piping
system.

Characteristics Curve of pumps

Finned Tube Heat Exchanger

A finned tube heat exchanger is a device that enhances heat transfer between two
fluids by using fins attached to the exterior of tubes. These fins increase the
surface area exposed to the fluid, leading to improved heat exchange
efficiency. They are commonly used in HVAC systems, industrial processes, and
various other applications where efficient heat transfer is needed.

Here's a more detailed explanation:

• Purpose:
Finned tube heat exchangers are designed to transfer heat between two
fluids, one flowing inside the tubes and the other flowing over the outside
of the tubes.
• Mechanism:
The fins, which are extended surfaces attached to the tubes, significantly increase
the surface area available for heat transfer. This allows for more efficient heat
exchange, especially when one fluid has a low heat transfer coefficient (like air)
compared to the other.
• Applications:
They are widely used in air conditioning, refrigeration, automotive radiators,
power plants, and various industrial processes that require heat transfer between
fluids.
• Advantages:
• Increased Heat Transfer: Fins increase the surface area, leading to a
higher heat transfer rate.
• Compact Design: They can achieve the same heat transfer as a larger,
bare-tube heat exchanger, saving space and cost.
• Versatility: Finned tubes can be made from various materials and fin
configurations to suit specific application needs.
Reference

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https://www.watertechonline.com
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmcarticles/PMC8225055
https://www.sciencedirect.com

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Heat Transfer Principles and Applications by B.K. Dutta