Mathematical Tools

HINTS & SOLUTONS OF MATHEMATICAL TOOLS

EXERCISE-1
PART - I :
A-1. f(/2) = cos /2 + sin /2 = 1
A-2. f(2) = 4 × 2 + 3 = 11
f {f(2)} = f(11) = 4 × 11 + 3 = 47
1
1−
tan 45 − tan30 3 3 −1
A-3. tan15 = tan(45–30) = = =
1 + tan 45 tan30 1 3 +1
1+
3
( 3 − 1)2 3 + 1 − 2 3 4 − 2 3
= = = = 2− 3
2 2 2

A-4. cos2  = 1 – 2sin2 

 1 − cos 2 
2sin2  = 1 – cos2   sin2  =  
 2 

A-5. sinA . [sinAcosB + cosA . sinB]

sin2A . cosB + sinA . cosA . sinB
1
sin2A . cosB + sin2A . sinB
2

 
A-6.  cos  +   = –sin [cos in  quadrant gives negative value]
 2 
sin ( – ) = sin[–( –)] = –sin( –)
= – sin
sin( + ) = – sin [sin function is –ve in  quadrant]

A-7. x1 = 8 sin and x2 = 6cos then x1 = 8 sin

x1 + x2 = 10 sin( + 37°)
(x1 + x2)max = 10 [sin( + 37º)]max = 10 × 1 = 10

dy
B-1. = 2x + 1
dx
dy
B-2. = sec2 x – cosec2 x
dx
dy d2 y
B-3. = cos x – sin x, = – sin x – cos x
dx dx 2
dy 1 d2 y 1
B-4. = + ex, 2
= – 2 + ex
dx x dx x

d x dex d nx
C-1. e nx = nx + ex
dx dx dx
x
e
ex nx. +
x
d(sin x cos x) d(cos x) d(sin x)
C-2. = sinx + cosx = cos2x – sin2x
dx dx dx
(3x – 2)(2) – (2x + 5)(3) –19
D-1. y' = =
(3x – 2)2
(3x – 2)2

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 nx  1
d  x  – nx.1
dy  x  x 1– nx
D-2. = = =
dx dx x2 x2
d(1)
D-3. sec2x – tan2x = 1  =0
dx
d
D-4. (a) uv = uv1 + u1v
dx
= 5 × 2 + (–1) (–3) = 13
d  u  vu1 – uv1 (–1)(–3) – (5)(2)
(b) = = = –7
dx  v  v2 (–1)2
d  v  uv1 – vu1 (5)(2) – (–1)(–3) 7
(c) = = =
dx  u  u2 (5)2 25
d
(d) (7v – 2u) = 7v1 – 2u1
dx
= 7 × 2 – 2 (–3) = 20

E-1. y = sin 5x
Let ekuk 5x = 
y = sin 
dy dy d
= ·
dx d dx
dy d
= cos =5
d dx
d
 = 5 cos  = 5x
dx
dy
 = 5 cos 5x
dx

E-2. Let ekuk u = (x + )

 dy  dy du
 dx  = 
  du dx
= 2cos(x + ) × 
= 2 cos(x + ) Ans.

dy
E-3. = – 27(4 – 3x)8
dx
F-1. (x + y)2 = 4
 dy 
2(x + y)  1 + =0
 dx 
dy dy
x+y01+ =0 = –1
dx dx

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F-2. x2y + xy2 = 6
 dy   dy 
x2   + y[+2x] + y2 + x 2y =0
 dx   dx 
dy 2
[x + 2xy] + 2xy + y2 = 0
dx
dy −2xy − y 2
 = 2
dx x + 2xy

dA d( r 2 ) d(r 2 ) 2rdr
G-1. = = =
dt dt dt dt
d d(4r 2 ) dr
G-2. S= = 8r
dt dt dt
H-1. x = – t2 + 4t + 4 ............... (i)
for maxima
dx
=0
dt
– 2t + 4 = 0
t=2
d2 x
from equation (i) =–2<0
dt 2
x has maximum value at t = 2 sec. maximum value of x
xmax = –(2)2 + 4 (2) + 4 = 8

H-2. ymax = 39, ymin = 38

dy dy du
-1. = 
dx du dx
dy
= 48 (8x – 1)2
dx
dy dy du
-2. = 
dx du dx
3 cos (3x + 1)
dy dy du
-3. = 
dx du dx
12 x3.

dy dy du
-4. = 
dx du dx
dy 1 x
= – sin
dx 3 3

PART - II
A-1. y = x2 – 2x + 1

(x ) x3
 y dx = – 2x + 1 dx + c =  x 2 dx – 2  xdx +  dx + c = – x2 + x + c
2

3
A-2. y = (x)1/3 + x–1/3
3x 4 / 3 3x 2 / 3
 y dx =  x dx +  x dx ;
1/ 3 –1/ 3
+ +c
4 2
A-3. y = sec2 x  y dx = tan x + c

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A-4. y = cosec2 x  y dx = –cot x + c

A-5. y = sec x · tan x =  y dx sec x + c

1 1 1 1
 y dx 3 x
A-6. y= = dx + c = nx + c
3x 3
 x sin(2x )dx
2
B-1. Let u = 2x2 du = 4x dx
du
=  sinu
4
1 1
=
4  sinu du = – cosu + C
4
B-2.  sec 2t tan2t dt Let u = 2t du = 2 dt
du
=  sec u tanu 2
1
= sec u + C
2
1
= sec u + C
2

3
B-3.  (2 – x) 2
dx = 3  (2 – x)–2 dx

Let u = 2 – x du = – dx
ekuk
u
–2
3 (–dx)
+3 3
= +C = +C
u 2– x

B-4.  sin(8z − 5) dz
Let u = 8 z – 5 du = 8 dz
ekuk
du 1
 sinu 8 =
8
(– cos u) + C

1
=– cos (8z – 5) + C
8
–1
   3
C-1. 
2 –4
d = []–1
2
–4 =
2
[(–1) – (–4)] =
2
5 2
5 2
r2  (5 2 )2 ( 2 )2
C-2.  rdr =  
2
=
2
–
2
= 25 – 1 = 24
2 2
1
1
e dx = ex  = e – 1
x
C-3.
0
0

D-1. y = 2x
b b
b
Area =  y dx
0
=  2x dx
0
=  x2  = b2 units
0

x
D-2. y= +1
2

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b
b
x
b b
 x2  b2
0 y dx = 0 2 dx + 0
b
dx =   +  x
 0 = +b
 4 0 4
 

D-3.  y dx =  sin x dx =  – cos x 0
0 0

= [– cos  + cos 0] = 2
 
1– cos 2x
 sin x dx = 
2
D-4. dx
0 0
2
 
1 cos 2x
= 0 2 dx – 0 2 dx
 1   
= –  sin 2x  0 = –0=
2 4 2 2

D-5. (A*) may be positive

(B*) may be negative
(C*) may be zero

PART - III
A-1. (i) 105º, (ii) 150º, (iii) 105º.
A-2.

60°
120°
5
Q = 120°
A-3. VR = 5 ĵ m/s = – 5 ĵ m/s.
B-1.
30

40 40

O P
OP = 30 m

B-2. A = 30 î
B = 40 ĵ

Resultant vector
40


30

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Mathematical Tools

î = A + B = 30 î + 40 ĵ
4
tan  = = 53°
3

B-3.


c 
B  c
b


b
C= a2 + b2 + 2abcos  a1 = b

C = a2 + b2 + 2abcos  b1 = a

 c1 = c

B-4. Can not be zero

B-5.

10 6

C
Using triangular inequality f=kHkqt fu;e ls
C > 10 – 6
C < 10 + 6  4 < c < 16

B-6. Resultant of vectors forming closed polygon is zero vector.

B-7. A + B = A2 + B2 + 2AB · cos 

cos  is min. when  = 

B-9. C= A + B
 
| A | = 12 | C | = 13


 A
C


 B
|B | = 5
They for ether form pythagorian Triplet with QAB = 90
 
B-10. P + Q = P – Q

2Q = 0

 Q =0

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B-11.

+B 
 
B A

45° A
O
45°

–B 
A 
–B

(3) + ( 2) + (1)
2 2 2
C-1. = 9 + 4 +1 = 14 unit.

C-2. x = 25 cos2 10° = – 25 cos 30° [210° = 180° + 30°]

y = 25 sin2 10° = –25 sin 30°

C-3. | V | = 60 km/h

| V | = 302 + x2 = 60
302 + x2 = 60°
x2 = 3600 – 900
x2 = 2700
x2 = 900 × 3
x = 30 3

C-4. A = 0.5 î + 0.8 ĵ + c k̂ is a unit vector bdkbZ lfn'k gS

0.52 + 0.82 + c2 = 12
11
 c=
10

A · B 2+2 3
C-5. A = 2 î + 2 ĵ cos = =
A B
( 2 2 ) ( 2)
B = î + 3 ĵ =
(
2 1+ 3 ) =
1+ 3
 Q = 15°
4 ( )
2 2 2

C-6. F = 2 î – 3 ĵ N

C-7. A(1,1,–1) B(2, –3 , 4)

AB = B – A = (2, –3, 4) – (1, – 1, 1) = (1, –4, 5)
 AB = î – 4 ĵ + 5 k̂

D-1. A = î + ĵ + k̂ B = 2 î + ĵ
(a) A . B = (1)(2) + (1)(1) + (1)(0) = 2 + 1 = 3
ˆi ˆj kˆ
A× B = 1 1 1
2 1 0

= î (0 – 1) – ĵ (0 – 2) + k̂ (1 – 2)
A × B = – î + 2 ĵ – k̂

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 
D-2. | A |= 4 | B | = 3 ;  = 60°
A . B = | A | | B | cos 60°
= 4 × 3 × 1/2 = 6

B

60° 
A
3
| A × B | = | A | | B | sin = 4 × 3 × =6 3
2
D-3. A , B & are non-zero vector

A ·B = 0 & A · C = 0
A is ⊥ to B

A is ⊥ to C

 B × C is ll to A

D-4. A .B = 8 A B cos  = 8
| A ×B | = 8 3 AB sin = 8 3
tan =  3  = 120°
EXERCISE-2
PART - I
x –1
1. f (x) = .................. (i)
x +1
x –1
–1
f(x) – 1 –2 –1
f {f(x)} = = x +1 = =
f(x) + 1 x –1 x +1 x
+1
x +1 2x
x +1

 2x – 3 
2  –3
 3x – 2 
2. f (y) = f [f (x)] = =x
 2x – 3 
3   – 2
 3x – 2 

3. y = ln x2 + sin x
dy d ln x
=
(
2

+
)
d ( sin x )
dx dx dx
2
d( ) −2
1 d 2 1 2 d2 y d(cos x)
= 2 (x ) + cos x = 2 . 2x + cos x = + cos x  2
= x + = 2 – sin x
x dx x x dx dx dx x

6
–
dy d(x1/ 7 ) d(tan x) x 7
4. = + = + sec2x
dx dx dx 7
d2 y 1 d(x –6 / 7 ) d(sec 2 x) –6 –13 / 7
= + = x + 2 secx (secx tan x)
dx2 7 dx dx 49
–6 –13 / 7
= x + 2 tanx sec2x
49

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 1  1 
5. y =  x +   x + + 1
 x  x 
1  1
d(x –+ 1) d x + 
dy  1  
+  x – + 1 
x 1 x
= x + 
dx  x dx  x  dx
 1   1 
 1  dx d ( x ) d (1)   1   dx
d( ) 
x
x + x  +  – +  +  x – + 1  + 
   dx dx dx   x   dx dx 
   
 1  1   1  1 
=  x +   1 + 2  +  x – + 1  1– 2 
 x  x   x  x 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
=x+ + + 3 +x– – + 3 + 1 – 2 = 3 + 2x – 2 + 1
x x x x x x x x x

6. r = (1 + sec) sin
r = sin + sec sin
r = sin + tan
dr
= cos  + sec2
d

d d
(1 + cot x) (cot x) – cot x (1 + cot x)
dy dx dx
7. =
dx (1 + cot x)2
(1 + cot x)(– cos ec 2 x) – cot x(– cos ec 2 x) – cos ec 2 x
= =
(1 + cot x)2 (1 + cot x)2

d d
tan x ( nx + e x ) – ( nx + e x ) tan x
dy dx dx
8. =
dx (tan x)2
1
x

( )
tan x  + ex  – nx + e x (sec 2 x)

=
(tan x)2
d d
9. (sin3 x) + (sin 3 x)
dx dx
dsin2 x dsin x dsin3x d(3x) cos3x
=  +  = 3 sin2 x cos x + = 3sin2x cosx + 3 cos3x
dsin x dx d(3x) dx 3

dy d
10. = [sin2 (x2 + 1)]
dx dx
dsin2 (x 2 + 1) dsin(x 2 + 1) d(x 2 + 1)
=   = 4 x sin (x2 + 1) cos (x2 + 1)
dsin(x 2 + 1) d(x 2 + 1) dx

dq d
11. = (2r – r2)1/2
dr dr
d(2r – r 2 )1/ 2 d(2r – r 2 )
= 
d(2r – r 2 ) dr
1 1– r
= (2r – e2 )–1/ 2 (2 – 2r) =
2 2r – r 2

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12. x3 + y3 = 18 xy
d(x 3 + y 3 ) d(18xy)
=
dx dx
3 3
dx dy dy d(18x)
+ = 18x. + y.
dx dx dx dx
dy dy
3x2 + 3y2. =18x. + y.18
dx dx
dy dy
3x2 +3y2. = 18x. +18y
dx dx
dy dy
3y2 – 18x. =18y –3x2
dx dx
dy
(3y2 –18x) = 18y –3x2
dx
dy (18y – 3x 2 )
=
dx ( )
3y 2 – 18x

13. V = r2h.
dv dr 2h dr 2h 
 dr
2
dh 
  dr 2 dh 
= = =  h + r2  =  2rh + r 
dt dt dt 
 dt dt 
  dt dt 
 dh dr 
= {2rh . 5 +r2.5 }  = 5m / s & = 5m / s  = {10rh +5r2}
 dt dt 

14. x + y = 60
x = 60 – y
xy = (60 – y) y
f(y) = (60 – y) y
for maximum ,
f '(y) = 60 – 2y = 0
y = 30
so vr% x = 30 & y = 30
15. Let the dimensions of the tank be x and y area of the open tank = x 2 + 4xy.
again x & y are related to surface area of this tank which is equal to 40 m2

y
x
x
x2 + 4xy = 40
40 − x2
y=
4x
 40 − x2  40x – x3
volume v = x2  =
 4x  4
for maximum volume
40 − 3x2
v ' (x) = =0
4
40
x=
3
3x
and v '' (x) = –
2

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40 3 40
v '' =– < 0
3 2 3
40
so volume is maximum at x = m
3
16. 120° +  +  = 180°
  = 30°
sin120 sin A sin C
 = =
10 a c
10 3
side a = side c = m
3
  + 2   1 − 2 
17. (A) y1 + y2 = 2A sin  1  cos  2 
 2   
  − 2    + 2 
(C) y1 – y2 = 2A sin  1  cos  1 
 2   2 
3 4 4 3
18. (A) + = +
5 5 5 5
3 4 3 4
(B) − = −
5 5 5 5
3 4
(C) + 1  − 1
4 3
3 4
(D)  = 1
4 3

   
19. R2 = 2A2(1 + cos) = 2A2  1 + 2cos2 − 1 = 22A2cos2
 2  2

R = 2A cos
2

PART - II
 (x + x ) dx
–2 –3
1.

=x –2
dx +  x dx
–3

x –2 +1 x –3 +1
= + +C
– 2 +1 −3 + 1
1 –2
= – x–1 – x + C,
2

 (1– cot x)dx =1– (cosec x – 1)dx

2 2
2.
=  (2 – cosec x)dx 2

=  2dx –  cosec x dx 2

= 2x + cot x + C

3.  cos (tan + sec) d

=  cos tan d +  os sec d
sin 
=  cos  cos  d +  d

= – cos  +  + C

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4.  12 (y4 + 4y2 +1)2 (y3 +2y) dy

By Substituting u = y 4 + 4y 2 +1

du = dy =
(
d y 4 + 4y 2 + 1 ) (4y3 + 8y) dy = 4 (y3 + 2y) dy
dy
Then, vr%  12 (y4 +4y2 +1)2 (y 3+2y) dy =  3u2du
3u3
= 3  u2du = + c = (y4 +4y2 +1)3 + C
3
dx
5.  5x + 8
.

d ( 5x + 8 ) du
By Substituting 5 x + 8 = u, =
dx dx
du
5=
dx
 du 
5dx =   dx
 dx 
du
dx=
5
du 1 u 1/ 2 2 2
5 = 1/5  u
– 21
then rc] du = +C= u+C= 5x + 8 + C
u 5 1/ 2 5 5
6. Let ekuk u = 3 – 2s  du = – 2 ds
 –du  –1 –1
 u  2  = 2  3 / 2 u3/2 + C = 3 (3 – 2s)3/2 + C

 sec (3x + 2)dx

2
7.
Let u = 3x + 2 du = 3dx
du
=  sec 2 u
3
1 1
= tan u + C = tan (3x + 2) + C
3 3
 −  −
8.  csc  2  cot  2  d
–
Let u =
2
dv  −
du =
2
=  cscucotu(2du) = – 2 csc u + C = – 2 csc  2 
+C

6cos t
9.  (2 + sin t) 3
,

Substituting 2+ sin t = u
du
cos t =
dt
cos t dt = du
6du du 6u–3 +1
Then  3 = 6  3 = + C = – 3 (2 + sin t )–2 + C
u u –3 + 1

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2
 2  42 2 32
10.   = – = Ans.
 2  2 2 2

((7) )
3
1/ 3
 x3  3 7
7
11.   = −0=
3 0 3 3

12. Substituting x 2 = u,
2x dx = du
du
x dx = .
2
Now, changing the limit for
x = 0, u=0
x= , u=2
u =

on vr % 
u =0
sinudu =  – cosu0

= – cos  + cos 0 = 2

1
1 
13.  3 ln ( 3x +2)
 0
1/ 3
1 1 5 5
= (n 5 – n2) = n = n  
3 3 2 2

14. Area of the region between the given curve & x axis on the interval [0, b]
b
b
 3x 3  b
=  3x dx = 2
 =  x  0 = b – 0 = b
3 3 3

0  3 0

 
PART - III
1. B = A = – 4 × 3 N-E = 12 S-W
No it does not represent the same physical quantity.

2.
F
30N F⊥ = 18N

FH
Given that F⊥ = 18
from figure FH = F2 − F1 302 − 182 =
2
= 576 = 24N
F1 18
from figure fp=k ls tan = =
FH 24
tan = 3/4   = 37°


3. Let P & Q are two vector

Q P
P – Q = 10 unit ............... (1)

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Mathematical Tools

Q
If

P
P + Q = 50 unit
2 2

P2 + Q2 = 502 .............. (2)

from equation (1)
(10 + Q)2 + Q2 = 502
2Q2 + 20Q + 100 = 2500
2Q2 + 20Q = 2400
Q2 + 10Q – 1200 = 0
(Q + 40) (Q – 30) = 0
Q = 30
so, from equation (1)
P = 10 + Q = 10 + 30 = 40 unit

 sin 
4. tan  =
A + Bcos 
6sin90 1 3
tan  = = =
8 + 6cos90 8 4
tan  = 3/4
 = 37 Ans.

5. OA = r ĵ
OC = riˆ
OB = r (cos 45 î + sin 45 ĵ )
r r
OB = î + ĵ
2 2

R = OA + OB + OC
r r
= r ĵ + î + ĵ + r î
2 2
 r ˆ  r ˆ
R = r +

 i + r +
2 
 j = r 1+ 2
2
( )
4iˆ + 5 ˆj + 2kˆ
6.
45
7. Given that fn;k gS
A = 4 î +6 ĵ ........ (1)
A + B = 10 î + 9 ĵ ........ (2)
from equation (2)
B = 10 î + 9 ĵ – A
= 10 î + 9 ĵ – (4 î + 6 ĵ ) = 6 î + 3 ĵ

B By = 3

Bx = 6

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Mathematical Tools
By 3  1
from figure tan  = = = tan–1  
Bx 6 2

8. it is displaced parallel to itself

9. Angle between two vectors can never be greater than 180°

on increasing the  , the magnitude of resultant vectors decreases.

10. Initial velocity = 50 ĵ

Final velocity = –50 ĵ

1 change = 50 2
along south west

11. Sum of any 3 sides should be greater than fourth side.

12. a + b > a+b > a – b

13. | A + B | = | A | = |B |
Case -I Either | A | = | B | = 0 (zero vectors)
Case - II |A| = |B|  0
| A + B | = A2 + B2 + AB cos
|A| = |B|
= 2A2 + 2A2 cos
= 2A2 (1 + cos)

= 2A (2cos2 )
2

= 4A cos2
2
Now vc |A + B| = A
 1 
cos = ; = 60°
2 2 2
 = 120°


a 
14. 45° b By vector translation
45°

c 
 a
a
135°
135°
 
c b

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Mathematical Tools


c

c


b

 90º, 135º, 135º

15.

a

60°
60°

b
Only horizontal along + x-axis
 2cos 60° + 2 cos 60° = 2
16.

Coplanar all in a single plane (xy plane)

6 = 360°
 = 60°
Check now every component cancels out net = 0
6 = 360°
 = 60°
17.
N
ĵ

W E
î

S
A → – k̂
B → + î
A × B = – k̂ × î = – ĵ  south nf{k.k

18. A vector is represented by sum of its component vectors.

i.e., A = Ax î + Ay ĵ +Az k̂
so, from given options only option (A), (B), (C) are correct.

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Mathematical Tools
19. a2 + b2 + 2ab cos = a2 + 4b2 – 4ab cos
b
cos = <1
2a
 b < 2a
EXERCISE-3
PART - I
1. (A)  sec x tanx dx = secx + C
– cosec kx
(B)  cosec kx cot kx dx = k
+C

cot kx
(C)  cosec 2 kx dx = – +C
k
sinkx
(D)  cos kx dx = +C
k

2. (A) | A + B | = A2 + B2 + 2AB cos

1
A2 = A2 + A2 + 2A2 cos cos = – ,  = 120
2
(B) F1 ~ F2  R  F1 + F2
Here ;gk¡ F1 ~ F2 = 4 and F1 + F2 = 12
A . B 0
(C) cos  = = = 0   = 90º
| A || B | 2 2  3
(D) A + B = 2iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ | A + B |= 22 + 1 + 32 = 14

PART - II
1. x = t3 – 3t2 + 12t + 20
dx
v= = 3t2 – 6t + 12
dt
t = 0  v = 12 m/s
dv
2. a= = 6t – 6
dt
t = 0  a = – 6 m/s2

3. a = 0  t = 1 sec.
v = 3t2 – 6t + 12 = 9 m/s

4. Fnet = F1 + F2 = 2iˆ + 5jˆ + 4kˆ

F1·F2  3 
5. cos = =  
| F1 | | F2 |  5 2 
F1·F2 6
6. F1 cos = =
| F2 | 5


PART - III

1. | a | – | b |  | a + b |  | a| + | b |

2. R= A 2x + B2y = g2 + 62 = 10
3. Based on theory
4. Based on theory

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Mathematical Tools

A.B
5. Angle between two vectors given by cos  =
AB
(iˆ + ˆj).kˆ 0
cos  = = =0
| (iˆ + ˆj) | kˆ | 2 1

cos  = 0 =
2
6. Based on theory.

PART - IV
1. (i) if f(x) = e–x then f'(x) = – e–x so f(x) = – f'(x)
(ii) if f(x) = ex then f'(x) = e–x so f(x) = f'(x)
(iii) Based on theory
(iv) Based on theory
(v) Based on theory


PART - V
1. A = Aiˆ B = Ajˆ C = Ak̂
A + B + C = Aiˆ + Ajˆ + Akˆ
| A + B + C |= A 2 + A 2 + A 2 = 3A

2. Given A = 3iˆ + 4jˆ B = 7jˆ + 24jˆ

Let C =| C | C
Given that | C | = | B | = 72 + (24)2 = 25
3iˆ + 4ˆj
and Ĉ = Â =
5
25  (3iˆ + 4ˆj)
C= C = 15iˆ + 20jˆ
5

3. If | AB | then angle between A and B is equal to zero

So, A × B = AB sin n = 0
ˆi ˆj kˆ
4. Area of parallelogram = | A  B | = 3 2 0 = | –8iˆ + 12jˆ – 4kˆ | = 224
2 0 –4
5. Perpendicular
6.
î + ĵ

45°

7. A = aiˆ and B = acos tiˆ + asin tjˆ

| A + B |= 3 | A − B |
(a + acos t)2 + (asin t)2 = 3 (a − acos t)2 + (asin t)2
t t
 2cos =  3  2 sin
2 2
t 1
tan =
2 3

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Mathematical Tools
t 
= n 
2 6
 
t = n 
12 6
t = (12n  2)s
= 2s, 10s, 14s ...................

HIGH LEVEL PROBLEMS (HLP)

PART - I
d d
(x + 0.5) (x 2 – 4) – (x 2 – 4) (x + 0.5)
1. g (x) = dx dx
(x + 0.5)2
(x + .5)(2x) – (x 2 – 4) 2x 2 + x – x 2 + 4 x2 + x + 4
= = =
(x + 0.5)2 (x + 0.5)2 (x + 0.5)2

d
2. (a) (uv) = uv + vu’
dx
at x = 1 ij = u(1) v (1) + v (1) u’(1)
= 2x (– 1) + 5 (0)
=–2
d u vu'– uv '
(b)   =
dx  v  v2
d u v(1) u(1) – u (1)v(1) 5(0) – (2)(–1) 2
at x = 1 ij v = = =
dx   [v(1)]2 (5)2 25
d v uv '– vu' uv '(1) – v(1)u'(1)
(c) = =
dx  u  u2 [u(1)]2
d
(d) (7v – 2u) = 7v' – 2u'
dx
at x = 1 = 7 v'(1) – 2u' (1)
7(–1) – 2(0) = – 7
1 + cos ec t
3. S=
1– cos ec t
ds (1– cosect)(– cosect cot t) – (1 + cosec t)( + cosect cot t)
=
dt (1– cosec t)2
–2cos ect cot t
= 2
(1– cos ect)

sin t
4. S=
1– cos t
ds (1– cos t)cos t – sin t (sin t)
=
dt (1– cos t)2
cos t – (cos2 t + sin2 t)
=
(1 − cos t)2
cos t – 1 1
= =
(1– cos t)2 cos t – 1

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Mathematical Tools
dy dy du
5. With u = sin x, y = u3 : = = 3u2 cos x = 3 sin2 x (cos x)
dx du dx
6. With u = cosx
y = 5 u–4
dy dy du
= × = 5 (– 4) u– 5 (– sin x)
dx du dx
dy
= 20 sin x cos–5x
dx
7. r = (csc + cot)–1
1
r=
cosec + cot 
dr (cot  + cos ec) (0) – 1 (– cos ec 2  – cos ec cot )
=
d (cot  + cos ec)2
dr cosec
=
d cot  + cosec
8. r = – (sec + tan)–1
–1
r=
sec  + tan 
dr 1 (sec  tan  + sec 2 ) sec 
= =
d (sec  + tan )2
sec  + tan 

PART - II
1. (a)  csc x cot xdx
– csc x + C
(b)  – csc 5x cot 5x dx
csc 5x
= +C
5

 x
+ csc x
2 = 2 csc  x + C
(c)  –  csc 2 x cot 2 dx = /2 2

 (1+ 2cos x) dx
2
2.
=  (1 + 4cos x + 4cos x)dx
2

=  1.dx +  4cos x dx +  4cos 2

x dx
 cos 2x + 1 
= x + 4 sinx +  4  2  dx

= x + 4 sinx +  2cos2x +  2 · dx
2sin2x
= x + 4 sinx + + 2x
2
= 3x + 4 sinx + sin2x + C

x1/ 2
 2 dx +  2x dx
–1/ 2
3.

1 x1/ 2 + 1 x –1/ 2 + 1 1
= +2 + c = x 3 / 2 + 4 x1/2 + c
2 (1/ 2 + 1) 1 3
– +1
2

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Mathematical Tools
2
4.  8y dy –  y 1/ 4
dy

8y2 2 y –1/ 4 +1
– +c
2 1
– +1
4
8
4y2 – y3/4 + c
3

 [(2x – (2x)x ])dx

–3
5.
=  2xdx –  2x dx –2

2x2 2x – 2 +1 2
= – = x2 + +c
2 –2 + 1 x
6. 3 cot x + C
− tan x
7. +C
3
8. – 1/2 csc  + C
9. 2/5 sec  + C
 4sec x tan x dx – 2 sec x dx
2
10.
= 4 secx – 2 tanx + c
1 1
 2 csc x dx – 2  csc x cot x dx
2
11.

1 1
= – cot x + csc x + c
2 2

cos 2x
 sin2x dx –  csc x dx = –
2
12. + cot x + c
2

13.  2cos2x dx –  3sin3x dx

2sin2x  – cos3x 
– 3  +c
2  3 
sin 2x + cos 3x + c

1– cos 2y
 4sin 
2
14. y dy sin2y =
2
 1 − cos 2y  2sin2y
 4  2  dy =  2dy –  2cos2y dy = 2y – 2 = 2y – sin 2y + c
1
csc   1
 csc  – sin  d =  1 d =  sec 2  · d = tan + c
15. sin d = 
– sin  1– sin2

sin 

1
16.  5s + 4
ds

Let ekuk u = 5s + 4
du = 5 ds
du
ds =
5
1 1 u–1/ 2 + 1 2 2
5 
= u –1/ 2
du = +c= u +c= 5s + 4 + c
5 –1/ 2 + 1 5 5

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Mathematical Tools

17.  3y 7 – 3y 2 dy
Let 7 – 3y2 = t2
diff. w.r.t. y both side
– 6y dy = 2t dt
= 3y dy = – t dt
t3 (7 – 3y 2 )3 / 2
 –t dt = – +c=–
2
= +c
3 3
x x
 sin
5
18. cos dx
3 3
x
Let sin =t
3
x dx
cos = dt
3 3
x
sin6
x t6

cos dx = 3 dt = t 5
3dt = 3 +c = 3 +c
3 6 2
x 2 x
 tan
7
19.  2  sec 2·dx
 
x
Let tan = t
2
x dx
sec2 · = dt
2 2
x
sec2 dx = 2 dt
2
t8 tan8 x / 2
 t 2dt = 2 8 + c = 4 + c
7

5
2 r 
3
20.  r  18 – 1 dr
r3
Let –1=t
18
3r 2
dr = dt
18
6
t6  r3 
r2dr = 6dt =  t 6 dt = 6
5
+c=  − 1 + c
6  18 
3
4 r5 
21.  r  7 – 10  dr
r5
Let 7 − =t
10
5r 4
– dr = dt
10
r4 dr = – 2 dt
4
 r5 
 7 – 
t4  10 
 t (–2dt) – –
3
= 2 + c = +c
4 2

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Mathematical Tools
1 4
22.  x 3 sin(x 3 – 8) dx
Let x4/3 – 8 = t
4 1/3
x dx = dt
3
4
x1/3 dx = dt
3
3 3 3
 4 sin tdt = – 4 cos t + c = – 4 cos (x4/3 – 8) + c

 −  −
23.  csc  
2 
cot 
 2 
 d

−
Let ekuk = t  d = 2dt
2
–
 csc t cot t 2dt = – 2 csc t = – 2 csc   +c
 2 
24.  cot y csc2y dy
Let ekuk cot y = t
– csc2y dy = dt
–  t dt
2t 3 / 2 2
– +c =– (cot y)3/2 + c
3 3
sec z tan z
25.  sec z dr
Let ekuk sec z = t
sec z tan z dz = dt
1
 t dt
= 2 t + c = 2 sec z + c
1 1 
26. t cos  – 1 dt
2
t 
1 1
Let ekuk – 1 = x = – 2 dt = dx
t t
1 
 cos x(–dx) = – sin x + c = – sin  t – 1 + c
3/2

27.  (–2x + 4) dx
1/ 2
3/ 2
=  –x2 + 4x 
1/ 2

  3 2  3   1 1
= –   + 4   – – + 4  
  2   2    4 2
= 2 square units

1
 x 2 
0
1 0 1
 x2 
28. 
– 2
| x | dx = 
– 2
–x dx + 0 dx =  – 
 2 – 2
+ 
 2

  0
= 2 + 1/2 = 2.5 square units

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Mathematical Tools
/2 /2
 3  3
  d    
2
29.
0 3 0 24

3b
3b
 x3 
 x dx 
2 3
30.   = 9b
0  3 0
PART - III
1.
3p B
c
y 2p y
4P x
P A
D x
Let O be the origin & unit vector along x axis is î & unit vector along y axis is ĵ
so, vr% OA = P ˆi
AB = 2Pjˆ
BC = – 3P î
CD = – 4Pjˆ
Resultant force
R = OA + AB + BC + CD = Piˆ + 2piˆ – 3piˆ – 4pjˆ
R = –2piˆ – 2pjˆ
| R | = 2 2 P Ans.
2.

A C
O ĵ
2km 37° N
5km
W E î

B S
Final displacement of boat = 6 î , from figure
OA = 2 î
BC = 5cos37° î – 5sin37° ĵ = 4 î – 3 ĵ
from figure
OC = OA + AB + BC
BC = OC − OA − AB = 6 î – 2 î – 4 î + 3 ĵ
BC = 3 ĵ = 3 km in north

3. Given R = u + v and R ⊥ u
|v|
and | R | =
2

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Mathematical Tools

v
R

Let | v | = x then | R | = x/2

x2 3
from figure u2 = v2 – R2 = x2 – u= x
4 2
we know that
R2 = u2 + v2 + 2uvcos

x2 3 2  3 
= x + x2 + 2 
 2 
x (x)cos
4 4  
3
 cos  = –
2
 = 150°

4. Given that | A | = 5 N , | B | = 13N & | C | = 12N

5
for angle between A & B from figure sin  =
13

 B
C

A
 = 23°
so angle  = 90 – 23
so angle between A & B = 180 –  = 180 – 90 + 23 = 90 + 23 = 113°

5. From given condition

| A + B | = | A | = |B | = x
A2 + B2 + 2AB cos = A2
x2 + x2 + 2x2 cos = x2
cos = – 1/2
 = 120°
|A – B| = |A|
A2 + B2 – 2AB cos = A2
x2 + x2 – 2x2 cos’ = x2
cos’ = 1/2
’ = 60°
 
6. Let  be the angle between P and Q . Then.
→ →
R2 = | P+ Q |2 = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos  ....(i)
   →
If Q is doubled, R is doubled. That means, the magnitude of resultant of 2Q and P is 2R
(2 R)2 = P2 + (2Q)2 + 2P (2Q) cos
This yields, 4R2 = P2 + 4Q + 4PQ cos ....(ii)
  → →
When Q is reversed, R is doubled. Hence, the magnitude of resultant of P and (– Q) is 2R .

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Mathematical Tools
Then, (2R)2 = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos (180º – ).
This yields 4R2 = P2 + Q2 – 2PQcos ...(iii)
–3R2
Eq. (i) – Eq. (iii) yields PQ cos  = ...(iv)
4
2
5R
Eq. (i) + Eq. (iii) yields P2 + Q2 = ....(v)
2
Eq. (ii) + Eq (iv) yields P2 + 4Q2 = 7 R2 ...(vi)
3
Solving Eq. (v) and Eq. (vi) we obtain Q = R and P = R
2
Hence P : Q : R = 2 : 3 : 2 Ans.

7. It is relevant from the vector diagram that each vector deviates from its neighbour
 by
 an angle of 60º.
We bring the tails of each vector to a point (origin) and observe that A 1 and A 4 are equal and
 
opposite; and A 2 and A 5 are equal and opposite.

      
A 1 + A 4 = 0 and A 2 + A 5 = 0
     
Hence vr% R = A1 + A2 + A3 + A 4 + A5
  
= A 3 = (| A 3 | cos 60º) (– î ) + (| A 3 | sin 60º) ĵ
→ →
1 ˆ
Substituting | A 3 | = 1 we have , A 3 = (– i + 3 ˆj)
2
8. The forces exerted by the ants are given as,
→
F1 = 3 (cos 30º î + sin 30º ĵ )
→
F2 = – 1 î
→
F3 = 2 cos 45º î + 2 sin 45º (– ĵ )
and (= F) = x î + y ĵ , say.
Since the grain  is in
 equilibrium,
 it experiences
 a net force
 
F = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 = 0
Substituting the values of the above forces, we have
 
ˆi  3 3 – 1 + 2 + x  +  3 – 2 + y  ˆj = 0
 2   2 

 

Comparing the coefficients of î and ĵ , we have

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Mathematical Tools
3 3  3 
x=–  + 2 – 1 and y = –  – 2 
 2   2 
 
Hence the force exerted by the 4th ant has the magnitude
2
3 3  3 
2

F4 = x +y
2 2
=  + 2 – 1 +  – 2 
 2  2 
 
 3–2 2 
and directed at an angle  = tan–1   with –ve x-direction, as shown in the figure.
 3 3 + 2 2 – 2 


9. When the insect moves from position 1 to position 2, the displacement s = change in position vector
   
r . Since r = r2 – r1 , the magnitude of the displacement is

| r | = r12 + r22 – 2r1 r2 cos 

Since the insect moves in a circular path, r1 = r2 = R

    
Hence | r | = 2Rsin . The direction of r is given as  = + , as shown in the figure.
2 2 2

10. Let us draw a straight line PQ which is given by

→ → →
PQ = OQ – OP
→ → → →
where OQ = r and OP = r0 (given)
→ → →
This gives PQ = r – r0
→ →
Since PQ || A (given)
→
→
PQ = PQ. â , where â = A
A
→ → PQ
Hence r – r0 = â This yields
A

→ → PQ PQ → →
r = r0 + aˆ . Then by putting = n, we obtain r = r0 + naˆ
A A

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Mathematical Tools
→ → →
11. A + B = R , say,
→ → → → → → →
Since | R |2 = R.R = ( A + B ). ( A + B )
→ → → → → → → → →
expanding the product, we have | R |2 = A.A+ A.B+ B.A+ B.B
→ → → → → → → → →
Substituting A.A = A2, A.B = B.A and B.B = | B |2 , we have
→ → → → → → → → →
A.A = A2, A.B = B.A rFkk B.B = | B |2 j[kus ij
→ → → → →
| R |2 = | A |2 + | B |2 + 2 A.B
→ → → → → → →
Hence, | R | = | A + B | = | A |2 + | B |2 +2| A | | B | cos 

→
→
dA d
12. Differentiating both sides of A = tiˆ – sin tjˆ + t 2kˆ we have = (tiˆ – sin tjˆ + t 2k)
ˆ
dt dt
d ˆ d d
= (t)i – (sin t)jˆ + (t 2 )kˆ
dt dt dt
ˆ ˆ
= i –  cos tj + 2tkˆ
→
dA
Putting t = 1, we have t=1 = ˆi – (  cos )jˆ + 2(1)kˆ = ˆi + ˆj + 2kˆ
dt
t =1

13. We have
Position : s = 5 cos t
ds d d
Velocity : v = = (5 cos t) = 5 (cos t) = – 5 sin t
dt dt dt
dv d d
Acceleration : a = = (– 5 sin t) = – 5 (sin t) = – 5 cos t
dt dt dt
14. (a) volume v of water remains constant
v =  (4R2) h – R2x
dh dx
0 = 16R2 – R2 =0
dt dt
dh 1
= v
dt 16
(b) Area of wet surface
d
A = R2 + 2R
dt
 is length inside water 
dA d
= 0 + 2R
dt dt
d dx dh
 = +
dt dt dt
dA  v  17 Rv
= 2R v + =
dt 
 16  8
dh v 32R
Ans. (a) = (b)
dt 15 15

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Mathematical Tools
15.

Let A = area of rectangle

1
A=8× ×x× r 2 − x2 =4x r 2 − x2
2
dA dA  x(−2 x) 
For maxima : =0, =4  + r 2 − x2 
dx dx 2 r −x 
2 2

4(r − 2 x )
2 2
0=
r 2 − x2
r
or x=
2
r d2A
For x= , 0
2 dx 2
r
 Area is maximum for x =
2
2
r 4r  r 
 x= and Amax = r −
2

2 2  2
Amax = 2r2.

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