Test4

D Ogilvie and her team have been building the vast database of material possessions on top
of their full demographic reconstruction of the people who lived in these two German
communities. 'We can follow the same people - and their descendants - across 300 years
of educational and economic change,' she says. Individual lives have unfolded before their
eyes. Stories like that of the 24-year-olds Ana Regina and Magdalena Riethmiillerin, who
were chastised in 1707 for reading books in church instead of listening to the sermon. ' This
tells us they were continuing to develop their reading skills at least a decade after leaving
school,' explains Ogilvie. The database also reveals the case of Juliana Schweickherdt, a
50-year-old spinster living in the small Black Forest community ofWildberg, who was
reprimanded in 1752 by the local weavers' guild for 'weaving cloth and combing wool,
counter to the guild ordinance'. When Juliana continued taking jobs reserved for male guild
members, she was summoned before the guild court and told to pay a fine equivalent to one
third of a servant's annual wage. It was a small act of defiance by today's standards, but it
reflects a time when laws in Germany and elsewhere regulated people's access to labour
markets. The dominance of guilds not only prevented people from using their skills, but also
held back even the simplest industrial innovation.

E The data-gathering phase of the project has been completed and now, according to Ogilvie,
it is time 'to ask the big questions'. One way to look at whether education causes economic
growth is to 'hold wealth constant'. This involves following the lives of different people with
the same level of wealth over a period of time. If wealth is constant, it is possible to discover
whether education was, for example, linked to the cultivation of new crops, or to the
adoption of industrial innovations like sewing machines. The team will also ask what aspect
of education helped people engage more with productive and innovative activities. Was it,
for instance, literacy, numeracy, book ownership, years of schooling? Was there a threshold
level - a tipping point - that needed to be reached to affect economic performance?

F Ogilvie hopes to start finding answers to these questions over the next few years. One
thing is already clear, she says: the relationship between education and economic growth
is far from straightforward. 'German-speaking central Europe is an excellent laboratory
for testing theories of economic growth,' she explains. Between 1600 and 1900, literacy
rates and book ownership were high and yet the region remained poor. It was also the case
that local guilds and merchant associations were extremely powerful and legislated against
anything that undermined their monopolies. In villages throughout the region, guilds
blocked labour migration and resisted changes that might reduce their influence.

'Early :findings suggest that the potential benefits of education for the economy can be held
back by other barriers, and this has implications for today,' says Ogilvie. 'Huge amounts
are spent improving education in developing countries, but this spending can fail to deliver
economic growth if restrictions block people - especially women and the poor - from using
their education in economically productive ways. If economic institutions are poorly set up,
for instance, education can't lead to growth.'

86
Questions 14-18

Reading Passage 2 has six sections, A-F.

Which section contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

14 an explanation of the need for research to focus on individuals with a fairly

consistent income
15 examples of the sources the database has been compiled from
16 an account of one individual's refusal to obey an order
17 a reference to a region being particularly suited to research into the link between
education and economic growth
18 examples of the items included in a list of personal possessions

Questions 19-22

Complete the summary below.

Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.

Demographic reconstruction of two German communities

The database that Ogilvie and her team has compiled sheds light on the lives of a
range of individuals, as well as those of their 19 . ......................................... ,over a 300-year
period. For example, Ana Regina and Magdalena Riethmullerin were reprimanded
for reading while they should have been paying attention to a 20 .......................................... .
There was also Juliana Schweickherdt, who came to the notice of the weavers' guild
in the year 1752 for breaking guild rules. As a punishment, she was later given a
21 ........................................... Cases like this illustrate how the guilds could prevent
22 .......................................... and stop skilled people from working.

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Test4

Questions 23 and 24

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Write the correct letters in boxes 23 and 24 on your answer sheet.

Which TWO of the following statements does the writer make about literacy rates in
Section B?

A Very little research has been done into the link between high literacy rates and
improved earnings.
B Literacy rates in Germany between 1600 and 1900 were very good.
C There is strong evidence that high literacy rates in the modern world result in
economic growth.
D England is a good example of how high literacy rates helped a country
industrialise.
E Economic growth can help to improve literacy rates.

Questions 25 and 26

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Write the correct letters in boxes 25 and 26 on your answer sheet.

Which TWO of the following statements does the writer make in Section F about guilds
in German-speaking Central Europe between 1600 and 1900?

A They helped young people to learn a skill.

B They were opposed to people moving to an area for work.
C They kept better records than guilds in other parts of the world.
D They opposed practices that threatened their control over a trade.
E They predominantly consisted of wealthy merchants.

88 ~1~ p. 1261
READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading
Passage 3 below.

Timur Gareyev - blindfold chess champion

A Next month, a chess player named Timur Gareyev will take on nearly 50 opponents
at once. But that is not the hard part. While his challengers will play the games as
normal, Gareyev himself will be blindfolded. Even by world record standards, it
sets a high bar for human performance. The 28-year-old already stands out in the
rarefied world of blindfold chess. He has a fondness for bright clothes and unusual
hairstyles, and he gets his kicks from the adventure sport of BASE jumping. He has
already proved himself a strong chess player, too. In a 10-hour chess marathon in
2013, Gareyev played 33 games in his head simultaneously. He won 29 and lost
none. The skill has become his brand: he calls himself the Blindfold King.

B But Gareyev's prowess has drawn interest from beyond the chess-playing
community. In the hope of understanding how he and others like him can perform
such mental feats, researchers at the University of California in Los Angeles
(UCLA) called him in for tests. They now have their first results. 'The ability to play
a game of chess with your eyes closed is not a far reach for most accomplished
players,' said Jesse Rissman, who runs a memory lab at UCLA. 'But the thing that's
so remarkable about Timur and a few other individuals is the number of games they
can keep active at once. To me it is simply astonishing.'

C Gareyev learned to play chess in his native Uzbekistan when he was six years old.
Tutored by his grandfather, he entered his first tournament aged eight and soon
became obsessed with competitions. At 16, he was crowned Asia's youngest ever
chess grandmaster. He moved to the US soon after, and as a student helped his
university win its first national chess championship. In 2013, Gareyev was ranked
the third best chess player in the US.

D To the uninitiated, blindfold chess seems to call for superhuman skill. But displays
of the feat go back centuries. The first recorded game in Europe was played in
13th-century Florence. In 1947, the Argentinian grandmaster Miguel Najdorf played
45 simultaneous games in his mind, winning 39 in the 24-hour session.

E Accomplished players can develop the skill of playing blind even without realising
it. The nature of the game is to run through possible moves in the mind to see
how they play out. From this, regular players develop a memory for the patterns
the pieces make, the defences and attacks. 'You recreate it in your mind,' said
Gareyev. 'A lot of players are capable of doing what I'm doing.' The real mental
challenge comes from playing multiple games at once in the head. Not only must
the positions of each piece on every board be memorised, they must be recalled

89
Test4

faithfully when needed, updated with each player's moves, and then reliably stored
again, so the brain can move on to the next board. First moves can be tough to
remember because they are fairly uninteresting. But the ends of games are taxing
too, as exhaustion sets in. When Gareyev is tired, his recall can get patchy. He
sometimes makes moves based on only a fragmented memory of the pieces'
positions.

F The scientists first had Gareyev perform some standard memory tests. These
assessed his ability to hold numbers, pictures and words in mind. One classic test
measures how many numbers a person can repeat, both forwards and backwards,
soon after hearing them. Most people manage about seven. 'He was not
exceptional on any of these standard tests,' said Rissman. 'We didn't find anything
other than playing chess that he seems to be supremely gifted at. ' But next came
the brain scans. With Gareyev lying down in the machine, Rissman looked at how
well connected the various regions of the chess player's brain were. Though the
results are tentative and as yet unpublished, the scans found much greater than
average communication between parts of Gareyev's brain that make up what is
called the frontoparietal control network. Of 63 people scanned alongside the chess
player, only one or two scored more highly on the measure. 'You use this network in
almost any complex task. It helps you to allocate attention, keep rules in mind, and
work out whether you should be responding or not,' said Rissman.

G It was not the only hint of something special in Gareyev's brain. The scans also
suggest that Gareyev's visual network is more highly connected to other brain parts
than usual. Initial results suggest that the areas of his brain that process visual
images - such as chess boards - may have stronger links to other brain regions,
and so be more powerful than normal. While the analyses are not finalised yet, they
may hold the first clues to Gareyev's extraordinary ability.

H For the world record attempt, Gareyev hopes to play 47 blindfold games at once in
about 16 hours. He will need to win 80% to claim the title. 'I don't worry too much
about the winning percentage, that's never been an issue for me,' he said. 'The
most important part of blindfold chess for me is that I have found the one thing that
I can fully dedicate myself to . I miss having an obsession.'

90
Questions 27-32

Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs, A-H.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

27 a reference to earlier examples of blindfold chess
28 an outline of what blindfold chess involves
29 a claim that Gareyev's skill is limited to chess
30 why Gareyev's skill is of interest to scientists
31 an outline of Gareyev's priorities
32 a reason why the last part of a game may be difficult

Questions 33-36

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this

33 In the forthcoming games, all the participants will be blindfolded.

34 Gareyev has won competitions in BASE jumping.
35 UCLA is the first university to carry out research into blindfold chess players.
36 Good chess players are likely to be able to play blindfold chess.

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Test4

Questions 37-40

Complete the summary below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

How the research was carried out

The researchers started by testing Gareyev's 37 . ......................................... ; for example, he
was required to recall a string of 38 .......................................... in order and also in reverse
order. Although his performance was normal, scans showed an unusual amount of
39 .......................................... within the areas of Gareyev's brain that are concerned with
directing attention. In addition, the scans raised the possibility of unusual strength in
the parts of his brain that deal with 40 .......................................... input.

92 ~1~ p. 1261
 WRITING

WRITING TASK 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The graph below shows the number of shops that closed and the number of
new shops that opened in one country between 2011 and 2018.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and
make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

Number of shop closures and openings 2011-2018

• Closures - - - Openings

6,000--1-- ----"",__,__f!C-- - - - -------::,.--"-""l=--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - l

,,
5 ,ooo--l----~,----,_.~,~-----\-~------Jl!.~~~----o!!!!!!!!~~

4,000
\
------~'
,,
~-----------'
--· .....
' .....

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

~ 1~ p. 137 I 93
Test4

WRITING TASK 2

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.

Write about the following topic:

Nowadays, a growing number of people with health problems are trying

alternative medicines and treatments instead of visiting their usual doctor.

Do you think this is a positive or a negative development?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own
knowledge or experience.

Write at least 250 words.

94 ~ 1~ p. 1381
 SPEAKING

PART 1

The examiner asks you about yourself, your home, work or studies and other
familiar topics.
EXAMPLE
Maps
• Do you think it's better to use a paper map or a map on your phone? [Why?]
• When was the last time you needed to use a map? [Why/Why not?]
• If you visit a new city, do you always use a map to find your way around?
[Why/Why not?]
• In general, do you find it easy to read maps? [Why/Why not?]

PART 2

Describe an occasion when you had to do

You will have to talk
something in a hurry.
about the topic for one
You should say: to two minutes. You
what you had to do have one minute to
why you had to do this in a hurry think about what you
how well you did this are going to say. You
can make some notes
and explain how you felt about having to do this in
to help you if you wish.
a hurry.

PART 3
Discussion topics:
Arriving late
Example questions:
Do you think it's OK to arrive late when meeting a friend?
What should happen to people who arrive late for work?
Can you suggest how people can make sure they don't arrive late?

Managing study time

Example questions:
Is it better to study for long periods or in shorter blocks of time?
What are the likely effects of students not managing their study time well?
How important is it for students to have enough leisure time?

95
Audioscripts
TEST 1

PART 1
PETER: Hello?
JAN: Oh hello. My name's Jan. Are you the right person to talk to about the Buckworth
Conservation Group?
PETER: Yes, I'm Peter. I'm the secretary.
JAN : Good. I've just moved to this area, and I'm interested in getting involved. I was
in a similar group where I used to live. Could you tell me something about your
activities, please?
PETER: Of course. Well, we have a mixture of regular activities and special events. One
of the regular ones is trying to keep the beach free of litter. A few of us spend a 01
couple of hours a month on it, and it's awful how much there is to clear. I wish
people would be more responsible and take it home with them.
JAN: I totally agree. I'd be happy to help with that. Is it OK to take dogs? 02
PETER: I'm afraid not, as they're banned from the beach itself. You can take them along
the cliffs, though. And children are welcome.
JAN: Right.
PETER: We also manage a nature reserve, and there's a lot to do there all year round.
For example, because it's a popular place to visit, we spend a lot of time looking
after the paths and making sure they're in good condition for walking.
JAN: I could certainly help with that.
PETER: Good. And we have a programme of creating new habitats there. We've just
finished making and installing nesting boxes for birds to use, and next we're
going to work on encouraging insects - they're important for the biodiversity of 03
the reserve.
JAN: They certainly are.
PETER: Oh , and we're also running a project to identify the different species of butterflies 04
that visit the reserve. You might be interested in taking part in that.
JAN: Sure. I was involved in something similar where I used to live, counting all the
species of moths. I'd enjoy that.
PETER: Another job we're doing at the reserve is replacing the wall on the southern side, 05
between the parking area and our woodshed. It was badly damaged in a storm
last month.
JAN: OK.

PETER: Then as I said, we have a programme of events as well, both at the weekend,
and during the week.
JAN: Right. I presume you have guided walks? I'd like to get to know the local
countryside, as I'm new to the area.
PETER: Yes, we do. The next walk is to Ruston Island, a week on Saturday. We'll be
meeting in the car park at Dunsmore Beach at low tide - that's when the sands
are dry enough for us to walk to the island without getting wet. 06
JAN: Sounds good.

96
PETER: The island's a great pllace to explore. It's quite small , and it's got a range of
habitats. It's also an ideal location for seeing seals just off the coast, or even on
the beach.
JAN: OK. And is there anything we should bring, like a picnic, for instance?
PETER: Yes, do bring one, as it's a full-day walk. And of course it'll be wet walking across
and back, so make sure your boots are waterproof. Q7
JAN: I must buy a new pair - there's a hole in one of my current ones! Well, I'd
definitely like to come on the walk.
PETER: Great. Then later this month we're having a one-day woodwork session in
Hopton Wood.
JAN: I've never tried that before. Is it OK for beginners to take part? QB
PETER: Definitely. There'll be a couple of experts leading the session, and we keep the
number of participants down, so you 'll get as much help as you need.
JAN: Excellent! I'd love to be able to make chairs.
PETER: That's probably too ambitious for one day! You'll be starting with wooden spoons, Q9
and of course learning how to use the tools. And anything you make is yours to
take home with you.
JAN: That sounds like fun. When is it?
PETER: It's on the 17th, from 10 a.m. until 3. There's a charge of £35, including lunch, or Q10
£40 if you want to camp in the wood.
JAN: I should think I'll come home the same day. Well, I'd certainly like to join the
group.

PART 2
So, hello everyone. My name's Lou Miller and I'm going to be your tour guide today as we
take this fantastic boat trip around the Tasmanian coast. Before we set off, I just want to tell
you a few things about our journey.
Our boats aren't huge as you can see. We already have three staff members on board and
on top of that, we can transport a further fifteen people - that's you - around the coastline.
But please note if there are more than nine people on either side of the boat. we'll move Q11
some of you over, otherwise all eighteen of us will end up in the sea!
We've recently upgraded all our boats. They used to be jet black, but our new ones now have
these comfortable dark red seats and a light-green exterior in order to stand out from others Q12
and help promote our company. This gives our boats a rather unique appearance, don't you
think?
We offer you a free lunchbox during the trip and we have three types. Lunchbox 1 contains
ham and tomato sandwiches. Lunchbox 2 contains a cheddar cheese roll and Lunch box 3 Q13
is salad-based and also contains eggs and tuna. All three lunchboxes also have a packet of
crisps and chocolate bar inside. Pllease let staff know which lunchbox you prefer.
I'm sure I don't have to ask you not to throw anything into the sea. We don't have any bins to
put litter in , but Jess. myself or Ray. our other guide. will collect it from you after lunch and put Q14
it all in a large plastic sack.

The engine on the boat makes quite a lot of noise so before we head off, let me tell you a few
things about what you're going to see.

97