Physiology
1. Circulation
Plasma, the Blood Cell
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, Pressure, flow and resistance, Anatomy, Heartbeat coordination, Mechanical Events of the Cardiac
Cycle, The Cardiac output, Measurement of Cardiac Function, Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, veins,
The Lymphatic system, Baroreceptor Reflexes, Blood Volume and Long term Regulation of Arterial
Pressure, Other Cardiovascular Reflexes and Responses, Hemorrhage and Other Causes of
Hypotension, the Upright Posture, Exercise, Hypertension, Heart Failure, Coronary Artery Disease
and Heart Attacks, Formation of Platelet Plug, Blood coagulation: Clot Formation, Anticlotting
systems, Anticlotting Drugs.
2. Respiration
Organization of the Respiratory System, Ventilation and Lung Mechanics, Exchange of Gases in
Alveoli and tissues, Transport of Oxygen in Blood, Transport of Carbon dioxide in Blood, Transport
of Hydrogen ions between Tissues and Lungs, Control of Respiration, Hypoxia, Nonrespiratory
functions of the Lungs.
3. The kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions
Renal Functions, Structure of the Kidneys and Urinary System, Basic Renal Process, The Concept of
Renal Clearance Micturition, Total Body Balance of sodium and Water Basic Renal Process for
sodium and Water, Renal Sodium Regulation, Renal Water regulation, A Summary Example: the
response to Sweating, Thirst and Salt Appetite, Potassium Regulation, Effector Sites for Calcium
Homeostasis, Hormonal controls, Metabolic Bone Disease, Source of Hydrogen Ion gain or 15 loss,
Buffering of Hydrogen Ions in the Body, Integration of Homeostatic Controls, Renal Mechanisms,
Classification of Acidosis and Alkalosis, Diuretics, Kidney Disease.
4. The Digestion and Absorption of Food (Overview)
Functions of the Gastrointestinal Organs, Structure of the Gastrointestinal Tract Wall, Digestion and
Absorption, Regulation of Gastrointestinal Processes, Pathophysiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract.
5. Regulation of Organic Metabolism, Growth and Energy Balance
Events of the Absorptive and Postabsorptive States, Endocrine and Neural Control of the Absorptive
and Postabsorptive States, Fuel Homeostasis in Exercise and Stress Diabetes Mellitus, Hypoglycemia
as a Cause of Symptoms, Regulation of Plasma Cholesterol, Bone Growth, Environmental Factors,
Influencing Growth, Hormonal Influences on Growth, compensatory Growth, Basic Concepts of
Energy Expenditure, Regulation of Total Body Energy Stores, Regulation of Body Temperature.
6. Reproduction
General Principles of Gametogenesis, Anatomy, Spermatogenesis, Transport of Sperm, Hormonal
control of Male Reproductive Functions, Ovarian Function, Control of Ovarian Function, Uterine
Changes in the Menstrual Cycle, Other Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone, Androgens in Women,
Female Sexual Response, Pregnancy, Sex Determination, Sex Differentiation, Puberty, Menopause.
7. Defense Mechanisms of the Body
Cells Mediating Immune Defenses, Nonspecific Immune Defenses, Specific Immune Defenses,
Systemic Manifestations of Infection Factors that Alter the Body’s Resistance to Infection, Harmful
Immune Responses, Absorption, Storage Sites, Excretion, Biotransformation, Functions of Cortisol in
Stress, Functions of the Sympathetic Nervous System in Stress, Other Hormones Released During
Stress Psychological Stress and Disease.
Biochemistry
METABOLIC FATE OF
BIOMOLECULES (Anabolism and
Catabolism):
a. Carbohydrates:
Brief introduction to the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, Aerobic
and anaerobic breakdown of Glucose, Glycolysis, Pentose Phosphate Pathway, Glycogenolysis,
Glycogenesis, Gluconeogenesis, Citric acid cycle, Energetics of various metabolic processes.
b. Lipids:
Brief introduction to the digestion and absorption of lipids, Oxidation of fatty acids
through β-oxidation, Biosynthesis of fatty acids, neutral lipids and cholesterol.
c. Proteins and Amino acids:
Brief introduction to the digestion and absorption of proteins and
amino acids, Metabolism of essential and non-essential amino acids, Biosynthesis and
catabolism of Haemins and porphyrin compounds.
d. Bioenergetics:
Principles of bioenergetics, Electron transport chain and oxidative
phosphorylation.
2. REGULATION OF METABOLIC
PROCESSES:
a. Role of Vitamins:
Physiological role of Fat-soluble (A, D, E and K) and Water-soluble
(Thiamin, Riboflavin, Pantothenic acid, Niacin, Pyridoxal phosphate, Biotin, Folic acid,
Cyanocobalamin-members of B-complex family and Ascorbic acid), Coenzymes and their role
in the regulation of metabolic processes.
b. Receptor Mediated regulation (Hormones):
Mechanism of action of hormones, Physiological
roles of various hormones, Site of synthesis and target sites of hormones.
c. Secondary Messengers:
Role of cAMP, Calcium ions and phosphoinositol in the regulation of
metabolic processes.
d. Gene Expression:
Replication, Transcription and Translation (Gene expression) Introduction to
Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Basic principles of Recombinant DNA technology,
Pharmaceutical applications, Balance of Catabolic, Anabolic and Amphibolic processes in
human metabolism, Acid-Base and Electrolyte Balance in Human body.
3. INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL
CHEMISTRY:
Introduction and importance of the clinical chemistry. Laboratory tests in diagnosis of diseases
including Uric acid, Cholesterol, Billirubin and Creatinine.
Organic Chemistry
1. HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY
i. Preparation and properties of medicinally important Heterocyclic Compounds such
as
pyrol, furan, thiophene, pyridine, pyrimidine and pyrazine.
ii. Preparation and properties of heterocyclic compounds
in which benzo-ring is fused with five and six membered ring containing one hetero atom; Indole,
Quinoline and Isoquinoline.
2. REACTION MECHANISM:
Organic Reaction Mechanism
Arndt-Eistert reaction, Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, Diels Alder
reaction; Grignard’s reaction, Metal Hydride reduction and Wolff Kishner reduction, Friedel
Craft’s reaction, Perkin reaction, Cannizzaro’s reaction, Mannich reaction.
3. REACTIVE INTERMEDIATE AND FREE RADICALS:
Introduction:
Generation, stability and Reaction of the following Intermediates; Carbocations,
Carbanions, Carbenes, Nitrenes, Benzynes.
Type of reactions : An Overview.
Free radicals:Free radical scavengers and their applications.
4. CARBONIUM ION REARRANGEMENTS:
Pinacol-Pinacolone, Wagner-Meerwein, Wolff, Hofmann and Beckmann rearrangements.
5. CARBANIONS:
Condensation reaction (Aldol condensation, Favorskii rearrangement, Wittig rearrangement).
Physical Pharmacy
1. RHEOLOGY
Definition and Fundamental concept; Properties contributing to Rheological behaviour; Graphic
presentation of Rheological data.
2. PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
a. Precipitation: Process of precipitation and its applications in Pharmacy.
b. Crystallization: : Types of crystals, Mechanism and methods of crystallization and its applications
in Pharmacy
c. Distillation. Simple distillation, fractional distillation, steam distillation, vacuum distillation,
destructive distillation and their applications in Pharmacy.
d. Miscellaneous Processes: Efflorescence, deliquescence, lyophillization, elutrition, exiccation,
ignition, sublimation, fusion, calcination, adsorption, decantation, evaporation, vaporization,
centrifugation, dessication, levigation and trituration.
3. EXTRACTION PROCESSES
a. b. c. d. Maceration: Purpose & process. Percolation: Purpose and Process. Liquid-Liquid extraction:
Purpose and Process. Large scale extraction: Purpose and Process.
4. RATE AND ORDER OF REACTIONS
5. KINETIC PRINCIPLES AND STABILITY TESTING
THEORETIC CONSIDERATIONS:
a. Physical Factors:
Degradation: Influence of pH, temperature, ionic strength, acid-base catalysis, U.V. light.
b. Chemical Factors:
Complex chemical reactions, Oxidation-reduction reactions, Hydrolysis.
