Scribd
Upload
84 views1 page

First Indo Pak War Class12 Notes

The First Indo-Pak War (1947-48) was triggered by the partition of British India and the Kashmir issue, with the Maharaja's initial decision to remain independent leading to a tribal invasion from Pakistan. The conflict escalated into a full-scale war, resulting in a UN-mediated ceasefire and the division of Kashmir into Indian and Pakistani-administered regions. This war established a long-term hostility between India and Pakistan, influencing future conflicts and shaping regional politics.

Uploaded by

5474manjudevi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
84 views1 page

First Indo Pak War Class12 Notes

The First Indo-Pak War (1947-48) was triggered by the partition of British India and the Kashmir issue, with the Maharaja's initial decision to remain independent leading to a tribal invasion from Pakistan. The conflict escalated into a full-scale war, resulting in a UN-mediated ceasefire and the division of Kashmir into Indian and Pakistani-administered regions. This war established a long-term hostility between India and Pakistan, influencing future conflicts and shaping regional politics.

Uploaded by

5474manjudevi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

First Indo-Pak War (1947–48): Causes and Consequences

A. Causes of the First Indo-Pak War


1. Partition and the Kashmir Issue: - In 1947, British India was divided into India and
Pakistan. - The princely state of Jammu & Kashmir was given the choice to join either India or
Pakistan. - Maharaja Hari Singh, the Hindu ruler of a Muslim-majority state, chose to remain
independent initially.

2. Tribal Invasion from Pakistan: - In October 1947, tribal militias backed by Pakistan invaded
Kashmir to force its accession to Pakistan. - The invasion led to widespread violence and
threat to Srinagar.

3. Instrument of Accession: - To seek help, the Maharaja signed the Instrument of Accession
with India on 26 October 1947. - India airlifted troops to Kashmir to repel the invaders.

4. Religious and Strategic Interests: - Pakistan claimed Kashmir due to its Muslim majority. -
India defended its legal right based on the ruler’s decision and strategic concerns.

5. Failure of Peaceful Resolution: - Diplomatic efforts failed to stop the conflict, leading to
full-scale war between India and Pakistan.

B. Course of the War


- India launched military operations in Kashmir post-accession. - Fighting took place in
Baramulla, Poonch, Uri, and other regions. - India took the matter to the United Nations in
January 1948.

C. Consequences of the First Indo-Pak War


1. UN Ceasefire and Division of Kashmir: - A ceasefire was declared on 1 January 1949 under UN
supervision. - Kashmir was divided into: - Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir - Pakistan-
administered Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan

2. Creation of the Line of Control (LoC): - The LoC was established as the de facto border (not
officially recognized as international border).

3. Internationalization of the Kashmir Issue: - The war brought Kashmir to the global stage,
with the UN suggesting a plebiscite (never held due to preconditions).

4. Start of Long-Term Hostility: - Laid the foundation for future wars (1965, 1971, 1999) and
continued political and military rivalry.

5. Military Impact: - Both India and Pakistan began strengthening their armed forces. -
Highlighted the importance of national security and defense preparedness.

6. Domestic Effects: - Worsening of communal tensions and refugee crisis on both sides due to
mass displacement.

D. Conclusion
The First Indo-Pak War marked the beginning of the Kashmir conflict, which remains unresolved.
It was a turning point in Indo-Pak relations, shaping regional politics for decades.

You might also like