co UTION OF ALGEBRAIC AND TRANSCENDENTAL.

EQUATIONS 57
Similarly by performing subsequent iterations. the successive approximations to the root are given
by
x=0.7137, xs = 0.7343, x,= 0.7421. X, = 0.7382, x = 0.7402, x, =0.7392, xo =0.7388, x 0.7385
From 10th and 11th iteration, it is clear that there is no change in the succeasive approximations to
root upto first three decimal places. the
So a real root of given equation is given by x = 0.738 (corect to three decimal
places).
2. THE METHOD OF INTERPOLATION (OR THE METHOD OF FALSE
POSITION OR
REGULA-FALSI METHOD)
The method of false position is the oldest method and dates back to the ancient Egyptians. This
method is also known as the method of linear interpolation or the Regula-falsi method. It remains an
efiective altermative to the bisection method for solving nonlinear equation of the form f (%) =0for areal
root in the interval (a, b), given that fis continuous on the interval [a, b] and f(a) and f (b) have opposite
signs.
Procedure

Without loss of generality, suppose that a continuous function f is negative at a and positive at b. So
there exists atleast one real root between aand b. (We may also take fas positive at a and negative at b).
Now we connect the two points (a,f(a) and (6,f(b) on the sketch of the curve y *f(*) by a straight
line segment (see fig. 1).
The equation of the chord joining the points (a,f(a) and (6,f(6) is given by
y-f(a) = f(6)-f(a) (*-a)
b-a
The point of intersection of this chord with the x-axis is given by putting y = 0 in the above equation.
i.e. 0-f(a) f(6)-f(0)x-a)
b-a

(6-a)
or x-a =-f(@)
f(b)- f(a)
(b-a)
f(a()
f(b)-
af(b) - bf(a)
or
f(6)-f(a)
This value ofx is taken as the approximate value of the root.
Hence the first approximate value of the root say x, is given by
af(b)- bf(a) .()
f(b)- f(a)
As in the bisection method, there are three possibilities :
) f(x) =0, in which case x, is the root.
(i) f(x ) <0, in which case the root lies in the interval (x,,b)
(iüi) f(x,) >0, in which case the root lies inthe interval (a, x )
 BRILLIANI NUMERICAT
occurs.
thc Same
or
cAsc
(i)
pt.
()
case

leminates,
if
ciher
the
s u c c e s s i v e

points where
which
Now if case (0) occurs, the proces d e s i r e d a c c u r a c y

I in
0s repcated until the root is obtaincdto the in fig.
g r a p h i c a l l y

The method of false position is shown by x and

straight lines intersect the v-axis are denoted
Y

Fig. 1
=0 by (ro,
Xi) instead of (a, b,
General Formula for Regula-Falsi Method equationf(x)

of the
Denoting the initial interval containing the root
next approximation to the root say x is given by
*o1(a)-3fo)
f(x)-fz)

in general, Xk+l fa;)-f(x-)

(k= 1,2, 3, ..)
*7+| fap)-f-1)
approximations to the root.
where X_ and x are two previous
Geometrical Interpretation
replacing a part of curve y =j () betwee
Geometrically, the method of false position consists of and takin;
( - v p - ) ) and (x,f(x; )) by means of a straight line joining these points
points
point of intersection of this straight line with the x-axis as the
next approximation x to the root o
equation f(r) = 0 assuming that root lies between x_ and x.
Advantages of Regula-falsi method
() This method is suitable for implementation on a computer.
(i) Like bisection method, the method of false position has almost assured convergence and t
converge to the root faster than the bisection method.
(i) Since (x-sy)) and (x.f(x, )) are known before starting the next iteration for
the false position method requires one function evaluation per iteration i.e. f (x,st). So computal
effort is less.
 SOLUTION OF ALGEBRAIC AND
TRANSCENDENTAL..EQUATIONS 59
imitations of Regula-falsi method
In Regula-lalsi method, it may hapnen that most or
all the computed approxinations are on he same
de of the root (reter lig. 1). Consequently the
convergence inay be slow.
Note Another consequence which results from bavino the calculated approximations on the
same sidc of
the root is that ertons of this method are performed although the length of the interval containing the
ot becomes shaler yet it may not go to zero Thus the length of the interval
may be unsuitable lor ue as
termination crtera. so Tor developing aleorithm instead one should check the value of S) at sucGessive
approximations to terminate the iterative
procedure.
Order of Convergence
Let us assume that is a simple root of
equation f(*) =0.
The general iterative formula for Regula-falsi method
is
...(4)

If e-'k and ek+1 are the errors in the approximations x,1, X, and xa respectively then
e-k-| -5, 4 =X-§ and ek+1k|-5
ie. x- $+ e- »X *+ e and x+ =+ e+|
Substituting these values in fornula (4), we have
(6+e;)-(F+ e-)
sG+e4)-fG+e-1)
..(5)

Expanding fE+ e) and f ( ep-) using Taylor's series about the point and substituting
f(E) =0 in (5), we have

,f()+;f")+...
= e
S') +;(e tey-1)s"9) +...

2 f)

(by dividing numerator and denominator of secondterm in R.H.S. by f() 0)

 B R I L L I A N T N U I

60

(using binomial| theorem for any i,

higher
orders of errors
having
terms
. 2 / " 4

orders of erTors.
higher
having
erms
2 f()

SO
terms
having higher orders of en
2 f(9) (neglecting
the

in called lerror
equation.
(,())
lies above the
The equation (6) in terms of errors and with k.
the points
(*f())
point
varies If the
Assuming the straight line joining fixed and
other

y=f)(see fig. 1), one of the points o

or x, is always

straight line
joining the points (Z:f
by the
approximated

Xo is fixed then in each iteration, f(x) is

and (x,.f(w, )) k= 1,2, 3,..
So the error equation (6) becomes

e7+l
2 f(5)
or

constant.
where A is asymptotic error
2 f(9)
i.e. orde
clear that the regula-falsi method is linear order convergent
From cquation (7) it is
convergence of this method is 1.

2.8. THE SECANT METHOD

results from having the calcul
As discussed in Regula-falsi method, the consequence which se
approximations x on same side of the root is that convergence may
be slow. This is avoided in the

method. Secant method resembles Regula-falsi method except that no attempt is made to ensure tna
root is enclosed between two approximations.
 sOLUTION OF ALGEBRAIC AND TRANSCENDENTAL EQUATIONS 61

Starting with two initial approximations X and x, to the root E, the further approximations
Is, Xj. are computed using the following formula :

Xk+1 (k=1, 2, 3,...... ...()

f(x, )-f(-)

(k= 1,2,3,......) ..(2)

fx,)-fok-) fo)
where x- and x7 are two previous most recent approximations to the root.
We no longer have assured convergence but the process simpler (as the sign of f(x.) is not
tested) and often converges faster.
The secant method is shown graphically in fig. 1in which the successive points where the secant lines
intersect the x-axis are denoted by x, and x,
Y

y=f)

>X

Fig. 1.

Order of Convergence
Let us assume that is a simple root of equationf(*) = 0. The general iterative formula for secant
method is

...(3)

If e- e and e, + are the errors in the approximations x_,X and xrespectively then

e4-X-- e4=*k - and e;.k+

ie. xp-1 =+ e7-l, X7 =$+ e; and x7+te+1
 have
(),
we
fornula
Substituting these values in

point. ¿ and
about
the ub.
serics
Taylor's

)using

Expanding f(E+ e, ) and f ( t -

E)0in cquation (4), we have

1, 2/"(5)

e
second
term on R.H.S.
.byf (&
denominator
of
numerator and
(By dividing

T*

(Using binomial theorem for any

itg

em
+ terms having higher orders of

errors
e,e,- +terms having higher orders of
2 f()

So (neglecting the terms having higher orders of en

ei-i 2 f()
mathematical notatiot
Thus we sce that e,. is proportional to e, ewhich may be expressed in
soLUTION OF AL.GEDRAIC AND TRANSCENDENTAL EOUATIONS 63

We knovw that the order of convergence of an iterative

process isp
(6)

(by chang1ng k to k- ) (7)

Combining (6) and (7), e,a ef (2)

Substituting for e and e,. from (7) and (8) in (5),

we have,

I.e

SC Pp+l»p-p- | -0>p= IvD

2

Since p is always positive, So p= l618

2

So the order of convergence of secant method is 1.618, which sometimes referred to as super linear
convergence.
Note, The speed of convergence of secant method is faster than that of Bisection and Regula-Falsi method

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES]
Example 1. Find a real root of the equation * +x- | =0 correct to three decimal places by using false
position method.
Sol. The given equation is x+x-l =0.
Let fe) =+*-1
Now f(0.5) =(0.5)' +0.5-|= -0.375 <0
and f() ='+1-| =| >0
So a real root of given equation lies in the interval (0.5, 1)
Iteration I. Taking a= 0.5 and b= Iso that f(a) =-0.375 and f(b) =|
The first approximation to the root is given by
af (b) - bf(a) 0.5(0) - l(-0.375)
0.6364
S(b)- fa) |-(-0.375)

Now f(0.6364) (0.6364)' +(0.6364) I 0.10$8<0

and J))= 0
s0 a real root of the given equation lies in the interval (0 6 36-4, 1)
 BRILLIANT NUMERICALME

-1.
a n d / ( l )

1058
64
((a)
- 0.
b-|
sothat
Iteration 2. Taking a-0.6364
a and
=0.6712.
given by -I(-0.1058)

The second approximation tothe root is o63641)

1-(-0.1058)
bla)
af(b)-
f(b)-fla) 00264
<0
|=-
+0.6712
-|
-
Now S(0.6712) - (0.6712)
f ) =|>0 (0.6712,
1) =|
and interval and/(b)

equation lies in the = - 0 . 0 2 6 4

So a real root of the given f(a)

that
and b=| so
Iteration 3. Taking a=0.6712
The third approximation to the root is given by
0 . 6 7 1 2 ( ) - l ( - 0 . 0 2 6 4 )
= 0.6796.

f(b)-bf(a) I-(-0.0264)

f(b)-f(a) <0
=-0.0065

-|
Now f(0.6796) =(0.6796)' +0.6796-
and f(1) =1>0 (0.6796, 1)
lies in the
interval
andf(6) =1
So arealroot of the given equation =-0.0065
fla)
Iteration 4. Taking a =0.6796 and b =1 so that
The fourth approximation to the root is given by
0.6796() -I(-0.0065) =0.6817
g6)-bf(a)
1-(-0.0065)
f(b)-f(a)
=-0.0015 <0
Now J0.6817) -(0.6817)°+0.6817- 1
and S) =1>0
the interval (0.68l7, 1)
So a real root of the given eauation lies in
Takinga= 0.6817 and b=1 so that f(a) =-0.0015 and/ (b) = 1
Iteration 5.
The fifth approximation to the root is given by
af(b) -bf(a)0.6817)-I(0.0015) -0 6822
f(b)-f(a) I-(0.0015)

Now f0.6822) =(0.6822) +0.6822 -|= -0.0003 <0

and f(1) = |>0
So a real root of the given equation lies in the interval (0.6822, 1)
Iteration 6. Taking a= 0.6822 and b= 1so thatf(a) =-0.0003 and f(b) = 1
The sixth approximation to the root is given by
af (b)- bf(a) _ 0.6822(1) -(-0.0003) =0.6823
f(b) - f(a) 1-(-0.0003)
From 5th and 6th iteration, we see that there is no change in the successive approximations to then
upto first three decimal places.
So a real root of the given equation is given by x 0.682 (corect to 3 decimal places).
 65
SoLVTIONNOF ALGEDRAIC AND THANSNCCENDENTAL RoUAONS
Eample 2. Find a root of the c q u a t i o n I - 0 correct to three decimal places using false
position method

al The given cquation is 1 I-0

Let

Now JU5) -(Ls)'0sy -105) -J-I875 0

and f0.75) -.75)'+ (17s)-30.75) -3 - 01719 0
Soareal root ofthe given cquation lies in the interval (1.5, I.75)
Iteration 1. Taking a- 1.5 and b 1.75 so that (a) -1875 and /(b) -0 1719
The first approximation to the róot is given by
X, = 9()- bf(a) 1.5(0.1719) -1.75(-1.875) - 17290
f(6)- f(a) 0.1719-(-1.875)
Now f(1.7290) =(1.7290) + (1.7290 -3 (1.7290) -3 -- 0.0288 <0
and S(1.75) =0.1719 >0
So a root of given equation lies in the interval (1.7290, 1.75)
Iteration 2. Taking a=1.7290 and b=1.75 so that f(a) =- 0.0288 and/ () =0.1719
The second approximation to the root is given by
af(b) - bf(a) 1.7290(0.1719) -1.75(-0.0288) = 1.7320
f(b)- f(a) 0.1719-(-0.0288)

Now J(.7320) =(1.7320 + (1.7320) -3 (1.7320) -3 =-0.0005 <0

and f(1.75) =0.1719 >0
So a root ofgiven equation lies in the interval (1.7320, 1.75)
Iteration 3. Takinga= 1.7320 and b= 1.75 so that f(a) =-0.0005 andf(b) =0.1719
The third approximation to the root is given by
af (6) - bf(a) 1.7320(0. 1719)-1.75(-0.0005) = 1.7320
f(6)- f(a) 0.1719-(- 0.0005)
approximations to the root
From 2nd and 3rd iteration, we see that there is no change in the successive
upto first three decimal places.
So a root of given equation is given by x= 1.732 (correct to 3 decimal places).
Example 3. Use Regula-Falsi method to find areal root of equation x -4x
9 = 0 correct to three decima.
places.
Sol. The given equation is x- 4x-9=0
Let fx) =x-4x -9
Now f(2.5) =(2.5) - 4(2.5) - 9 =-3.375 <0
and f(3) =(3) - 4(3) 9=6>0
So a rcal root of given equation lies in the interval (2.5, 3)
 WuLLANI N M.

and/(b)-6
66 (aj-17f
f
oIhat
IterationI. Taking a-25 andh-l
given by
The first ayroximation tothe root n 26800
a/(b) h fta) 6175)
9--044712 )

4 (2 6800)
Now (26800) (2 6800)
and 3)60 3)
interval (26800, and/(b)- 6
So arcal root of given cquation lies inthe 0.4712
fla) -
Iteration 2. Takinga 26800 and h 3so that
The second approximation tothe root is given by
2.7033
26800(6) - 3(-0.4712)
/(6)-bf(a)
6-(-04712)
fb)- f(a)
0,0579 <0
Now f(2.7033) =(.7033) - 4 (2.7033) - -9=-

and f(3) -6>0

So a real root of given equation lies in the jnterva! (2.7033, )
and/(b) = 6
Iteration 3. Takingga-2.7033 and b =3 sothat f(a) = - 0.0579
The third approximation to the root is given by
af(6)-bf(a) 2.7033(6) -3(-0.0579) = 2.7061
f(b)- f(a) 6-(-0.0579)
Now (2.7061) = (2.7061) - 4(2.7061) -9= -0.0077 <0
and
S(3) =6>0
So a real root of given equation lies in the interval (2.7061, 3)
Iteration 4. Taking a= 2.7061 and b=3so that f(a) = -0.0077 andf (b) =6
The fourth approximation to the root is given by
af(b)-b f(a) 2.7061(6) - 3(-0.0077) = 2.7065
f(b)- f(a) 6-(-0.0077)
From 3 and 4 iteration, it is clear
that there is no change in the
root upto first three decimal places. successive approximations to
So a real root of the given equation is
given by x=2.706 (correct to 3 decimat
Lxample 4. Use false-position method to places)
places. find a real root of f(r) x- 2x §=0correct to
three deci
Sol. The given cquation is f)r-
2r- 5-0
Now
f(2) -2- 2(2) - 5--|0
and
f(25) -(25)- 2(25) - 5-
So a real root of given
5625-0
cquation lies in the interval (?, 2.5)
 cOLUIION OF ALGEBRAIC AND TRANSCENDENIAL, EOUATIONS 67

Iteration 1. Taking a- 2 and b-2.5 so that fa) -l and /(b) S.625

The first approximation to the root is given
by x
af(b)-bf(a) 2(5.625) -2.5(-I) 2.0755
J(b) -f(u) S.625 -(-I)
Now f(2.0755) (2.0755y' - 2(2.0755)) - 5- - 0.2104
and f(2.5) = 5.625 > 0
So a real root of given equation lies in the interval (2.0755, 2.5)
Iteration
Taking a= 2.0755 and b= 2.S so that fla) = -0.2 104 and (b) =5.625
The second approximation to the root is given by
af(b) -bf(a) 2.0755(5.625) -2.5 (-0.2104) 2.0908
f(b)-f(a) S.625-(-0.2104)
Now f(2.0908) =(2.0908)- 2(2.0908) - 5 =- 0.0418 <0
and f(2.5) = 5.625 >0
So a real root of given equation lies in the interval (2.0908, 2.5)
Iteration 3. Taking a=2.0908 and b =2.5 so that f(a) =- 0.0418 andf(6) = 5.625
The third approximation to the root is given by
af(b)-b f(a) 2.0908(5.625)-2.5(-0.04 18) 2.0938
f (6)-f(a) 5.625-(-0.0418)
Now f(2.0938) = (2.0938)' -2 (2.0938) - 5 = -0.0084 <0
and S(2.5) = S.625 > 0
So a real root of given equation lies in the interval (2.0938, 2.5)
Iteration 4. Taking a = 2.0938 and b = 2.5 so that f(u) = - 0.0084 andf(b) = 5.625
The fourth approximation to the root is given by
af(b) -bf(a) 2.0938(5.625)-2.5(-0.0084) -= 2.0944
f(b)- f(a) 5.625-(-0.0084)

Now f(2.0944) = (2.0944)' - 2 (2.0944) - 5=- 0.0017 <0

and f(2.5) = 5.625 > 0

So a real root of given equation lies in the interval (2.0944, 2.5)

andf(b) = 5.625
Iteration 5. Takinga= 2.0944 and b =2.5 so that f(a) = -.0.0017
The fifth approximation to the root is given by
a f(b)-bf(a)_ 2.0944 (5.625) -2.5(-0.001)-0945
X
S(6)- f(a) 5.625-(-0.0017)
successive approximations to the
From 4 and 5 iteration, it is clear that there is no change in the
root upto first three decimal places.
So a real root of given equation is given by x=2.094 (correct to three decimal places)
 BuLLIANT NUMERICAL, METHODS BC.A(
Is
68 between
I.4 and
cquation- o lies
Example 5, Given one root of
four decimal places.
Sol. The given cquation is - - - | 0.
Let
0.05606
=-
Now -(.4)-(1.4)-|
S(14) =-(1.4)
and - ( 1 . 5 ) - ( L . 5 ) ' - I
= 1.95312 S6) = 1.95312
fUs) =(1.5)0 (a)
=-0.05606
and
that
Iteration 1. Taking a= 1.4 and b= 1.5so
The first approximation to the root is given by (-0.05606)
= 1.40279
(1.95312) -
1.5
a f(6)-bf(a) 1.4 1.95312-(-0.05606)

f(b)- f(a) =-0.01274<0

-(1.40279)- I
Now
f(1.40279) =(1.40279) -(1.40279)
and
S(1.5) = 1.95312 >0
So a real root of given equation lies in the interval (1.402/7, 12
=-0.01274 and f(6) = 1.953
Iteration 2. Taking a= 1.40279 and b= 1.5 so that f(a)
The second approximation to the root is given by
(-0.0 1274) = 140342
a f(6)-b f(a) 1.40279 (|I.953 12) -1.5
1.95312-(-0.01274)
f(6)-f(a)
Now
J(1.40342) (1.40342)-(1.40342) -(1.40342) - l=-0.00286 <0
and
S(1.5) =1.95312 >0
So a real root of given equation lies in the interval (1.40342, 1.5)
lteration 3. Taking a-1.40342 and b-1.5 sothat f(a)=-0.00286 and f(b)= 1.953 12
The third approximation to the root is given by
a f(b)-bf(a) 1.40342 (1.953 12) -1.5 (-0.00286) = 1.40356
f(b)- f(a) 1.953 12-(-0.00286)
Now
S(140356) = (1.40356)° -(1.40356) -(1l.40356)|=-0.00066 <0
and (1.5) = 1.953 12>0
So a real root of given equation lies in the interval
(1.40356, 1.5)
Iteration 4. Taking a = 1.40356 and b=1.5 so that
f(a) =-0.00066 and f(b) = 1.95312
The fourth approximation to the root is
given by
a f(b)-b f(a) 1.40356 (1.953 12) -1.5
f(b)- f(a) (-0.00066) =1.40359
From 3rd and 4th iteration, we see 1.95312--(-0.00066)
upto first four decimal places. that there is no change in the successive
approximations to the ro
So a real root of given equation is
given by x= |4035 (correct to four
decimal places)
 SOLUTION OFF ALGEBRAIC AND TRANSCENDENTAL EQUATIONS 69

Eample 6. Find the fourth root of 32 correct lo three decimal places using the method of false position.
Sol. Let =(32)/4

r-32 0
Let f(o) = x -32
Now f(2.25) =(2.25) -32 =-6.3 <0
and f(2.5) =(2.5) -32 =7.0625 >0
So a real root of equation (1) lies in the interval (2.25, 2.5)
Iteration 1. Taking a= 2.25 and b=2.5 so that f(a) =-6.3 and f(b) =7.0625
The first approximation to the root is given by
a f(b)-b f(a) 2.25 (7.0625)-2.5(-0.) -2.3574
f(b)-f(a) 7.0625-(-6.3)
Now f(2.3574) =(2.3574-32 =- .|160 <0
and f(2.5) = 7.0625 >0
So a real root of the equation (1) lies in the interval (2.3574, 2.5)
Iteration 2. Taking a=2.3574 and b=2.5 so that f(a) =- 1.1160 and f(b)=7.062)
The second approximation to the root is given by
af(b)-bf(a)
= 2.3574(7.0625)- 2.5(-1.1160) 3768
f(b)- f(a) 7.0625 (-1.1160)
Now f(2.3768) =(2.3768)'-32 =-0.0868 <0
and f(2.5) = 7.0625 > 0
So a real root of the equation (1) lies in the interval (2.3768, 2.5)
Iteration 3. Taking a=2.3768 and b =2.5 so that f(a) =-0.0868 and f(b) =7.0625
The third approximation to the root is given by
af(b)-bf(a) 2.3768 (7.0625) -2.5(-0.0868) = 2.3783
f(b)-f(a) 7.0625-(-0.0868)
Now f(2.3783) = (2.3783y' -32 =-0.0061 <0
and S(2.5) =7.0625 >0

So a real root of the equation () lies in the interval (2.3783, 2.5)

= 7.0625
Iteration 4. Taking a =2.3783 and b= 2.5 so that f(a) =-0.0061 and f(b)
The fourth approximation to the root is given by
a f(b)-b f(a) 2.3783 (7.0625)-2.5 (- 0.006 1) =2.3784
f(b)- f(a) 7.0625-(-0.0061)

approximations to the root

From 3rd and 4th iteration, we see that there is no change in the successive
upto first three decimal places so the root of cquation (1) is given by x2.378.
Hence the tourth root of 32=2.378.
 BRILLLANT NUMERICAL

CorectL
position

lalse
method
of
the
70 L2 by
log,o r
equation
r
Example 7. Find areal root ofthe
decimal places. -1.2
0
Sol. Rewriting the given cquation as x logyo

logn x-.2 <0

Let Ja) =-0.0353I8

2.7- 1.2
Now f(2.7) = 2.7 logjoo >0
0.23136
3-1.2 = 0.23136
and f(3) = 3log,o (2.7. 3) 6)=0.
interval and
inthe =-0.035318

So areal root of given equationlies f(a)

sothat
Iteration 1. Taking a=2.7 and b=3 3 0.0353 13) - 2.73973
approximation to the root is given by
The first (0.23136)
-3(-
af(b)--bf(a) 2.70.23136-(-0.035318)

f(6)-f(a) -0.00080
<0
2.73973- 1.1.2 =
Now f(2.73973) =2.73973 logo
and S3) =0.23 136 > 0 (2.73973. 3) =0.23136
the interval I and S6)
So areal root of the equation lies in =-0.00080
that f(a)
Taking a =2.73973 and b= -3 so
Iteration 2. T
The second approximation to the root is given by (0.23136) -3
(-0.00080)
- 2.74063
2.73973
a f(b)-b f(a) 0 . 2 3 1 3 6 - ( - 0 . 0 0 0 8 0 )

f()-f(a)
2.74063- 1.2=-0.00001 <0
Now J2.74063) =2.74063 log,o
and f(3) =0.23136 > 0
(2.74063. 3)
So a real root of the equation lies in the interval =0.23136
b=3sothat f(a) =-0.00001 and f(6)
Iteration 3. Taking a= 2.74063 and
The third approximation to the root is given by
a f(b) -b fa) 2.74063 (0.23136) -3(-0.00001) =2.74064
0.23136-(-0.00001)
f(b)-f(a)
From second and third iteration, it is clear that there is no change in the successive approximation:
the root upto first four decimal places.
So areal root of the given equation is given by x=2.7406 (correctto 4decimal places)
Example 8. Find a real root of theequation e -r =0corect to four decimal places using the metho
false position.
Sol. The given equation is e-r=0.
Let f) = e-r
Now fU.75) = e-(0.75)' =0.39523 >0
and 061094<0
So a real root of given equation lies in the interval (1.75, 2)
coLUTION OF ALGEBRAIC AND TRANSCENDENTAL 71
EQUATIONS
Iteration . Taking a= 1.75 and b-2 so that f(a) 0.39523 and ) 0.61094
The first approximation to the root is
given by
a f(b)-b f(a) 1.75(-0.61094) -2 (0.39523)
I.84820
f(b)-f(a) 0.61094-0.39523

Now f(1.84820) = e84820 (1.84820) =0.03522 >0

and f(2) =-0.61094 <0
So a real root of the equation lies in the interval
(1.84820, 2).
Iteration Z. laking a = 1.84820 and b=2 so that f(a) = 0.03522 and f(b) = -0.61094
The second approximation to the root is given by
= 4/(6) -b f(a) 1.84820 (-0.61094)-2 (0.055Z) -185647
f(6)-f(a) -0.61094-0.03522

Now f(1.85647) = e85647 -(1.85647) =0.00281 >0

and f2) =-0.61094 <0
So a real root of the equation lies in the interval (1.85647,2).
Iteration 3. Taking a=1.85647 and b=2 so that f(a) = 0.00281 and f(b) =-0.61094
The third approximation to the root is given by
a f(b)-b f(a) 1.85647 (-0.61094) -2 (0.00281) = 1.85713
f(b)-f(a) -0.61094-0.00281

Now f(1.85713) = e35713-(1.85713) =0.00021 >0

and f(2) =-0.61094 <0
So a real root of the equation lies in the interval (1.85713, 2).
Iteration 4. Taking a =1.85713 and b=2 so that f(a) = 0.00021 and f()=-0.61094
The fourth approximation to the root is given by
a f(b)-b f(a) 1.85713 (-0.61094)-2 (0.0002 1) =1.85718
f(b)-f(a) -0.61094- 0.00021
From 3rd and 4th iteration, we see that there is no change in the successive approximations to the root
upto first four decimal places.
So a real root of the given equation is given by x= 1.8571 (correct to four decimal places)
Example 9. Find a root of equation x - x- 10 =0 using secant method.
Sol. The given equation is x-x- 10= 0
Let f(r) =r-x- 10
Now fLS) =(1.5) - 1.5 - 10 = - 6 375 < 0
and f(2) =2-2 - 10 =4>0
So a real root of given equation lies betv een I.5 and 2.
 WNIHLANINUMENil

4
a n d / ( 6 )

-6375
72
t h a t / ( u )

-2 No
Iteration I. Taking - 1.5 and b
"(0)-6Ila)given
54-%-6437L8084
by
The first approximation tothe Toot is
4-(64375)

(b)-f(a) 4
that/(a)

8084so
Iteration2. Taking a 2 and b | 10-11|35

L8084 -
and f(b) - (1.8084)"-
given by
The second approxiNimationtothe root is 24-LI|35)-1.8084(4) 1.8501

aJ6)-bfta) -L.|135-4

1.|135
f(b)- f(a) =-
f(a)
that
1.8501 so
Iteration 3. Taking a= 1.8084 and h =
0.1341
and f(b) =(1.8501 ) - 18501 - 10= -
The third approximation to the root is given by
(6-bf(a) L 8 0 8 4 ( - 0 . 1 3 41 ) - 1 . 8 5 0 1 ( - 1 . I 1 3 5 ) = 1.8558

-0.1341-(-I.135)

f(b)-f(a)
=- 0.1341
that/(a)
Iteration 4. Taking a=1.8501 and b= 1.8558 so

and (b) = (1.8558) - 1.8558- 10 =0.0053

The fourth approximation to the root is given by
1.850I(0.0053) -1.8558(-0.1341)-18556
af(b)-bf(a)
0.0053-(-0.1341)
f(b)- f(a)
approximations are approximate
to the root
We observe that in 3r" and 4 iteration, the successive

Same. So we stop the iteration procedure. So a real

of given equation is given by x = 1.3556.
using four iterations.
Example 10. Find a root of equation x +tr+] =0bysecant method
Sol. The given equation is x+**+x+7=0
Let
Now f(- 2) =(-2' +(- 2'+(-2) +7= |>0
and f(- 2.5) =(- 2.5)' +(- 2.5) +(- 2.5) +7 = - 4.875 <0
So a real root of given equation lies between - 2.5 and - 2.
Iteration I. Taking a=- 2.5 and b= -2 so that f(a)= - 4.875 and f(b) = |
The first approximation to the root is given by
aftb)-bf (a) 2.5() -(-2) (-4.875)
J(b)-f(a) 2.085|
I-(-4875)
Iteration 2. Taking a - 2 and b -2.085| so that a)- |
and ((b)- (- 20851)' +(-2.085 1)' +(- 20851) +7
-0.)960
 SOLUTION OFALGEBRAIC AND TRANSCENDDENTAL. EQUATIONS 73
The second approximation to the
root is given by
x = J(0)-bf(a) -2(0.1960) -(-2.085 1) () -2.1058
f(b)- f(a) 0.1960 -|
Iteration 3. Taking a= - 2.0851 and b m-2.1058 so that
(a) 0.1900
and J0) =(- 2.1058) +(-2.1058 +(- 2.1058) +7 - 0.0094
The third approximation to the root is
given by
aJ0)-bf(a) -2.0851(-0.0094) =(-2.J058)(0.1960) -2.1048
f(b)-f(a) -0.0094-0.1960
Iteration 4. Taking a =- 2.1058 and b= -2.1048 so that f(a) =- 0.0094
and f(b) = (-2.1048) +(-2.1048) +(- 2.1048) +
7=0.0007
The fourth approximation to the root is given by
af(b)-b f(a) -2.1058(0.0007)-(-2.1048)(-0.0094)2.1049
f(b)-f(a) 0.0007-(-0.0094)
So after four iterations, a root of given equation is given by x =- 2.1049
Example 11. Use Secant method to find a real root of equation cos x - xe=0.
Sol. The given equation is cosx- xe*=0
Let f()= cos x xe*

Now S(0.5) = cos 0.5 - 0.5e. = 0.0532 > 0

and f() =cos 1 - le'=-2.1780 <0
So a real root of given equation lies between 0.5 and 1.
Iteration 1. Taking a =0.5 and b =lso thatf(a)-0.0532 and f(6) = -2.1780
The first approximation to the root is given by
=
af(b)-bf(a)_ 0.5(-2.1780) -(0.0532)-s164
f(b)-f() -2.17800.0532
Iteration 2. Taking a= 1 and b= 0.5164 so thatf(a)=-2.1780

and f(b) = cos (0.5164) 0.5164 el64 =0.0041

The second approximation to the root is given by
af(b)-bf (a)_ I(0.0041)-0.5164(-2.1780)-=0.5173
f(b)- f(a) 0.0041-(-2.1780)
Iteration 3. Taking a=0.5164 and b = 0.5173 so that f(a) = 0.0041

and f(b) =cos 0.5173- 0.5173 e3173 - 0.0014

 BRILLIANTNUMERICA

74. 0.517I(0.0041) - 0.5177

given by -
The thÉrd. approximation to the root is 0.5164(0.0014)
0.0014-0.0041
af(b) -bfa) in
the
successive
approximations lo
f(b)-fla) change

three is no decimal I places)

lhat
The 2 and 3 iteration, it is clear (correct
three
to
upto first three decimal places. byx =
0.517
given /I2.
So areal root of given equation IS value of
a p p r o x i m a t e

Example 12. Use Secant method to find an

Sol. Let x= /12

- 12 >r- 12 =0
Let f(o) =- 12
Now S3) =3²- 12 =-3<0
and f3.5) =(3.5) - 12 =0.25 >0 0.5 and1.
between
fx)=0 lies
So areal root of the equation /f(6) =0.25
and so f(a) = - 3and
Iteration 1. Taking a =3 b=3.5
The first approximation to the root is given by
afb)-bf(a) 3(0.25)-3.5-5)-14615

f(6)-f(a) 0.25-(-3)

lteration 2. Taking a=3.5 and b=3,4615 sof(a)

=0.2)
and f6) =(3.4615)- 12 =- 0.0180
The second approximation to the root is given by
af(b)-bf(a) 3.5(-0.0180)-3.4615(0.25)
=3.4641
-0.0180-0.25
f(6)-f(a)
=- 0.0180
Iteration 3. Takinga= 3.4615 and b =3,4641 so that f(a)
and fb) = (3.4641) 12=0.0000
Since f) =0for x=3.4641.
So x=3.4641 is a root of equationf()=0
Hence /I2 =3.464|
2.9 THE NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD
The Newton-Raphson method is the process for determination of a real root of an equationf()=
given just one point close to the desired root.
Procedure
Let x, denote the known approximate value of the root of the nonlinear equation f(x) =0 and let
the difference between the exact value and the approximate value x, of the root:
ie. h =-x or