ID: f1bfbed3 ID: a15b3219

Marta Coll and colleagues’ 2010 Mediterranean Sea biodiversity census reported approximately 17,000 species, nearly
Municipalities’ Responses to Inquiries
double the number reported in Carlo Bianchi and Carla Morri’s 2000 census—a difference only partly attributable to the
description of new invertebrate species in the interim. Another factor is that the morphological variability of
about Potential Incentives for Firm
microorganisms is poorly understood compared to that of vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, and algae, creating 1,300
uncertainty about how to evaluate microorganisms as species. Researchers’ decisions on such matters therefore can be 1,200

Number of municipalities
highly consequential. Indeed, the two censuses reported similar counts of vertebrate, plant, and algal species, suggesting 1,100
that ______ 1,000
900
Which choice most logically completes the text? 800
700
Coll and colleagues reported a much higher number of species than Bianchi and Morri did largely due to the inclusion 600
A. of invertebrate species that had not been described at the time of Bianchi and Morri’s census. 500
400
some differences observed in microorganisms may have been treated as variations within species by Bianchi and 300
B. Morri but treated as indicative of distinct species by Coll and colleagues. 200
100
Bianchi and Morri may have been less sensitive to the degree of morphological variation displayed within a typical 0
C. species of microorganism than Coll and colleagues were. e e
o ns uiry tiv
p nq en
res
the absence of clarity regarding how to differentiate among species of microorganisms may have resulted in Coll and
D. colleagues underestimating the number of microorganism species. o toi d inc
n ed re
ond o ffe
p
res

announcement before election

announcement after election

In the United States, firms often seek incentives from municipal governments to expand to those municipalities. A team
of political scientists hypothesized that municipalities are much more likely to respond to firms and offer incentives if
expansions can be announced in time to benefit local elected officials than if they can’t. The team contacted officials in
thousands of municipalities, inquiring about incentives for a firm looking to expand and indicating that the firm would
announce its expansion on a date either just before or just after the next election.

Which choice best describes data from the graph that weaken the team’s hypothesis?

A large majority of the municipalities that received an inquiry mentioning plans for an announcement before the next
A. election didn’t respond to the inquiry.

The proportion of municipalities that responded to the inquiry or offered incentives didn’t substantially differ across
B. the announcement timing conditions.

Only around half the municipalities that responded to inquiries mentioning plans for an announcement before the
C. next election offered incentives.

Of the municipalities that received an inquiry mentioning plans for an announcement date after the next election,
D. more than 1,200 didn’t respond and only around 100 offered incentives.
 ID: ed314256 ID: ce4448b7
The most recent iteration of the immersive theater experience Sleep No More, which premiered in New York City in 2011, Researchers recently found that disruptions to an enjoyable experience, like a short series of advertisements during a
transforms its performance space—a five-story warehouse—into a 1930s-era hotel. Audience members, who wander television show, often increase viewers’ reported enjoyment. Suspecting that disruptions to an unpleasant experience
through the labyrinthine venue at their own pace and follow the actors as they play out simultaneous, interweaving would have the opposite effect, the researchers had participants listen to construction noise for 30 minutes and
narrative loops, confront the impossibility of experiencing the production in its entirety. The play’s refusal of narrative anticipated that those whose listening experience was frequently interrupted with short breaks of silence would thus
coherence thus hinges on the sense of spatial fragmentation that the venue’s immense and intricate layout generates. ______

What does the text most strongly suggest about Sleep No More’s use of its performance space? Which choice most logically completes the text?

The choice of a New York City venue likely enabled the play’s creators to experiment with the use of theatrical space A. find the disruptions more irritating as time went on.
A. in a way that venues from earlier productions could not.
B. rate the listening experience as more negative than those whose listening experience was uninterrupted.
Audience members likely find the experience of the play disappointing because they generally cannot make their way
B. through the entire venue. C. rate the experience of listening to construction noise as lasting for less time than it actually lasted.

The production’s dependence on a particular performance environment would likely make it difficult to reproduce D. perceive the volume of the construction noise as growing softer over time.
C. exactly in a different theatrical space.

Audience members who navigate the space according to a recommended itinerary will likely have a better grasp of
D. the play’s narrative than audience members who depart from that itinerary.
 ID: 7a1877be ID: 58e9e497
In the early nineteenth century, some Euro-American farmers in the northeastern United States used agricultural
Nucleobase Concentrations from Murchison Meteorite and Soil Samples in Parts per Billion techniques developed by the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) people centuries earlier, but it seems that few of those farmers
had actually seen Haudenosaunee farms firsthand. Barring the possibility of several farmers of the same era
Murchison meteorite sample Murchison meteorite sample Murchison soil independently developing techniques that the Haudenosaunee people had already invented, these facts most strongly
Nucleobase 1 2 sample suggest that ______

Isoguanine 0.5 0.04 not detected

Which choice most logically completes the text?
Purine 0.2 0.02 not detected
those farmers learned the techniques from other people who were more directly influenced by Haudenosaunee
Xanthine 39 3 1 A. practices.

Adenine 15 1 40 the crops typically cultivated by Euro-American farmers in the northeastern United States were not well suited to
B. Haudenosaunee farming techniques.
Hypoxanthine 24 1 2
C. Haudenosaunee farming techniques were widely used in regions outside the northeastern United States.

Employing high-performance liquid chromatography—a process that uses pressurized water to separate material into its Euro-American farmers only began to recognize the benefits of Haudenosaunee farming techniques late in the
component molecules—astrochemist Yashiro Oba and colleagues analyzed two samples of the Murchison meteorite that D. nineteenth century.
landed in Australia as well as soil from the landing zone of the meteorite to determine the concentrations of various
organic molecules. By comparing the relative concentrations of types of molecules known as nucleobases in the
Murchison meteorite with those in the soil, the team concluded that there is evidence that the nucleobases in the
Murchison meteorite formed in space and are not the result of contamination on Earth.

Which choice best describes data from the table that support the team’s conclusion?

A. Isoguanine and purine were detected in both meteorite samples but not in the soil sample.

B. Adenine and xanthine were detected in both of the meteorite samples and in the soil sample.

C. Hypoxanthine and purine were detected in both the Murchison meteorite sample 2 and in the soil sample.

D. Isoguanine and hypoxanthine were detected in the Murchison meteorite sample 1 but not in sample 2.
 ID: 1a2b29c9 ID: 04cbeca3
The following text is adapted from María Cristina Mena’s 1914 short story “The Vine-Leaf.” In 1534 CE, King Henry VIII of England split with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England,
in part because Pope Clement VII refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Two years later, Henry VIII
It is a saying in the capital of Mexico that Dr. Malsufrido carries more family secrets under his hat than any introduced a policy titled the Dissolution of the Monasteries that by 1540 had resulted in the closure of all Catholic
archbishop. monasteries in England and the confiscation of their estates. Some historians assert that the enactment of the policy
The doctor’s hat is, appropriately enough, uncommonly capacious, rising very high, and sinking so low that it seems was primarily motivated by perceived financial opportunities.
to be supported by his ears and eyebrows, and it has a furry look, as if it had been brushed the wrong way, which is
perhaps what happens to it if it is ever brushed at all. When the doctor takes it off, the family secrets do not fly out Which quotation from a scholarly article best supports the assertion of the historians mentioned in the text?
like a flock of parrots, but remain nicely bottled up beneath a dome of old and highly polished ivory.
“At the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries, about 2 percent of the adult male population of England were
A. monks; by 1690, the proportion of the adult male population who were monks was less than 1 percent.”
Based on the text, how do people in the capital of Mexico most likely regard Dr. Malsufrido?

A. Many have come to tolerate him despite his disheveled appearance. “A contemporary description of the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Michael Sherbrook’s Falle of the Religious
Howses, recounts witness testimony that monks were allowed to keep the contents of their cells and that the
B. Few feel concerned that he will divulge their confidences. B. monastery timber was purchased by local yeomen.”

C. Some dislike how freely he discusses his own family. “In 1535, the year before enacting the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Henry commissioned a survey of the value of
church holdings in England—the work, performed by sheriffs, bishops, and magistrates, began that January and was
D. Most would be unimpressed by him were it not for his professional expertise. C. swiftly completed by the summer.”

“The October 1536 revolt known as the Pilgrimage of Grace had several economic motives: high food prices due to a
poor harvest the prior year; the Dissolution of the Monasteries, which closed reliable sources of food and shelter for
D. many; and rents and taxes throughout Northern England that were not merely high but predatory.”
 ID: 2fdfe002 ID: ccb1ab92
The following text is adapted from Countee Cullen’s 1926 poem “Thoughts in a Zoo.”

They in their cruel traps, and we in ours, Survey each other’s rage, and pass the hours Fur Seal REM Sleep on Land
Commiserating each the other’s woe, To mitigate his own pain’s fiery glow. after an Extended Period
Man could but little proffer in exchange Save that his cages have a larger range. in Water

baseline was not statistically

REM sleep as % of baseline
That lion with his lordly, untamed heart Has in some man his human counterpart, 180

(mean difference from

Some lofty soul in dreams and visions wrapped, But in the stifling flesh securely trapped. 160
140

significant)
Based on the text, what challenge do humans sometimes experience? 120
A. They cannot effectively tame certain wild animals because of a lack of compassion. 100
80
B. They cannot focus on setting attainable goals because of a lack of motivation. 60
40
C. They quickly become frustrated when faced with difficult tasks because of a lack of self-control.
20
D. They have aspirations that cannot be fulfilled because of certain limitations. 0
Day 1 Day 2
Sleep on land

Seal B
Seal A
Seal C

Research suggests that REM sleep in animals is homeostatically regulated: animals compensate for periods of REM
sleep deprivation by increasing subsequent REM sleep. When on land, fur seals get enough REM sleep, but during the
weeks they’re in the water, they get almost none. In a study of fur seals’ sleep habits, researchers recorded the REM sleep
(as a percentage of baseline) of fur seals once they had returned to land. They concluded that REM sleep may not be
homeostatically regulated in fur seals, citing as evidence the fact that the seals in the study ______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the text?

didn’t show significantly less REM sleep during the second day after returning to land than they did during the first
A. day.

B. showed no significant differences from one another in baseline levels of REM sleep.

C. didn’t consistently demonstrate a significant increase in REM sleep after their period of deprivation in the water.

D. showed no significant difference between REM sleep after returning to land and REM sleep while in the water.
 At current surface temperatures, more than 80% of the sites cannot use subsurface thermal pollution to meet any
portion of local home heating needs, but at the maximum plausible surface temperature, that percentage drops below
ID: be19faa1
D. 20%.

Home Heating Needs Met with Subsurface

Thermal Pollution for Two Temperature
Conditions, by Percentage of Sites
Percentage of all sites analyzed

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0% 5% 25
%
to2 n
ha
Up ret
o
M
Local heating needs met

Current surface temperature

Maximum plausible surface
temperature

Urbanization, industrialization, and the warming climate create thermal pollution (excess heat) in the shallow subsurface
soil. Susanne A. Benz and colleagues analyzed thousands of sites on three continents under one scenario in which
surface temperature remains at the current level and under another in which the surface reaches the maximum plausible
temperature. They then categorized each site according to the percentage of local home heating needs that could be met
using this excess subsurface heat. The team concluded that if surface temperature approaches the maximum plausible
level, the percentage of sites where thermal pollution could feasibly contribute to meeting home heating needs will
increase.

Which choice best describes data in the graph that support Benz and colleagues’ conclusion?

Under both temperature conditions, less than 10% of sites were in the up-to-25% group, but at the maximum plausible
A. surface temperature, almost 80% of sites could have all their local heating needs met by thermal pollution.

At current surface temperatures, more than 80% of the sites have no need for supplemental local home heating from
subsurface thermal pollution, but at the maximum plausible surface temperature, more than 70% of sites exhibit
B. significantly greater home heating needs.

At current surface temperatures, more than 80% of sites can meet, at most, 25% of local home heating needs with
subsurface thermal pollution, but at the maximum plausible surface temperature, more than 80% of sites can meet
C. greater than 25% of local home heating needs.
 ID: c83e0b43 ID: dd1757fd
O Pioneers! is a 1913 novel by Willa Cather. In the novel, Cather depicts Alexandra Bergson as a person who takes Neural networks are computer models intended to reflect the organization of human brains and are often used in studies
comfort in understanding the world around her: ______ of brain function. According to an analysis of 11,000 such networks, Rylan Schaeffer and colleagues advise caution when
drawing conclusions about brains from observations of neural networks. They found that when attempting to mimic grid
Which quotation from O Pioneers! most effectively illustrates the claim? cells (brain cells used in navigation), while 90% of the networks could accomplish navigation-related tasks, only about
“She looked fixedly up the bleak street as if she were gathering her strength to face something, as if she were trying 10% of those exhibited any behaviors similar to those of grid cells. But even this approximation of grid-cell activity has
A. with all her might to grasp a situation which, no matter how painful, must be met and dealt with somehow.“ less to do with similarity between the neural networks and biological brains than it does with the rules programmed into
the networks.
“She had never known before how much the country meant to her. The chirping of the insects down in the long grass
had been like the sweetest music. She had felt as if her heart were hiding down there, somewhere, with the quail and Which finding, if true, would most directly support the claim in the underlined sentence?
the plover and all the little wild things that crooned or buzzed in the sun. Under the long shaggy ridges, she felt the
The rules that allow for networks to exhibit behaviors like those of grid cells have no equivalent in the function of
B. future stirring.“
A. biological brains.
“Alexandra drove off alone. The rattle of her wagon was lost in the howling of the wind, but her lantern, held firmly
The networks that do not exhibit behaviors like those of grid cells were nonetheless programmed with rules that had
C. between her feet, made a moving point of light along the highway, going deeper and deeper into the dark country.”
B. proven useful in earlier neural-network studies.
“Alexandra drew her shawl closer about her and stood leaning against the frame of the mill, looking at the stars which
Neural networks can often accomplish tasks that biological brains do, but they are typically programmed with rules to
glittered so keenly through the frosty autumn air. She always loved to watch them, to think of their vastness and
C. model multiple types of brain cells simultaneously.
distance, and of their ordered march. It fortified her to reflect upon the great operations of nature, and when she
D. thought of the law that lay behind them, she felt a sense of personal security.” Once a neural network is programmed, it is trained on certain tasks to see if it can independently arrive at processes
D. that are similar to those performed by biological brains.
 ID: e185a21f ID: 09f9edb0
One theory behind human bipedalism speculates that it originated in a mostly ground-based ancestor that practiced four- In the 1980s, many musicians and journalists in the English-speaking world began to draw attention to music from
legged “knuckle-walking,” like chimpanzees and gorillas do today, and eventually evolved into moving upright on two legs. around the globe—such as mbaqanga from South Africa and quan họ from Vietnam—that can’t be easily categorized
But recently, researchers observed orangutans, another relative of humans, standing on two legs on tree branches and according to British or North American popular music genres, typically referring to such music as “world music.” While
using their arms for balance while they reached for fruits. These observations may suggest that ______ some scholars have welcomed this development for bringing diverse musical forms to prominence in countries where
they’d previously been overlooked, musicologist Su Zheng claims that the concept of world music homogenizes highly
Which choice most logically completes the text? distinct traditions by reducing them all to a single category.

A. bipedalism evolved because it was advantageous to a tree-dwelling ancestor of humans.

Which finding about mbaqanga and quan họ, if true, would most directly support Zheng’s claim?
B. bipedalism must have evolved simultaneously with knuckle-walking and tree-climbing. A. Mbaqanga and quan họ developed independently of each other and have little in common musically.

C. moving between the ground and the trees would have been difficult without bipedalism. B. Mbaqanga is significantly more popular in the English-speaking world than quan họ is.

D. a knuckle-walking human ancestor could have easily moved bipedally in trees. Mbaqanga and quan họ are now performed by a diverse array of musicians with no direct connections to South Africa
C. or Vietnam.

Mbaqanga and quan họ are highly distinct from British and North American popular music genres but similar to each
D. other.
 ID: f9bd4e61 ID: 96802cc0
German theater practitioner Bertolt Brecht (1898–1956) believed that theater should elicit an intellectual rather than an For centuries, the widespread acknowledgment of the involvement of the cerebellum—a dense brain structure in
emotional response from audiences, provoking them to consider social and political realities that extend beyond the vertebrates—in coordinating motor control in humans has hindered recognition of other possible functions of the
characters and events depicted onstage. Brecht’s influence can be seen in English playwright Caryl Churchill’s 1979 play structure. Neuroscience research from the last two decades now suggests that the cerebellum regulates emotion and
Cloud 9: although the play sometimes invites empathetic reactions, it primarily works to engage audiences in an social behavior, and recent research by Ilaria Carta and colleagues has identified a pathway connecting the cerebellum to
interrogation of patriarchy and colonialism, which it does by placing audiences at a distance, thereby encouraging them a center for motivation and reward processing known as the ventral tegmental area (VTA).
to ______
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
Which choice most logically completes the text?
The recent verification of a pathway between the VTA and the cerebellum confirms the cerebellum’s long-suspected
A. focus on the characters’ beliefs about social and political issues as revealed by the characters’ actions. A. role in motor coordination.

B. reflect on social and political phenomena not directly related to patriarchy and colonialism. Recent advances in the field of neuroscience have challenged widely accepted claims about the function of a
B. pathway connecting the VTA and the cerebellum.
recognize pertinent social and political parallels between Germany during Brecht’s time and England at the time when
C. Churchill was writing Cloud 9. The cerebellum has primarily been thought to regulate motor functioning, but in recent years neuroscience
C. researchers have been uncovering additional functions.
D. be dispassionate as they think critically about the social and political questions raised by the play.
Technological limitations have historically hindered the study of the cerebellum, but the recent development of new
D. technologies has led to greater insights into its functions.
 ID: aaddd60f ID: 39e440e4
Scientists studying Mars long thought the history of its crust was relatively simple. One reason for this is that geologic Archaeologists have held that the Casarabe culture, which emerged in the southwestern Amazon basin in the first
and climate data collected by a spacecraft showed that the crust was largely composed of basalt, likely as a result of millennium CE, was characterized by a sparse, widely distributed population and little intervention in the surrounding
intense volcanic activity that brought about a magma ocean, which then cooled to form the planet’s surface. A study led wilderness. Recently, however, archaeologist Heiko Prümers and colleagues conducted a study of the region using
by Valerie Payré focused on additional information—further analysis of data collected by the spacecraft and infrared remote-sensing technology that enabled them to create three-dimensional images of the jungle-covered landscape from
wavelengths detected from Mars’s surface—that revealed the presence of surprisingly high concentrations of silica in above, and the researchers concluded that the Casarabe people developed a form of urbanism in the Amazon basin.
certain regions on Mars. Since a planetary surface that formed in a mostly basaltic environment would be unlikely to
contain large amounts of silica, Payré concluded that ______ Which finding about the remote-sensing images, if true, would most directly support Prümers and colleagues’
conclusion?
Which choice most logically completes the text? They show shapes consistent with widely separated settlements of roughly equal small size surrounded by
the information about silica concentrations collected by the spacecraft is likely more reliable than the silica A. uncultivated jungle.
A. information gleaned from infrared wavelengths detected from Mars’s surface.
They show shapes consistent with long-distance footpaths running from Casarabe territories to large cities outside
high silica concentrations on Mars likely formed from a different process than that which formed the crusts of other B. the region inhabited by the Casarabe people.
B. planets.
They show shapes consistent with scattered small farms created by clearing jungle areas near sources of fresh
having a clearer understanding of the composition of Mars’s crust and the processes by which it formed will provide C. water.
C. more insight into how Earth’s crust formed.
They show shapes consistent with monumental platforms and dense central settlements linked to smaller
D. Mars’s crust likely formed as a result of other major geological events in addition to the cooling of a magma ocean. D. settlements by a system of canals and roadways.
 ID: d0fbf1ae ID: 08395130
Algae living within the tissues of corals play a critical role in keeping corals, and the marine ecosystems they are part of, The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is projected to maintain operation until at least 2030, but it has already revolutionized
thriving. Some coral species appear brown in color when healthy due to the algae colonies living in their tissues. In the high-resolution imaging of solar-system bodies in visible and ultraviolet (UV) light wavelengths, notwithstanding that only
event of an environmental stressor, the algae can die or be expelled, causing the corals to appear white. To recover the about 6% of the bodies imaged by the HST are within the solar system. NASA researcher Cindy L. Young and colleagues
algae, the bleached corals then begin to produce bright colors, which block intense sunlight, encouraging the light- assert that a new space telescope dedicated exclusively to solar-system observations would permit an extensive survey
sensitive algae to recolonize the corals. of minor solar-system bodies and long-term UV observation to discern how solar-system bodies change over time. Young
and colleagues’ recommendation therefore implies that the HST ______
What does the text most strongly suggest about corals that produce bright colors?
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. These corals have likely been subjected to stressful environmental conditions.
A. will likely continue to be used primarily to observe objects outside the solar system.
B. These corals are likely more vulnerable to exposure from intense sunlight than white corals are.
will no longer be used to observe solar system objects if the telescope recommended by Young and colleagues is
C. These corals have likely recovered from an environmental event without the assistance of algae colonies. B. deployed.

D. These corals are more likely to survive without algae colonies than brown corals are. C. can be modified to observe the features of solar system objects that are of interest to Young and colleagues.

D. lacks the sensors to observe the wavelengths of light needed to discern how solar system bodies change over time.
 ID: 4d3e3c52 ID: a44bbd6b
In a paper about p-i-n planar perovskite solar cells (one of several perovskite cell architectures designed to collect and Several studies of sediment (e.g., dirt, pieces of rock, etc.) in streams have shown an inverse correlation between
store solar power), Lyndsey McMillon-Brown et al. describe a method for fabricating the cell’s electronic transport layer sediment grain size and downstream distance from the primary sediment source, suggesting that stream length has a
(ETL) using a spray coating. Conventional ETL fabrication is accomplished using a solution of nanoparticles. The sorting effect on sediment. In a study of sediment sampled at more than a dozen sites in Alpine streams, however,
process can result in a loss of up to 80% of the solution, increasing the cost of manufacturing at scale—an issue that geologists Camille Litty and Fritz Schlunegger found that cross-site variations in grain size were not associated with
may be obviated by spray coating fabrication, which the researchers describe as “highly reproducible, concise, and differences in downstream distance, though they did not conclude that downstream distance is irrelevant to grain size.
practical.” Rather, they concluded that sediment influx in these streams may have been sufficiently spatially diffuse to prevent the
typical sorting effect from being observed.
What does the text most strongly suggest about conventional ETL fabrication?
Which finding about the streams in the study, if true, would most directly support Litty and Schlunegger’s conclusion?
It is less suitable for manufacturing large volumes of planar p-i-n perovskite solar cells than an alternative fabrication
A. method may be. The streams regularly experience portions of their banks collapsing into the water at multiple points upstream of the
A. sampling sites.
It is more expensive when manufacturing at scale than are processes for fabricating ETLs used in other perovskite
B. solar cell architectures. The streams contain several types of sediment that are not typically found in streams where the sorting effect has
B. been demonstrated.
C. It typically entails a greater loss of nanoparticle solution than do other established approaches for ETL fabrication.
The streams mostly originate from the same source, but their lengths vary considerably due to the different courses
It is somewhat imprecise and therefore limits the potential effectiveness of p-i-n planar perovskite solar cells at C. they take.
D. capturing and storing solar power.
The streams are fed by multiple tributaries that carry significant volumes of sediment and that enter the streams
D. downstream of the sampling sites.
 ID: 3f236877 ID: df91532e
Ratified by more than 90 countries, the Nagoya Protocol is an international agreement ensuring that Indigenous In the “language nest” model of education, Indigenous children learn the language of their people by using it as the
communities are compensated when their agricultural resources and knowledge of wild plants and animals are utilized medium of instruction and socialization at pre-K or elementary levels. In their 2016 study of a school in an Anishinaabe
by agricultural corporations. However, the protocol has shortcomings. For example, it allows corporations to insist that community in Ontario, Canada, scholars Lindsay Morcom and Stephanie Roy (who are Anishinaabe themselves) found
their agreements with communities to conduct research on the commercial uses of the communities’ resources and that the model not only imparted fluency in the Anishinaabe language but also enhanced students’ pride in Anishinaabe
knowledge remain confidential. Therefore, some Indigenous advocates express concern that the protocol may have the culture overall. Given these positive effects, Morcom and Roy predict that the model increases the probability that as
unintended effect of ______ adults, former students of the school will transmit the language to younger generations in their community.

Which choice most logically completes the text? Which finding, if true, would most strongly support the researchers’ prediction?

A. diminishing the monetary reward that corporations might derive from their agreements with Indigenous communities. Anishinaabe adults who didn’t attend the school feel roughly the same degree of cultural pride as the former students
A. of the school feel.
limiting the research that corporations conduct on the resources of the Indigenous communities with which they have
B. signed agreements. After transferring to the school, new students experience an increase in both fluency and academic performance
B. overall.
preventing independent observers from determining whether the agreements guarantee equitable compensation for
C. Indigenous communities. As adults, former students of the school are just as likely to continue living in their community as individuals who
C. didn’t attend the school.
discouraging Indigenous communities from learning new methods for harvesting plants and animals from their
D. corporate partners. As they complete secondary and higher education, former students of the school experience no loss of fluency or
D. cultural pride.
 ID: dc87adf4 ID: 53c6c179
Barchester Towers is an 1857 novel by Anthony Trollope. In the novel, Trollope’s portrayal of Dr. Proudie underscores the
character’s exaggerated sense of his own abilities: ______
Median Ages of First Marriage for Men
Which quotation from Barchester Towers most effectively illustrates the claim? and Women in the United States and
in England and Wales, 1900–2000
“It must not…be taken as proved that Dr. Proudie was a man of great mental powers, or even of much capacity for
A. business, for such qualities had not been required in him.” 35

Median marriage age

“[Dr. Proudie] was comparatively young, and had, as he fondly flattered himself, been selected as possessing such 30
B. gifts, natural and acquired, as must be sure to recommend him to a yet higher notice.” 25
“[Dr. Proudie’s] residence in the metropolis, rendered necessary by duties thus entrusted to him, his high connexions, 20
C. and the peculiar talents and nature of the man, recommended him to persons in power.” 15
“[Dr. Proudie] was certainly possessed of sufficient tact to answer the purpose for which he was required without 10
D. making himself troublesome.” 5
0
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20
Years

Women (England and Wales)

Men (United States)
Women (United States)
Men (England and Wales)

A sociology student is reading an essay on the median age of first marriage in Western countries throughout the
twentieth century. The author of the essay cites factors common to these countries that the author believes caused an
increase in the median age of first marriage, such as new technologies that shortened the time needed for domestic
chores, making two-person households less necessary and living alone more viable. The student asserts that beyond
these factors there must be additional ones specific to particular Western countries that influenced the increase of age
at first marriage.

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph that support the student’s assertion?

Between 1970 and 2000, the median age of first marriage rose more sharply for men in England and Wales than it did
A. for men in the United States.

In England and Wales, the median age of first marriage was consistently higher for men than for women between
B. 1900 and 2000, but this was not always the case in the United States.

C. The median age of first marriage for men in England and Wales was lower in 1970 than in 1950 or 1990.

Between 1900 and 2000, the median age of first marriage for women in England and Wales was consistently higher
D. than for women in the United States, as was the case for men.
 ID: e946a32e ID: 14189fbb
Boldly mixing elements of poetry, fiction, drama, philosophy, and manifesto, Puerto Rican writer Giannina Braschi creates Having written the impassioned call to arms “Letter to the Spanish Americans” in 1791, Peruvian intellectual Juan Pablo
cross-genre literature that explores themes such as immigration and independence. Her works have inspired responses Viscardo y Guzmán is often considered a forerunner for the independence movements in Latin America. But Viscardo’s
from individuals across different fields and in a wide range of formats, from musical compositions and a comic book to role in history would have remained insignificant were it not for Venezuelan revolutionary Francisco de Miranda, who was
architecture and furniture design. In an essay, a student asserts that the production of these diverse creations by others handed the unpublished letter after Viscardo’s death. Miranda not only helped circulate the letter, but his edits and
is reflective of Braschi’s own approach to crafting literature. footnotes to the text position Miranda as a central figure in the text’s creation.

Which quotation from a scholarly review of Braschi’s work best supports the student’s claim? Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

“Braschi is the focus of a 2020 collection of essays in which fifteen scholars from seven different countries delved A. The original authorship of “Letter to the Spanish Americans” is disputed by contemporary historians.
A. into the linguistic and structural patterns of her writings.”
B. The majority of the most eloquently stated arguments in “Letter to the Spanish Americans” were written by Miranda.
“Braschi’s eagerness to push boundaries and blend genres within literature invites us to consider how other art forms
B. might also engage with literature.” C. Miranda played a crucial role in influencing the content and distribution of “Letter to the Spanish Americans.”

“Before settling in New York City, where she would go on to become a college professor, Braschi studied both D. “Letter to the Spanish Americans” persuaded many people in Latin America to pursue national independence.
C. literature and philosophy in several cities around the world.”

“In addition to her creative literary works, Braschi has produced academic pieces analyzing writings by Miguel de
D. Cervantes, Federico García Lorca, and other authors.”
 ID: 156ff681 ID: d1b8a9ad
Many governments that regularly transfer money to individuals—to provide supplemental incomes for senior citizens, for Disco remains one of the most ridiculed popular music genres of the late twentieth century. But as scholars have argued,
example—have long done so electronically, but other countries typically have distributed physical money and have only the genre is far less superficial than many people believe. Take the case of disco icon Donna Summer: she may have
recently developed electronic transfer infrastructure. Researchers studied the introduction of an electronic transfer been associated with popular songs about love and heartbreak (subjects hardly unique to disco, by the way), but like
system in one such location and found that recipients of electronic transfers consumed a different array of foods than many Black women singers before her, much of her music also reflects concerns about community and identity. These
recipients of physical transfers of the same amount did. One potential explanation for this result is that individuals concerns are present in many of the genre’s greatest songs, and they generally don’t require much digging to reveal.
conceive of and allocate funds in physical money differently than they conceive of and allocate funds in electronic form.
What does the text most strongly suggest about the disco genre?
Which finding from the study, if true, would most directly weaken the potential explanation?
It has been unjustly ignored by most scholars despite the importance of the themes addressed by many of the genre’s
A. Recipients of electronic transfers typically spent their funds at a slower rate than recipients of physical transfers did. A. songs.

Nearly every recipient of an electronic transfer withdrew the entire amount in physical money shortly after receiving B. It evolved over time from a superficial genre focused on romance to a genre focused on more serious concerns.
B. the transfer.
C. It has been unfairly dismissed for the inclusion of subject matter that is also found in other musical genres.
C. Recipients of physical transfers tended to purchase food about as frequently as recipients of electronic transfers did.
It gave rise to a Black women’s musical tradition that has endured even though the genre itself faded in the late
Some recipients of physical transfers received small amounts of money relatively frequently, while others received D. twentieth century.
D. large amounts relatively infrequently.
 ID: 95dbdf51 ID: 63e7799d
Laura Mulvey has theorized that in narrative film, shots issuing from a protagonist’s point of view compel viewers to In vertical inheritance, parents pass genes to their offspring, but in horizontal transfer (HT), one species, often bacteria,
identify with the character. Such identification is heightened by “invisible editing,” or editing so inconspicuous that it passes genetic material to an unrelated species. In a 2022 study, herpetologist Atsushi Kurabayashi and his team
renders cuts between shots almost unnoticeable. Conversely, Mulvey proposes that conspicuous editing or an absence investigated HT in multicellular organisms—namely, snakes and frogs in Madagascar. The team detected BovB—a gene
of point-of-view shots would induce a more critical stance toward a protagonist. Consider, for example, the attic scene in transmitted vertically in snakes—in many frog species. The apparent direction of gene transfer seems counterintuitive
Alfred Hitchcock’s The Birds, a conspicuously edited sequence of tens of shots, few of which correspond to the because frogs usually don’t survive encounters with snakes and so wouldn’t be able to transmit the newly acquired gene
protagonist’s point of view. According to Mulvey’s logic, this scene should affect viewers by ______ to offspring, but the team concluded that BovB is indeed transmitted from snakes to frogs, either directly or indirectly, via
HT.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the team’s conclusion?
A. obscuring their awareness of the high degree of artifice involved in constructing the montage.
A. BovB can be transmitted across frog species through HT.
B. lessening their identification with the protagonist, if not alienating them from the character altogether.
B. Parasites known to feed on species of snakes and frogs in which the BovB gene occurs also carry BovB.
C. compelling them to identify with the film’s director, whose proxy is the camera, and not with the protagonist.
C. BovB cannot be reliably transmitted from a snake species to bacteria that are usually encountered by frog species.
D. diverting their attention away from the film’s content and toward its stylistic attributes.
D. Frog species with BovB show few discernible advantages as compared with frog species that do not carry BovB.
 ID: 0dba14e6 ID: a13c1c66
The increased integration of digital technologies throughout the process of book creation in the late 20th and early 21st Many animals, including humans, must sleep, and sleep is known to have a role in everything from healing injuries to
centuries lowered the costs of book production, but those decreased costs have been most significant in the encoding information in long-term memory. But some scientists claim that, from an evolutionary standpoint, deep sleep
manufacturing and distribution process, which occurs after the authoring, editing, and design of the book are complete. for hours at a time leaves an animal so vulnerable that the known benefits of sleeping seem insufficient to explain why it
This suggests that in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, ______ became so widespread in the animal kingdom. These scientists therefore imply that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text? Which choice most logically completes the text?

digital technologies made it easier than it had been previously for authors to write very long works and get them A. prolonged deep sleep is likely advantageous in ways that have yet to be discovered.
A. published.
B. most traits perform functions that are hard to understand from an evolutionary standpoint.
B. customers generally expected the cost of books to decline relative to the cost of other consumer goods.
C. it is more important to understand how widespread prolonged deep sleep is than to understand its function.
publishers increased the variety of their offerings by printing more unique titles but also printed fewer copies of each
C. title. D. many traits that provide significant benefits for an animal also likely pose risks to that animal.

the costs of writing, editing, and designing a book were less affected by the technologies used than were the costs of
D. manufacturing and distributing a book.
 ID: f942646f ID: 16025337
Researchers Suchithra Rajendran and Maximilian Popfinger modeled varying levels of passenger redistribution from The following text is adapted from William Shakespeare’s 1609 poem “Sonnet 27.” The poem is addressed to a close
short-haul flights (flights of 50 to 210 minutes, from takeoff to landing) to high-speed rail trips. Planes travel faster than friend as if he were physically present.
trains, but air travel typically requires 3 hours of lead time for security, baggage handling, and boarding that rail travel Weary with toil, I [hurry] to my bed, The dear repose for limbs with travel tired; But then begins a journey in my head
doesn’t, so short-haul routes take similar amounts of time by air and by rail. However, the model suggests that as rail To work my mind, when body’s work’s expired: For then my thoughts—from far where I abide—
passenger volumes approach current capacity limits, long lead times emerge. Therefore, for rail to remain a viable
[Begin] a zealous pilgrimage to thee, And keep my drooping eyelids open wide,
alternative to short-haul flights, ______
What is the main idea of the text?
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. The speaker is asleep and dreaming about traveling to see the friend.
A. rail systems should offer fewer long-haul routes and airlines should offer more long-haul routes.
B. The speaker is planning an upcoming trip to the friend’s house.
B. rail systems may need to schedule additional trains for these routes.
C. The speaker is too fatigued to continue a discussion with the friend.
C. security, baggage handling, and boarding procedures used by airlines may need to be implemented for rail systems.
D. The speaker is thinking about the friend instead of immediately falling asleep.
D. passengers who travel by rail for these routes will need to accept that lead times will be similar to those for air travel.
 ID: df37c087 ID: 0dccbf17
Henry Ossawa Tanner’s 1893 painting The Banjo Lesson, which depicts an elderly man teaching a boy to play the banjo,
Weight of Three Aerial Robots
is regarded as a landmark in the history of works by Black artists in the United States. Scholars should be cautious when
550 ascribing political or ideological values to the painting, however: beliefs and assumptions that are commonly held now
500 may have been unfamiliar to Tanner and his contemporaries, and vice versa. Scholars who forget this fact when
450 discussing The Banjo Lesson therefore ______
400
Weight (grams)

350 Which choice most logically completes the text?

300 A. risk judging Tanner’s painting by standards that may not be historically appropriate.
250
200 B. tend to conflate Tanner’s political views with those of his contemporaries.

150 C. forgo analyzing Tanner’s painting in favor of analyzing his political activity.
100
50 D. wrongly assume that Tanner’s painting was intended as a critique of his fellow artists.
0
Robot

Ultra-Fast Robot Hand

Permanent Magnet Hand
Yale Model T

Aerial robots vary considerably in their holding force; the Ultra-Fast Robot Hand, for example, has a holding force of 56
newtons, more than twice that of the Permanent Magnet Hand and more than four times that of the Yale Model T. Since
an aerial robot must lift its own weight along with its cargo, engineer Jiawei Meng and colleagues used a ratio of each
robot’s holding force to the robot’s weight to calculate payload capacity, with higher ratios corresponding to greater
capacity, concluding that the Ultra-Fast Robot Hand has a higher payload capacity than the Yale Model T.

Which choice best describes data in the graph that support Meng and colleagues’ conclusion?

A. The Ultra-Fast Robot Hand and the Yale Model T each weigh more than 450 grams.

B. The Ultra-Fast Robot Hand and the Yale Model T each weigh more than the Permanent Magnet Hand does.

C. The Yale Model T has a lower holding force than the Permanent Magnet Hand despite weighing more.

D. The Ultra-Fast Robot Hand weighs only slightly more than the Yale Model T does.
 ID: 61228830 ID: 5eda42a3
A heliograph is a semaphore device used for sending optical communications—usually in the form of Morse code—by The following text is from Maggie Pogue Johnson’s 1910 poem “Poet of Our Race.” In this poem, the speaker is
reflecting flashes of sunlight off a mirror. Heliographs were used for rapid communication across expansive distances addressing Paul Laurence Dunbar, a Black author.
for military, surveying, and forestry purposes during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, but they were Thou, with stroke of mighty pen, The language of the flowers,
largely effective only during the daytime, and the range of the device depended on factors such as the opacity of the air Hast told of joy and mirth, Thou hast read them all,
and line of sight. Therefore, heliographs were eventually replaced by technology that ______ And read the hearts and souls of men And e’en the little brook
As cradled from their birth. Responded to thy call.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. worked on similar principles but was easier to produce and maintain.
A. To praise a certain writer for being especially perceptive regarding people and nature
B. was not so constrained by environmental circumstances.
B. To establish that a certain writer has read extensively about a variety of topics
C. could be used for more than military, surveying, or forestry purposes.
C. To call attention to a certain writer’s careful and elaborately detailed writing process
D. enabled communication that didn’t require knowledge of Morse code.
D. To recount fond memories of an afternoon spent in nature with a certain writer
 ID: af9e3240 ID: 2c06139b
Electra is a circa 420–410 BCE play by Sophocles, translated in 1870 by R.C. Jebb. Electra, who is in mourning for her
dead father and her long-absent brother, is aware of the intensity of her grief but believes it to be justified: ______ Tadpole Body Mass and Toxin Production after Three Weeks in Ponds

Which quotation from Electra most effectively illustrates the claim? Average bufadienolide
Average Average number of Average amount of concentration
“O thou pure sunlight, and thou air, earth’s canopy, how often have ye heard the strains of my lament, the wild blows
tadpole body distinct bufadienolide per (nanograms per
A. dealt against this bleeding breast, when dark night fails!”
Population mass bufadienolide tadpole milligram of tadpole
“Send to me my brother; for I have no more the strength to bear up alone against the load of grief that weighs me density (milligrams) toxins per tadpole (nanograms) body mass)
B. down.”
High 193.87 22.69 5,815.51 374.22
“I know my own passion, it escapes me not; but, seeing that the causes are so dire, will never curb these frenzied
C. plaints, while life is in me.” Medium 254.56 21.65 5,525.72 230.10

“But never will I cease from dirge and sore lament, while I look on the trembling rays of the bright stars, or on this light Low 258.97 22.08 4,664.99 171.43
D. of day.”
Ecologist Veronika Bókony and colleagues investigated within-species competition among common toads (Bufo bufo), a
species that secretes various unpleasant-tasting toxins called bufadienolides in response to threats. The researchers
tested B. bufo tadpoles’ responses to different levels of competition by creating ponds with different tadpole population
densities but a fixed amount of food. Based on analysis of the tadpoles after three weeks, the researchers concluded
that increased competition drove bufadienolide production at the expense of growth.

Which choice uses data from the table to most effectively support the researchers’ conclusion?

The difference in average tadpole body mass was small between the low and medium population density conditions
A. and substantially larger between the low and high population density conditions.

Tadpoles in the low and medium population density conditions had substantially lower average bufadienolide
B. concentrations but had greater average body masses than those in the high population density condition.

Tadpoles in the high population density condition displayed a relatively modest increase in the average amount of
bufadienolide but roughly double the average bufadienolide concentration compared to those in the low population
C. density condition.

Tadpoles produced approximately the same number of different bufadienolide toxins per individual across the
D. population density conditions, but average tadpole body mass decreased as population density increased.
 ID: b2e54b50 ID: f27559d4
Volunteering, or giving time for a community service for free, is a valuable form of civic engagement because helping in a
Correlations Between Congestion Ratings and Features of the Crowd community is also good for society as a whole. In a survey of youths in the United States, most young people said that
in Raters’ Immediate Vicinity they believe volunteering is a way to help people on an individual level. Meanwhile, only 6% of the youths said that they
think volunteering is a way to help fix problems in society overall. These replies suggest that ______
Crowd feature Before obstacle After obstacle Overall

Density 0.8592 0.7308 0.7447 Which choice most logically completes the text?

Velocity −0.9357 −0.9518 −0.8587 A. many young people think they can volunteer only within their own communities.

B. volunteering may be even more helpful than many young people think it is.
Researcher Xiaolu Jia and colleagues monitored individuals’ velocity and the surrounding crowd density as a group of
study participants walked through a space and navigated around an obstacle. Participants rated how congested it C. volunteering can help society overall more than it can help individual people.
seemed before the obstacle, after the obstacle, and overall, and the researchers correlated those ratings with velocity
D. many young people may not know how to find ways to volunteer their time.
and density. (Correlations range from −1 to 1, with greater distance from 0 indicating greater strength). The researchers
concluded that the correlations with velocity are stronger than those with density.

Which choice best describes data from the table that support the researchers’ conclusion?

The correlation between congestion ratings before the obstacle and density is further from 0 than the correlation
A. between overall congestion rating and velocity is.

The correlation between congestion ratings before the obstacle and velocity is further from 0 than the correlation
B. between congestion overall and velocity is.

C. For each of the three ratings, the correlation with velocity is negative while the correlation with density is positive.

For each of the three ratings, correlations with velocity are further from 0 than the corresponding correlations with
D. density are.
 ID: d1539546 ID: d2e0cba5
Tides can deposit large quantities of dead vegetation within a salt marsh, smothering healthy plants and leaving a salt In a study of new technology adoption, Davit Marikyan et al. examined negative disconfirmation (which occurs when
panne—a depression devoid of plants that tends to trap standing water—in the marsh’s interior. Ecologist Kathryn experiences fall short of one’s expectations) to determine whether it could lead to positive outcomes for users. The team
Beheshti and colleagues found that burrowing crabs living within these pannes improve drainage by loosening the soil, focused on established users of “smart home” technology, which presents inherent utilization challenges but tends to
leading the pannes to shrink as marsh plants move back in. At salt marsh edges, however, crab-induced soil loosening attract users with high expectations, often leading to feelings of dissonance. The researchers found that many users
can promote marsh loss by accelerating erosion, suggesting that the burrowing action of crabs ______ employed cognitive mechanisms to mitigate those feelings, ultimately reversing their initial sense of disappointment.

Which choice most logically completes the text? Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. can be beneficial to marshes with small pannes but can be harmful to marshes with large pannes. Research suggests that most users of smart home technology will not achieve a feeling of satisfaction given the
A. utilization challenges of such technology.
B. may promote increases in marsh plants or decreases in marsh plants, depending on the crabs’ location.
Although most smart home technology is aimed at meeting or exceeding users’ high expectations, those
C. tends to be more heavily concentrated in areas of marsh interiors with standing water than at marsh edges. B. expectations in general remain poorly understood.

D. varies in intensity depending on the size of the panne relative to the size of the surrounding marsh. Research suggests that users with high expectations for a new technology can feel content with that technology even
C. after experiencing negative disconfirmation.

Although negative disconfirmation has often been studied, little is known about the cognitive mechanisms shaping
D. users’ reactions to it in the context of new technology adoption.
 ID: 9abc3ba5 ID: 7c9a65bb
“Gestures” in painting are typically thought of as bold, expressive brushstrokes. In the 1970s, American painter Jack Optical tweezers are specialized scientific tools—particularly useful in biology and medicine—that use high-powered
Whitten built a 12-foot (3.7-meter) tool he named the “developer” to apply paint to an entire canvas in one motion, beams of light to trap and manipulate minuscule particles for study. Use of the tool has led to several scientific and
resulting in his series of “slab” paintings from that decade. Whitten described this process as making an entire painting medical breakthroughs over the last few decades, but the particles are often under prolonged exposure to the intense
in “one gesture,” signaling a clear departure from the prevalence of gestures in his work from the 1960s. Some art heat of the light beams. To overcome the risk of overheating, and thereby damage, researchers sometimes attach nano-
historians claim this shift represents “removing gesture” from the process. Therefore, regardless of whether using the sized glass beads to particles, allowing the light to focus on the beads instead of the particles.
developer constitutes a gesture, both Whitten and these art historians likely agree that ______
Based on the text, what is one advantage of attaching glass beads to particles when using optical tweezers?
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. It decreases the time it takes for the optical tweezers to locate and capture the particles.
A. any tool that a painter uses to create an artwork is capable of creating gestures.
B. It facilitates the maneuvering of particles without directly heating the particles themselves.
B. Whitten’s work from the 1960s exhibits many more gestures than his work from the 1970s does.
C. It allows researchers to use weaker light beams to manipulate particles.
C. Whitten became less interested in exploring the role of gesture in his work as his career progressed.
D. It adds a material to which particles can transfer any heat absorbed from the optical tweezers’ light beam.
D. Whitten’s work from the 1960s is much more realistic than his work from the 1970s is.
 ID: 378c66d5 ID: 22b3da87
A member of the Otomi, an Indigenous people in Central Mexico, Octavio Medellín immigrated to the United States as a During the Bourbon Restoration in France (1814–1830), the right to vote required in part that a person paid at least 300
child, and his sculpture bears the impress of traditions on both sides of the border: US-based modernist sculpture, francs in direct taxes to the government. The four most common taxes (the quatre vieilles) were levied on real estate
Mexican modernist painting, Otomi art, and the ancient sculpture of other Mexican Indigenous peoples, including the (both land and buildings); the doors and windows in taxpayer homes; the rental values of homes; and the businesses of
Maya. In his 1950 masterpiece History of Mexico, Medellín fuses these influences into a style so idiosyncratic that it artisans and merchants. (Foreign investments were either exempt from taxation or taxed lightly.) Although relatively few
resists efforts to view his work through the lens of nationality or cultural identity. Artists, he insisted, should strive for people paid the tax on real estate, it was the main means of voter qualification and accounted for over two-thirds of
individual expression, even as they draw inspiration from their heritage and the communities where they live and work. government receipts during this period, suggesting that during the Bourbon Restoration ______

Which quotation from an art critic most directly challenges the underlined claim in the text? Which choice most logically completes the text?

“Although a number of ancient Indigenous artistic traditions pictured human forms in profile, the forms populating the A. those people who had the right to vote most likely had substantial holdings of French real estate.
A. surface of A History of Mexico suggest a specifically Maya influence.”
B. the voting habits of French artisans and merchants were effective in reducing tax burdens on businesses.
“In A History of Mexico, the synthesis of ancient and modernist traditions functions as a stylistic parallel to the work’s
B. subject matter: a survey of centuries of Mexican history.” C. the number of doors and windows in French residences was kept to a minimum but increased after 1830.

“Many critics focus on Indigenous influences in A History of Mexico and other key works by Medellín to the exclusion D. French people with significant foreign investments were unlikely to have the right to vote.
C. of influences from non-Indigenous art.”

“While A History of Mexico features modernist motifs, it relies primarily on angular human forms in profile—a staple of
D. Maya sculpture—and thus invites classification as Indigenous art.”
 ID: 35ec767c ID: 24c1b7e4

Corn-Related Vocabulary in Various Southeastern Languages Percentage Point Changes in US Federal Outlays Relative to GDP by Congressional Status

Proposed origin in vocabulary Congressional Change in total Change in nondefense Change in defense
Language English of the Totozoquean language Period status outlays outlays outlays
family Word (language) translation family
1981–
divided −0.4 −1.3 0.9
tanchi’ (Chickasaw); tanchi 1988
Muskogean (Choctaw); vce (Muscogee, corn no
1975–
pronounced “uh-chi”) divided 2.7 3.0 −0.3
1976
Iroquoian se-lu (Cherokee) corn no
1977–
undivided 0.3 0.6 −0.3
Caddoan -k’as- (Caddo) dried corn yes 1980

Chitimacha k’asma (Chitimacha) corn yes 1964–

undivided 1.9 1.4 0.5
1968
In Caddo, a language from what is now the US Southeast, vocabulary pertaining to corn cultivation resembles equivalent 1969–
vocabulary in the Totozoquean language family in Mexico. This resemblance is perhaps attributable to cultural contact: divided −1.8 2.1 −3.9
1974
such words could have entered Caddo through the intermediary of the neighboring but unrelated Chitimacha language,
concurrent with the dissemination of corn itself from Mexico into the Southeast after 700 CE. That the vocabulary
pertaining to domestic crops accompanies them as they diffuse into new regions is an established phenomenon globally. Economist Steve H. Hanke has shown that divided US Congresses—which occur when one party holds the majority in the
Crops may also be decoupled from vocabulary altogether: corn cultivation became ubiquitous among the Southeastern House of Representatives and another holds the majority in the Senate—tend to accompany reductions in total federal
tribes, yet ______ outlays (spending) relative to gross domestic product (GDP), which Hanke interprets to reflect decreases in government
size. Hanke calculated the percentage point change in total outlays (encompassing nondefense and defense outlays) for
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement? consecutive US Congresses. Hanke has pointed to his calculations as evidence that a divided Congress may be a
“necessary but not sufficient condition” for a decrease in government size to occur.
the origins of vocabulary pertaining to the crop vary across languages in the region, with the words for corn in
A. Cherokee and the Muskogean languages showing no demonstrable relationship to Totozoquean vocabulary.
Which choice best describes data from the table that support the underlined claim?
the region is linguistically diverse, being home not only to Chitimacha and Caddo, but also to the Muskogean The periods of undivided Congresses were associated with increases in nondefense outlays, whereas all the periods
B. language family (including Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Muscogee) and to one Iroquoian language (Cherokee). A. of divided Congresses except one were associated with reductions in defense outlays.

corn-related vocabulary underwent changes when entering other, unrelated languages, as can be seen by the All the periods of divided Congresses were associated with reductions in total outlays, although two periods were
C. divergence of the Caddo word from the Chitimacha word it originated in. B. also associated with increases in nondefense outlays.

words for corn in the languages of the Muskogean family evolved from a common root, with the Muscogee word The periods of undivided Congresses were associated with increases in total outlays, whereas all the periods of
D. having lost certain consonant sounds still present in the Chickasaw and Choctaw words. C. divided Congresses were associated with reductions in either nondefense outlays or defense outlays.

All the periods of divided Congresses except one were associated with reductions in total outlays, whereas the
D. periods of undivided Congresses were associated with increases in total outlays.
 ID: 56f477fb ID: cae97f58
Mosses can struggle in harsh desert conditions because these plants require enough sunlight for photosynthesis but not
Distribution of Ecosystem Services Affected by Invasive Species by Service Type so much that they risk drying out. Researchers Jenna Ekwealor and Kirsten M. Fisher found several species of Syntrichia
caninervis, a type of desert moss, growing under quartz crystals in California’s Mojave Desert. To evaluate whether these
Region (Overall) Provisioning (75%) Regulating (21%) Cultural (4%) semitransparent rocks benefited the moss, the researchers compared the shoot tissue, a measure of plant growth, of S.
West 73% 27% 0% caninervis when growing on the soil surface versus when the moss was growing under the quartz rocks. They found that
the shoot tissue was 62% longer for moss growing under the quartz as compared to moss on the soil surface,
North 88% 12% 0% suggesting that ______

South 79% 14% 7%

Which choice most logically completes the text?
East 83% 6% 11%
A. S. caninervis is one of the few types of moss that can survive under semitransparent rocks.
Central 33% 67% 0%
B. quartz crystals do not transmit the necessary sunlight for photosynthesis in S. caninervis.

To assess the impact of invasive species on ecosystems in Africa, Benis N. Egoh and colleagues reviewed government C. S. caninervis growing under quartz crystals experience lower light intensity and are thus able to retain more moisture.
reports from those nations about how invasive species are undermining ecosystem services (aspects of the ecosystem
D. quartz crystals are capable of supporting S. caninervis growth if the crystals are not too thin.
on which residents depend). The services were sorted into three categories: provisioning (material resources from the
ecosystem), regulating (natural processes such as cleaning the air or water), and cultural (nonmaterial benefits of
ecosystems). Egoh and her team assert that countries in each region reported effects on provisioning services and that
provisioning services represent the majority of the reported services.

Which choice best describes data from the table that support Egoh and colleagues’ assertion?

Provisioning services represent 73% of the services reported for the West region and 33% of those for the Central
A. region, but they represent 75% of the services reported overall.

None of the percentages shown for provisioning services are lower than 33%, and the overall percentage shown for
B. provisioning services is 75%.

C. Provisioning services are shown for each region, while no cultural services are shown for some regions.

The greatest percentage shown for provisioning services is 88% for the North region, and the least shown for
D. provisioning services is 33% for the Central region.
 ID: 8391a002 ID: 124fdcd7
Black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) are a nutritionally dense food, but they are difficult to digest in part because of their Many archaeologists will tell you that categorizing excavated fragments of pottery by style, period, and what objects they
high levels of soluble fiber and compounds like raffinose. They also contain antinutrients like tannins and trypsin belong to relies not only on standard criteria, but also on instinct developed over years of practice. In a recent study,
inhibitors, which interfere with the body’s ability to extract nutrients from foods. In a research article, Marisela Granito however, researchers trained a deep-learning computer model on thousands of images of pottery fragments and found
and Glenda Álvarez from Simón Bolívar University in Venezuela claim that inducing fermentation of black beans using that it could categorize them as accurately as a team of expert archaeologists. Some archaeologists have expressed
lactic acid bacteria improves the digestibility of the beans and makes them more nutritious. concern that they might be replaced by such computer models, but the researchers claim that outcome is highly unlikely.

Which finding from Granito and Álvarez’s research, if true, would most directly support their claim? Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers’ claim?

When cooked, fermented beans contained significantly more trypsin inhibitors and tannins but significantly less In the researchers’ study, the model was able to categorize the pottery fragments much more quickly than the
A. soluble fiber and raffinose than nonfermented beans. A. archaeologists could.

Fermented beans contained significantly less soluble fiber and raffinose than nonfermented beans, and when cooked, In the researchers’ study, neither the model nor the archeologists were able to accurately categorize all the pottery
B. the fermented beans also displayed a significant reduction in trypsin inhibitors and tannins. B. fragments that were presented.

When the fermented beans were analyzed, they were found to contain two microorganisms, Lactobacillus A survey of archaeologists showed that categorizing pottery fragments limits the amount of time they can dedicate
casei and Lactobacillus plantarum, that are theorized to increase the amount of nitrogen absorbed by the gut after C. to other important tasks that only human experts can do.
C. eating beans.
A survey of archaeologists showed that few of them received dedicated training in how to properly categorize pottery
Both fermented and nonfermented black beans contained significantly fewer trypsin inhibitors and tannins after being D. fragments.
D. cooked at high pressure.
 ID: 03701ef3 ID: 22a41819
To better understand the burrowing habits of Alpheus bellulus (the tiger pistol shrimp), some studies have used resin Rejecting the premise that the literary magazine Ebony and Topaz (1927) should present a unified vision of Black
casting to obtain precise measurements of the shrimps’ burrows. Resin casting involves completely filling an empty American identity, editor Charles S. Johnson fostered his contributors’ diverse perspectives by promoting their authorial
burrow with a liquid plastic that hardens to create a three-dimensional model; however, recovering the model inevitably autonomy. Johnson’s self-effacement diverged from the editorial stances of W.E.B. Du Bois and Alain Locke, whose
requires destroying the burrow. In their 2022 study, Miyu Umehara and colleagues discovered that an x-ray computed decisions for their publications were more ______.
tomography (CT) scanner can accurately record a burrow’s measurements both at a moment in time and throughout the
entire burrow-building process, something that’s impossible with resin casting because ______ Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. proficient
Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. it can only be used on burrows below a certain size. B. dogmatic

B. it does not allow for multiple castings of the same burrow over time. C. ambiguous

C. the casting process takes more time than A. bellulus takes to construct a burrow. D. unpretentious

D. the process of recovering the model distorts the resin’s shape.

 ID: 5e57efec ID: 97e5bf55
Economist Marco Castillo and colleagues showed that nuisance costs—the time and effort people must spend to make Text 1
donations—reduce charitable giving. Charities can mitigate this effect by compensating donors for nuisance costs, but In 1916, H. Dugdale Sykes disputed claims that The Two Noble Kinsmen was coauthored by William Shakespeare and
those costs, though variable, are largely ______ donation size, so charities that compensate donors will likely favor John Fletcher. Sykes felt Fletcher’s contributions to the play were obvious—Fletcher had a distinct style in his other plays,
attracting a few large donors over many small donors. so much so that lines with that style were considered sufficient evidence of Fletcher’s authorship. But for the lines not
deemed to be by Fletcher, Sykes felt that their depiction of women indicated that their author was not Shakespeare but
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? Philip Massinger.
A. supplemental to Text 2
Scholars have accepted The Two Noble Kinsmen as coauthored by Shakespeare since the 1970s: it appears in all major
B. predictive of one-volume editions of Shakespeare’s complete works. Though scholars disagree about who wrote what exactly, it is
generally held that on the basis of style, Shakespeare wrote all of the first act and most of the last, while John Fletcher
C. independent of
authored most of the three middle acts.
D. subsumed in
Based on the texts, both Sykes in Text 1 and the scholars in Text 2 would most likely agree with which statement?

A. John Fletcher’s writing has a unique, readily identifiable style.

B. The women characters in John Fletcher’s plays are similar to the women characters in Philip Massinger’s plays.

C. The Two Noble Kinsmen belongs in one-volume compilations of Shakespeare’s complete plays.

D. Philip Massinger’s style in the first and last acts of The Two Noble Kinsmen is an homage to Shakespeare’s style.
 ID: d4732483 ID: e459076b
Studying late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century artifacts from an agricultural and domestic site in Texas, The following text is adapted from George Eliot’s 1871–72 novel Middlemarch.
archaeologist Ayana O. Flewellen found that Black women employed as farm workers utilized hook-and-eye closures to
fasten their clothes at the waist, giving themselves a silhouette similar to the one that was popular in contemporary [Mr. Brooke] had travelled in his younger years, and was held in this part of the country to have contracted a too
fashion and typically achieved through more restrictive garments such as corsets. Flewellen argues that this sartorial rambling habit of mind. Mr. Brooke’s conclusions were as difficult to predict as the weather.
practice shows that these women balanced hegemonic ideals of femininity with the requirements of their physically
As used in the text, what does the word “contracted” most nearly mean?
demanding occupation.
A. Restricted
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
B. Described
To describe an unexpected discovery that altered a researcher’s view of how rapidly fashions among Black female
A. farmworkers in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Texas changed during the period C. Developed

To discuss research that investigated the ways in which Black female farmworkers in late nineteenth- and early D. Settled
B. twentieth-century Texas used fashion practices to resist traditional gender ideals

To evaluate a scholarly work that offers explanations for the impact of urban fashion ideals on Black female
C. farmworkers in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Texas

To summarize the findings of a study that explored factors influencing a fashion practice among Black female
D. farmworkers in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Texas
 ID: 105ea6de ID: c4737d6a
Text 1 Text 1
Growth in the use of novel nanohybrids—materials created from the conjugation of multiple distinct nanomaterials, such Africa’s Sahara region—once a lush ecosystem—began to dry out about 8,000 years ago. A change in Earth’s orbit that
as iron oxide and gold nanomaterials conjugated for use in magnetic imaging—has outpaced studies of nanohybrids’ affected climate has been posited as a cause of desertification, but archaeologist David Wright also attributes the shift
environmental risks. Unfortunately, risk evaluations based on nanohybrids’ constituents are not reliable: conjugation may to Neolithic peoples. He cites their adoption of pastoralism as a factor in the region drying out: the pastoralists’ livestock
alter constituents’ physiochemical properties such that innocuous nanomaterials form a nanohybrid that is anything but. depleted vegetation, prompting the events that created the Sahara Desert.
Text 2 Text 2
The potential for enhanced toxicity of nanohybrids relative to the toxicity of constituent nanomaterials has drawn Research by Chris Brierley et al. challenges the idea that Neolithic peoples contributed to the Sahara’s desertification.
deserved attention, but the effects of nanomaterial conjugation vary by case. For instance, it was recently shown that a Using a climate-vegetation model, the team concluded that the end of the region’s humid period occurred 500 years
nanohybrid of silicon dioxide and zinc oxide preserved the desired optical transparency of zinc oxide nanoparticles while earlier than previously assumed. The timing suggests that Neolithic peoples didn’t exacerbate aridity in the region but, in
mitigating the nanoparticles’ potential to damage DNA. fact, may have helped delay environmental changes with practices (e.g., selective grazing) that preserved vegetation.

Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the assertion in the underlined portion of Text Based on the texts, how would Chris Brierley (Text 2) most likely respond to the discussion in Text 1?
1?
By pointing out that given the revised timeline for the end of the Sahara’s humid period, the Neolithic peoples’ mode
By concurring that the risk described in Text 1 should be evaluated but emphasizing that the risk is more than offset A. of subsistence likely didn’t cause the region’s desertification
A. by the potential benefits of nanomaterial conjugation
By claiming that pastoralism was only one of many behaviors the Neolithic peoples took part in that may have
By arguing that the situation described in Text 1 may not be representative but conceding that the effects of B. contributed to the Sahara’s changing climate
B. nanomaterial conjugation are harder to predict than researchers had expected
C. By insisting that pastoralism can have both beneficial and deleterious effects on a region’s vegetation and climate
By denying that the circumstance described in Text 1 is likely to occur but acknowledging that many aspects of
C. nanomaterial conjugation are still poorly understood By asserting that more research needs to be conducted into factors that likely contributed to the desertification of the
D. Sahara region
By agreeing that the possibility described in Text 1 is a cause for concern but pointing out that nanomaterial
D. conjugation does not inevitably produce that result
 ID: a87c3925 ID: b0f7541b
Text 1 The following text is adapted from Herman Melville’s 1857 novel The Confidence-Man. Humphry Davy was a prominent
Soy sauce, made from fermented soybeans, is noted for its umami flavor. Umami—one of the five basic tastes along with British chemist and inventor.
sweet, bitter, salty, and sour—was formally classified when its taste receptors were discovered in the 2000s. In 2007, to
Years ago, a grave American savant, being in London, observed at an evening party there, a certain coxcombical
define the pure umami flavor scientists Rie Ishii and Michael O’Mahony used broths made from shiitake mushrooms and
fellow, as he thought, an absurd ribbon in his lapel, and full of smart [banter], whisking about to the admiration of as
kombu seaweed, and two panels of Japanese and US judges closely agreed on a description of the taste.
many as were disposed to admire. Great was the savant’s disdain; but, chancing ere long to find himself in a corner
Text 2 with the jackanapes, got into conversation with him, when he was somewhat ill-prepared for the good sense of the
A 2022 experiment by Manon Jünger et al. led to a greater understanding of soy sauce’s flavor profile. The team initially jackanapes, but was altogether thrown aback, upon subsequently being [informed that he was] no less a personage
presented a mixture of compounds with low molecular weights to taste testers who found it was not as salty or bitter as than Sir Humphry Davy.
real soy sauce. Further analysis of soy sauce identified proteins, including dipeptides, that enhanced umami flavor and
also contributed to saltiness. The team then made a mix of 50 chemical compounds that re-created soy sauce’s flavor. Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

Based on the texts, if Ishii and O’Mahony (Text 1) and Jünger et al. (Text 2) were aware of the findings of both A. It portrays the thoughts of a character who is embarrassed about his own behavior.
experiments, they would most likely agree with which statement?
B. It presents an account of a misunderstanding.
On average, the diets of people in the United States tend to have fewer foods that contain certain dipeptides than the
A. diets of people in Japan have. C. It offers a short history of how a person came to be famous.

Chemical compounds that activate both the umami and salty taste receptors tend to have a higher molecular weight D. It explains why one character dislikes another.
B. than those that only activate umami taste receptors.

Fermentation introduces proteins responsible for the increase of umami flavor in soy sauce, and those proteins also
C. increase the perception of saltiness.

The broths in the 2007 experiment most likely did not have a substantial amount of the dipeptides that played a key
D. part in the 2022 experiment.
 ID: c61a7c4a ID: aa5897b8
Some studies have suggested that posture can influence cognition, but we should not overstate this phenomenon. A In Jane Austen’s novel Mansfield Park, an almost imperceptible smile from potential suitor Henry Crawford causes the
case in point: In a 2014 study, Megan O’Brien and Alaa Ahmed had subjects stand or sit while making risky simulated protagonist Fanny Price to blush; her embarrassment grows when she suspects that he is aware of it. This moment—in
economic decisions. Standing is more physically unstable and cognitively demanding than sitting; accordingly, O’Brien which Fanny not only infers Henry’s mental state through his gestures, but also infers that he is drawing inferences about
and Ahmed hypothesized that standing subjects would display more risk aversion during the decision-making tasks than her mental state—illustrates what literary scholar George Butte calls “deep intersubjectivity,” a technique for representing
sitting subjects did, since they would want to avoid further feelings of discomfort and complicated risk evaluations. But interactions between consciousnesses through which Austen’s novels derive much of their social and psychological
O’Brien and Ahmed actually found no difference in the groups’ performance. drama.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text? Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

It argues that research findings about the effects of posture on cognition are often misunderstood, as in the case of It states a claim about Austen’s skill at representing psychological complexity that is reinforced by an example
A. O’Brien and Ahmed’s study. A. presented in the following sentence.

It presents the study by O’Brien and Ahmed to critique the methods and results reported in previous studies of the It advances an interpretation of an Austen protagonist who is contrasted with protagonists from other Austen novels
B. effects of posture on cognition. B. cited in the following sentence.

It explains a significant problem in the emerging understanding of posture’s effects on cognition and how O’Brien and It describes a recurring theme in Austen’s novels that is the focus of a literary scholar’s analysis summarized in the
C. Ahmed tried to solve that problem. C. following sentence.

It discusses the study by O’Brien and Ahmed to illustrate why caution is needed when making claims about the It provides a synopsis of an interaction in an Austen novel that illustrates a literary concept discussed in the following
D. effects of posture on cognition. D. sentence.
 ID: 54804e10 ID: b4887dae
While scholars believe many Mesoamerican cities influenced each other, direct evidence of such influence is difficult to Mathematician Claude Shannon is widely regarded as a foundational figure in information theory. His most important
ascertain. However, recent excavations in a sector of Tikal (Guatemala) unearthed a citadel that shows ______ paper, “A Mathematical Theory of Communication,” published in 1948 when he was employed at Bell Labs, utilized a
Teotihuacán (Mexico) architecture—including a near replica of a famed Teotihuacán temple—providing tangible evidence concept called a “binary digit” (shortened to “bit”) to measure the amount of information in any signal and determine the
of outside influence in portions of Tikal. fastest rate at which information could be transmitted while still being reliably decipherable. Robert Gallagher, one of
Shannon’s colleagues, said that the bit was “[Shannon’s] discovery, and from it the whole communications revolution has
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? sprung.”

A. refinements of
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
B. precursors of It presents a theoretical concept, illustrates how the name of the concept has changed, and shows how the name has
A. entered common usage.
C. commonalities with
It introduces a respected researcher, describes an aspect of his work, and suggests why the work is historically
D. animosities toward
B. significant.

It names the company where an important mathematician worked, details the mathematician’s career at the
C. company, and provides an example of the recognition he received there.

D. It mentions a paper, offers a summary of the paper’s findings, and presents a researcher’s commentary on the paper.
 ID: f3c45b4f ID: f7c02e89
Text 1 Text 1
Fossils of the hominin Australopithecus africanus have been found in the Sterkfontein Caves of South Africa, but Films and television shows commonly include a long list of credits naming the people involved in a production. Credit
assigning an age to the fossils is challenging because of the unreliability of dating methods in this context. The geology sequences may not be exciting, but they generally ensure that everyone’s contributions are duly acknowledged. Because
of Sterkfontein has caused soil layers from different periods to mix, impeding stratigraphic dating, and dates cannot be they are highly standardized, film and television credits are also valuable to anyone researching the careers of pioneering
reliably imputed from those of nearby animal bones since the bones may have been relocated by flooding. cast and crew members who have worked in the mediums.
Text 2 Text 2
Archaeologists used new cosmogenic nuclide dating techniques to reevaluate the ages of A. africanus fossils found in Video game scholars face a major challenge in the industry’s failure to consistently credit the artists, designers, and
the Sterkfontein Caves. This technique involves analyzing the cosmogenic nucleotides in the breccia—the matrix of rock other contributors involved in making video games. Without a reliable record of which people worked on which games,
fragments immediately surrounding the fossils. The researchers assert that this approach avoids the potential for questions about the medium’s development can be difficult to answer, and the accomplishments of all but its best-known
misdating associated with assigning ages based on Sterkfontein’s soil layers or animal bones. innovators can be difficult to trace.

Based on the texts, how would the researchers in Text 2 most likely respond to the underlined portion in Text 1? Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 1 most likely respond to the discussion in Text 2?

They would emphasize the fact that the A. africanus fossils found in the Sterkfontein Caves may have been corrupted By recommending that the scholars mentioned in Text 2 consider employing the methods regularly used by film and
A. in some way over the years. A. television researchers

They would contend that if analyses of surrounding layers and bones in the Sterkfontein Caves were combined, then By pointing out that credits have a different intended purpose in film and television than in the medium addressed by
B. the dating of the fossils there would be more accurate. B. the scholars mentioned in Text 2

They would argue that their techniques are better suited than other methods to the unique challenges posed by the By suggesting that the scholars mentioned in Text 2 rely more heavily on credits as a source of information than film
C. Sterkfontein Caves. C. and television researchers do

They would claim that cosmogenic nuclide dating is reliable in the context of the Sterkfontein Caves because it is By observing that a widespread practice in film and television largely prevents the kind of problem faced by the
D. applied to the fossils directly. D. scholars mentioned in Text 2
 ID: c14daa3c ID: 3566120b
Close analysis of the painting Girl with a Flute, long attributed to the seventeenth-century Dutch painter Johannes The following text is adapted from Oscar Wilde’s 1895 play The Importance of Being Earnest.
Vermeer, has revealed subtle deviations from the artist’s signature techniques. These variations suggest that the work CECILY: Have we got to part? ALGERNON: I am afraid so. It’s a very painful parting.
may be that of a student under Vermeer’s tutelage—potentially ______ our understanding of Vermeer as a solitary artist. CECILY: It is always painful to part from people whom one has known for a very brief space of time. The absence of old
friends one can endure with equanimity. But even a momentary separation from anyone to whom one has just been
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
introduced is almost unbearable.
A. negating
As used in the text, what does the word “endure” most nearly mean?
B. prefiguring
A. Regret
C. entrenching
B. Persist
D. substantiating
C. Tolerate

D. Encourage
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According to Indian economist and sociologist Radhakamal Mukerjee (1889–1968), the Eurocentric concepts that Scholarly discussions of gender in Shakespeare’s comedies often celebrate the rebellion of the playwright’s characters
informed early twentieth-century social scientific methods—for example, the idea that all social relations are reducible to against the rigid expectations ______ by Elizabethan society. Most of the comedies end in marriage, with characters
struggles between individuals—had little relevance for India. Making the social sciences more responsive to Indians’ returning to their socially dictated gender roles after previously defying them, but there are some notable exceptions.
needs, Mukerjee argued, required constructing analytical categories informed by India’s cultural and ecological
circumstances. Mukerjee thus proposed the communalist “Indian village” as the ideal model on which to base Indian Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
economic and social policy.
A. interjected

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text? B. committed
The text recounts Mukerjee’s early training in the social scientific disciplines and then lists social policies whose
C. illustrated
A. implementation Mukerjee oversaw.
D. prescribed
The text mentions some of Mukerjee’s economic theories and then traces their impact on other Indian social
B. scientists of the twentieth century.

The text presents Mukerjee’s critique of the social sciences and then provides an example of his attempts to address
C. issues he identified in his critique.

The text explains an influential economic theory and then demonstrates how that theory was more important to
D. Mukerjee’s work than other social scientists have acknowledged.
 ID: e4e2aeb3 ID: 6a1dc7c5
Text 1 Text 1
Like the work of Ralph Ellison before her, Toni Morrison’s novels feature scenes in which characters deliver sermons of Virginia Woolf’s 1928 novel Orlando is an oddity within her body of work. Her other major novels consist mainly of
such length and verbal dexterity that for a time, the text exchanges the formal parameters of fiction for those of oral scenes of everyday life and describe their characters’ interior states in great detail, whereas Orlando propels itself
literature. Given the many other echoes of Ellison in Morrison’s novels, both in structure and prose style, these scenes through a series of fantastical events and considers its characters’ psychology more superficially. Woolf herself
suggest Ellison’s direct influence on Morrison. sometimes regarded the novel as a minor work, even admitting once that she “began it as a joke.”
Text 2 Text 2
In their destabilizing effect on literary form, the sermons in Morrison’s works recall those in Ellison’s. Yet literature by Like Woolf’s other great novels, Orlando portrays how people’s memories inform their experience of the present. Like
Black Americans abounds in moments where interpolated speech erodes the division between oral and written forms those works, it examines how people navigate social interactions shaped by gender and social class. Though it is lighter
that literature in English has traditionally observed. Morrison’s use of the sermon is attributable not only to the influence in tone—more entertaining, even—this literary “joke” nonetheless engages seriously with the themes that motivated the
of Ellison but also to a community-wide strategy of resistance to externally imposed literary conventions. four or five other novels by Woolf that have achieved the status of literary classics.

Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely characterize the underlined claim in Text 1? Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the assessment of Orlando presented in Text
1?
As failing to consider Ellison’s and Morrison’s equivalent uses of the sermon within the wider cultural context in which
A. they wrote By conceding that Woolf’s talents were best suited to serious novels but asserting that the humor in Orlando is often
A. effective
B. As misunderstanding the function of sermons in novels by Black American writers other than Ellison and Morrison
By agreeing that Orlando is less impressive than certain other novels by Woolf but arguing that it should still be
C. As disregarding points of structural and stylistic divergence between the works of Ellison and those of Morrison B. regarded as a classic

As being indebted to the tradition of resisting literary conventions that privilege written forms, such as novels, over By acknowledging that Orlando clearly differs from Woolf’s other major novels but insisting on its centrality to her
D. sermons and other oral forms C. body of work nonetheless

By concurring that the reputation of Orlando as a minor work has led readers to overlook this novel but maintaining
D. that the reputation is unearned
 ID: 5dce6cab ID: e4f312c5
Given that the conditions in binary star systems should make planetary formation nearly impossible, it’s not surprising While most animals are incapable of passing somatic mutations—genetic alterations that arise in an organism’s
that the existence of planets in such systems has lacked ______ explanation. Roman Rafikov and Kedron Silsbee shed nonreproductive cells—on to their offspring, elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) presents an intriguing ______: in a 2022
light on the subject when they used modeling to determine a complex set of factors that could support planets’ study, researchers found that elkhorn coral produced offspring that inherited somatic mutations from a parent.
development.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. hypothesis
A. a discernible
B. affinity
B. a straightforward
C. anomaly
C. an inconclusive
D. corroboration
D. an unbiased
 ID: 4eee64fa ID: a70cbc53
Space scientists Anna-Lisa Paul, Stephen M. Elardo, and Robert Ferl planted seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana in samples of Raymond Antrobus, an accomplished poet and writer of prose, recently released his debut spoken word poetry album,
lunar regolith—the surface material of the Moon—and, serving as a control group, in terrestrial soil. They found that while The First Time I Wore Hearing Aids, in collaboration with producer Ian Brennan. The album contains both
all the seeds germinated, the roots of the regolith-grown plants were stunted compared with those in the control group. autobiographical and reflective pieces combining Antrobus’s spoken words with Brennan’s fragmented audio elements
Moreover, unlike the plants in the control group, the regolith-grown plants exhibited red pigmentation, reduced leaf size, and pieces of music to convey how people who are deaf may experience sound, both its presence and absence. Some
and inhibited growth rates—indicators of stress that were corroborated by postharvest molecular analysis. critics suggest that the album questions the function of sound in the world, highlighting that the experience of sound is
multifaceted.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
It describes an experiment that addressed an unresolved question about the extent to which lunar regolith resembles
A. terrestrial soils. It introduces a collaborative spoken word poetry project, details the approach taken to produce the work, and then
A. provides an example of critique the album received upon release.
B. It compares two distinct methods of assessing indicators of stress in plants grown in a simulated lunar environment.
It mentions a collection of spoken word poems, distinguishes one poem as being an exemplar on the album, and then
C. It presents evidence in support of the hypothesis that seed germination in lunar habitats is an unattainable goal. B. offers a summary of the subject matter of the whole collection.

D. It discusses the findings of a study that evaluated the effects of exposing a plant species to lunar soil conditions. It summarizes the efforts to produce a collection of spoken word poems, presents biographies of two people who
C. worked on the album, and speculates about the meaning behind the poetry.

It connects two artists to the same spoken word poetry project, explains the extent of their collaboration on each
D. poem, and then provides an overview of the technique used to produce the work.
 ID: 3d658a5a ID: 17bf10de
Some foraging models predict that the distance bees travel when foraging will decline as floral density increases, but Text 1
biologists Shalene Jha and Claire Kremen showed that bees’ behavior is inconsistent with this prediction if flowers in Despite its beautiful prose, The Guns of August, Barbara Tuchman’s 1962 analysis of the start of World War I, has certain
dense patches are ______: bees will forage beyond patches of low species richness to acquire multiple resource types. weaknesses as a work of history. It fails to address events in Eastern Europe just before the outbreak of hostilities,
thereby giving the impression that Germany was the war’s principal instigator. Had Tuchman consulted secondary works
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? available to her by scholars such as Luigi Albertini, she would not have neglected the influence of events in Eastern
A. depleted Europe on Germany’s actions.
Text 2
B. homogeneous Barbara Tuchman’s The Guns of August is an engrossing if dated introduction to World War I. Tuchman’s analysis of
primary documents is laudable, but her main thesis that European powers committed themselves to a catastrophic
C. immature
outcome by refusing to deviate from military plans developed prior to the conflict is implausibly reductive.
D. dispersed
Which choice best describes a difference in how the authors of Text 1 and Text 2 view Barbara Tuchman’s The Guns of
August?

The author of Text 1 argues that Tuchman should have relied more on the work of other historians, while the author of
A. Text 2 implies that Tuchman’s most interesting claims result from her original research.

The author of Text 1 believes that the scope of Tuchman’s research led her to an incorrect interpretation, while the
B. author of Text 2 believes that Tuchman’s central argument is overly simplistic.

The author of Text 1 asserts that the writing style of The Guns of August makes it worthwhile to read despite any
perceived deficiency in Tuchman’s research, while the author of Text 2 focuses exclusively on the weakness of
C. Tuchman’s interpretation of events.

The author of Text 1 claims that Tuchman would agree that World War I was largely due to events in Eastern Europe,
while the author of Text 2 maintains that Tuchman would say that Eastern European leaders were not committed to
D. military plans in the same way that other leaders were.
 ID: d0198544 ID: f83f0aab
Text 1 Some scientists have suggested that mammals in the Mesozoic era were not a very ______ group, but paleontologist Zhe-
In 2007, a team led by Alice Storey analyzed a chicken bone found in El Arenal, Chile, dating it to 1321–1407 CE—over a Xi Luo’s research suggests that early mammals living in the shadow of dinosaurs weren’t all ground-dwelling
century before Europeans invaded the region, bringing their own chickens. Storey also found that the El Arenal chicken insectivores. Fossils of various plant-eating mammals have been found in China, including species like Vilevolodon
shared a unique genetic mutation with the ancient chicken breeds of the Polynesian Islands in the Pacific. Thus, diplomylos, which Luo says could glide like a flying squirrel.
Polynesian peoples, not later Europeans, probably first introduced chickens to South America.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
Text 2
An Australian research team weakened the case for a Polynesian origin for the El Arenal chicken by confirming that the A. predatory
mutation identified by Storey has occurred in breeds from around the world. More recently, though, a team led by Agusto
Luzuriaga-Neira found that South American chicken breeds and Polynesian breeds share other genetic markers that B. obscure
European breeds lack. Thus, the preponderance of evidence now favors a Polynesian origin.
C. diverse

Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the underlined claim in Text 1? D. localized
By broadly agreeing with the claim but objecting that the timeline it presupposes conflicts with the findings of the
A. genetic analysis conducted by Storey’s team

By faulting the claim for implying that domestic animals couldn’t have been transferred from South America to the
B. Polynesian Islands as well

By critiquing the claim for being based on an assumption that before the European invasion of South America, the
C. chickens of Europe were genetically uniform

By noting that while the claim is persuasive, the findings of Luzuriaga-Neira’s team provide stronger evidence for it
D. than the findings of the genetic analysis conducted by Storey do
 ID: de2c2f57 ID: 3f753a8e
Text 1 Investigating whether shared false visual memories—specific but inaccurate and widely held recollections of images
The fossil record suggests that mammoths went extinct around 11 thousand years (kyr) ago. In a 2021 study of such as product logos—are caused by people’s previous ______ incorrect renditions of the images, researchers Deepasri
environmental DNA (eDNA)—genetic material shed into the environment by organisms—in the Arctic, Yucheng Wang and Prasad and Wilma Bainbridge found that, in fact, such memories are often not explained by familiarity with erroneous
colleagues found mammoth eDNA in sedimentary layers formed millennia later, around 4 kyr ago. To account for this versions of the images.
discrepancy, Joshua H. Miller and Carl Simpson proposed that arctic temperatures could preserve a mammoth carcass
on the surface, allowing it to leach DNA into the environment, for several thousand years. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Text 2 A. compliance with

Wang and colleagues concede that eDNA contains DNA from both living organisms and carcasses, but for DNA to leach
from remains over several millennia requires that the remains be perpetually on the surface. Scavengers and weathering B. exposure to
in the Arctic, however, are likely to break down surface remains well before a thousand years have passed.
C. criteria for

Which choice best describes how Text 1 and Text 2 relate to each other? D. forfeiture of
Text 1 discusses two approaches to studying mammoth extinction without advocating for either, whereas Text 2
A. advocates for one approach over the other.

Text 1 presents findings by Wang and colleagues and gives another research team’s attempt to explain those
B. findings, whereas Text 2 provides additional detail that calls that explanation into question.

Text 1 describes Wang and colleagues’ study and a critique of their methodology, whereas Text 2 offers additional
C. details showing that methodology to be sound.

Text 1 argues that new research has undermined the standard view of when mammoths went extinct, whereas Text 2
D. suggests a way to reconcile the standard view with that new research.
 ID: 4fa7e50e ID: 9b01bcf4
According to a US tax policy expert, state taxes are ______ other factors when considering an interstate move. Even The 1967 release of Harold Cruse’s book The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual isolated him from almost all other scholars
significant differences in state taxation have almost no effect on most people’s decisions, while differences in and activists of the American Civil Rights Movement—though many of those thinkers disagreed with each other, he
employment opportunities, housing availability, and climate are strong influences. nonetheless found ways to disagree with them all. He thought that activists who believed that Black people such as
himself should culturally assimilate were naïve. But he also sharply criticized Black nationalists such as Marcus Garvey
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? who wanted to establish independent, self-contained Black economies and societies, even though Cruse himself
identified as a Black nationalist.
A. consistent with

B. representative of Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

A. It describes a direction that Cruse felt the Civil Rights Movement ought to take.
C. overshadowed by
B. It indicates that Cruse’s reputation as a persistent antagonist of other scholars is undeserved.
D. irrelevant to
C. It describes a controversy that Cruse’s work caused within the Black nationalist movement.

D. It helps explain Cruse’s position with respect to the community of civil rights thinkers.
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As an undergraduate researcher in anthropology, Jennifer C. Chen contributed to a groundbreaking study challenging the While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
accepted view that among prehistoric peoples, female participation in hunting was ______. The research team’s review of As engineered structures, many bird nests are uniquely flexible yet cohesive.
data from late Pleistocene and early Holocene burials in the Americas revealed that, in fact, as many as half of the
A research team led by Yashraj Bhosale wanted to better understand the mechanics behind these structural
hunters in those populations were female.
properties.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? Bhosale’s team used laboratory models that simulated the arrangement of flexible sticks into nest-like structures.
The researchers analyzed the points where sticks touched one another.
A. inevitable
When pressure was applied to the model nests, the number of contact points between the sticks increased,
B. satisfactory making the structures stiffer.

C. negligible The student wants to present the primary aim of the research study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
D. commonplace
Bhosale’s team wanted to better understand the mechanics behind bird nests’ uniquely flexible yet cohesive structural
A. properties.

The researchers used laboratory models that simulated the arrangement of flexible sticks and analyzed the points
B. where sticks touched one another.

After analyzing the points where sticks touched, the researchers found that the structures became stiffer when
C. pressure was applied.

D. As analyzed by Bhosale’s team, bird nests are uniquely flexible yet cohesive engineered structures.
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In a heated debate in biogeography, the field is divided between dispersalists and vicariancists. ______ there are those In 1815, while in exile in Jamaica, Venezuelan revolutionary Simón Bolívar penned a letter praising England’s republican
who argue that dispersal is the most crucial determining factor in a species’ distribution, and those who insist that government and expressing hope that Latin American nations seeking independence from Spain might achieve
vicariance (separation due to geographic barriers) is. Biogeographer Isabel Sanmartín counts herself among neither. something similar. The letter was addressed to a local merchant, Henry Cullen; ______ though, Bolívar’s goal was to
persuade political leaders from England and Europe to support his cause.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Furthermore,
A. additionally,
B. By contrast,
B. ultimately,
C. Similarly,
C. accordingly,
D. That is,
D. consequently,
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The Million Song Dataset (MSD) includes main audio features and descriptive tags for popular songs. Some powerful works of literature have so influenced readers that new legislation has been passed as a result.
Audio features include acoustic traits such as loudness and pitch intervals. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789) is the autobiography of a man who endured
Many algorithms use these audio features to predict a new song’s popularity. slavery on both sides of the Atlantic.
These algorithms may fail to accurately identify main audio features of a song with varying acoustic traits. Equiano’s book contributed to the passage of the Slave Trade Act of 1807.
Algorithms based on descriptive tags that describe fixed traits such as genre are more reliable predictors of song The Jungle (1906) is a fictional work by Upton Sinclair that describes unsanitary conditions in US meatpacking
popularity. plants.
Sinclair’s book contributed to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906.
The student wants to explain a disadvantage of relying on audio features to predict a song’s popularity. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal? The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two books. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Many popularity-predicting algorithms are based on a song’s audio features, such as loudness and pitch intervals.
Although both are powerful works of literature that contributed to new legislation, Equiano’s book is an autobiography,
Algorithms based on audio features may misidentify the main features of a song with varying acoustic traits, making
A. while Sinclair’s is fictional.
B. such algorithms less reliable predictors of popularity than those based on fixed traits.
B. They may have written about different topics, but Equiano and Sinclair both influenced readers.
Audio features describe acoustic traits such as pitch intervals, which may vary within a song, whereas descriptive
C. tags describe fixed traits such as genre, which are reliable predictors of popularity. The 1807 Slave Trade Act resulted in part from a book by Equiano, while the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act resulted in
C. part from a book by Sinclair.
D. The MSD’s descriptive tags are reliable predictors of a song’s popularity, as the traits they describe are fixed.
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano and The Jungle are two works of literature that contributed
D. to new legislation (concerning the slave trade and food safety, respectively).
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: When one looks at the dark craggy vistas in Hitoshi Fugo’s evocative photo series, one’s mind might wander off to the
One of history’s greatest libraries was the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, Iraq. cratered surfaces of faraway planets. ______ it’s the series’ title, Flying Frying Pan, that brings one back to Earth,
reminding the viewer that each photo is actually a close-up view of a familiar household object: a frying pan.
It was founded in the eighth century with the goal of preserving all the world’s knowledge.
Scholars at the House of Wisdom collected ancient and contemporary texts from Greece, India, and elsewhere
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
and translated them into Arabic.
A. Consequently,
Writings included those of the Greek philosopher Aristotle and the Indian mathematician Aryabhata.
The House of Wisdom used Chinese papermaking technology to create paper versions to be studied and shared. B. Alternatively,

The student wants to explain how the House of Wisdom preserved the world’s knowledge. Which choice most effectively C. Ultimately,
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
D. Additionally,
The House of Wisdom was known for bringing together knowledge from around the world, including from Greece,
A. India, and China.

B. Founded in Iraq in the eighth century, the House of Wisdom employed many scholars as translators.

Writings from the Greek philosopher Aristotle and the Indian mathematician Aryabhata were preserved at the House
C. of Wisdom.

The House of Wisdom collected writings from different countries and created paper versions in Arabic to be studied
D. and shared.
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
In 1971, experimental musician Pauline Oliveros created Sonic Meditations. Freddie Wong (born 1985) is a director and special effects artist from the United States.
Sonic Meditations is not music but rather a series of sound-based exercises called meditations. He is best known for the action-comedy web series Video Game High School (VGHS).
Each meditation consists of instructions for participants to make, imagine, listen to, or remember sounds. VGHS premiered in 2012 on RocketJump, a YouTube channel that Wong cocreated.
The instructions for Meditation V state, “walk so silently that the bottoms of your feet become ears.” The series was celebrated for its inventive video game–centric world and high-quality special effects.
Those for Meditation XVIII state, “listen to a sound until you no longer recognize it.” VGHS was nominated for a Producers Guild Award for Outstanding Digital Series.

The student wants to provide an explanation and an example of Oliveros’s Sonic Meditations. Which choice most The student wants to begin a narrative about Wong’s award-nominated web series. Which choice most effectively uses
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal? relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Sonic Meditations is not music but rather a series of sound-based meditations that consist of instructions; Meditation In 2012, director and visual effects artist Freddie Wong launched a new action-comedy web series: Video Game High
A. XVIII, for instance, instructs participants to “listen to a sound until you no longer recognize it.” A. School.

In 1971, Oliveros created Sonic Meditations, a series of meditations that consist of instructions for participants to Video Game High School was celebrated for its inventive video game–centric world and high-quality special effects,
B. make, imagine, listen to, or remember sounds. B. and it was nominated for a Producer’s Guild Award for Outstanding Digital Series.

“Walk so silently that the bottoms of your feet become ears” is one example of the instructions found in Oliveros’s Wong, cocreator of the YouTube channel RocketJump, would go on to see his web series be nominated for a
C. Sonic Meditations. C. Producers Guild Award.

While both meditations consist of instructions, Meditation XVIII instructs participants to “listen,” whereas Meditation D. In 2012, Video Game High School premiered on RocketJump; it would later be nominated for an award.
D. V instructs participants to “walk.”
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Plato believed material objects to be crude representations of unseen ideal forms. In his view, such abstract, nonmaterial While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
forms are the ultimate source of knowledge. Aristotle disagreed, positing that knowledge is best obtained through direct Ulaanbaatar is the capital of Mongolia. The city’s population is 907,802.
engagement with the material world; ______ sensory experience of the material is the ultimate source of knowledge.
Ulaanbaatar contains 31.98 percent of Mongolia’s population. Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam.
The city’s population is 7,781,631. Hanoi contains 8.14 percent of Vietnam’s population.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. regardless, The student wants to emphasize the relative sizes of the two capitals’ populations. Which choice most effectively uses
information from the given sentences to emphasize the relative sizes of the two capitals’ populations?
B. admittedly,
Mongolia’s capital is Ulaanbaatar, which has 907,802 people, and Vietnam’s capital is Hanoi, which has 7,781,631
C. in other words, A. people.

D. meanwhile, Comparing Vietnam and Mongolia, 7,781,631 is 8.14 percent of Vietnam’s population, and 907,802 is 31.98 percent of
B. Mongolia’s.

Even though Hanoi (population 7,781,631) is larger than Ulaanbaatar (population 907,802), Ulaanbaatar accounts for
C. more of its country’s population.

The populations of the capitals of Mongolia and Vietnam are 907,802 (Ulaanbaatar) and 7,781,631 (Hanoi),
D. respectively.
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: Magnetic levitation (maglev) trains are suspended above a track by powerful electromagnets, reducing friction and thus
The popular wood-wide web theory posits that trees can communicate and exchange resources with one another allowing for much faster speeds. Though maglev advocates in the US have long imagined these trains crisscrossing the
country, their dream remains unrealized. ______ of the handful of maglev trains currently in operation, all are in Asia.
via common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) of fungi.
Ecologist Dr. Suzanne Simard first suggested this theory in 1997. She described trees as “super-cooperators.”
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
In the 2022 study “The Decay of the Wood-Wide Web?,” mycologist Dr. Justine Karst and colleagues evaluated
A. In fact,
dozens of CMN studies.
They write that CMNs “have captured the interest of broad audiences. We are concerned, however, that recent B. To that end,
claims about CMNs in forests are disconnected from evidence.”
C. Nevertheless,
The student wants to use a quotation to emphasize a potential problem with the wood-wide web theory. Which choice
D. That said,
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Describing trees as “super-cooperators,” Simard first suggested that trees can exchange resources with one another
A. in 1997.

In “The Decay of the Wood-Wide Web?,” Karst and colleagues note that common mycorrhizal networks “have
B. captured the interest of broad audiences.”

After evaluating dozens of CMN studies, Karst and colleagues expressed concern that recent claims about common
C. mycorrhizal networks are “disconnected from evidence.”

Despite the concerns expressed in the 2022 study “The Decay of the Wood-Wide Web?,” the wood-wide web theory
D. remains popular.
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Iraqi artist Nazik Al-Malaika, celebrated as the first Arabic poet to write in free verse, didn’t reject traditional forms A 2017 study of sign language learners tested the role of iconicity—the similarity of a sign to the thing it represents—in
entirely; her poem “Elegy for a Woman of No Importance” consists of two ten-line stanzas and a standard number of language acquisition. The study found that the greater the iconicity of a sign, the more likely it was to have been learned.
syllables. Even in this superficially traditional work, ______ Al-Malaika was breaking new ground by memorializing an ______ the correlation between acquisition and iconicity was lower than that between acquisition and another factor
anonymous woman rather than a famous man. studied: sign frequency.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition? Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. therefore, A. In fact,

B. in fact, B. In other words,

C. moreover, C. Granted,

D. though, D. As a result,
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
A thermal inversion is a phenomenon where a layer of atmosphere is warmer than the layer beneath it. Archaeologist Jon Erlandson and colleagues argue that humans first arrived in the Americas by sea.
In 2022, a team of researchers studied the presence of thermal inversions in twenty-five gas giants. They propose that humans traveled between Pacific Ocean islands and coastlines from northeast Asia to the
Gas giants are planets largely composed of helium and hydrogen. Americas.
The team found that gas giants featuring a thermal inversion were also likely to contain heat-absorbing metals. Many of these islands and coastal zones were later submerged as glaciers melted and sea levels rose.
One explanation for this relationship is that these metals may reside in a planet’s upper atmosphere, where their The researchers think that “a coastal route, including kelp forests and estuaries, would have provided a rich mix
absorbed heat causes an increase in temperature. of marine, estuarine, riverine, and terrestrial resources” such as seaweeds, fish, and birds.
This proposed scenario is known as the kelp highway hypothesis.
The student wants to present the study’s findings to an audience already familiar with thermal inversions. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal? The student wants to summarize the kelp highway hypothesis. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Heat-absorbing metals may reside in a planet’s upper atmosphere.
Pacific Ocean islands and coastlines likely contained “a rich mix of marine, estuarine, riverine, and terrestrial
B. The team studied thermal inversions in twenty-five gas giants, which are largely composed of helium and hydrogen. A. resources” such as seaweeds, fish, and birds, according to researchers.
Researchers found that gas giants featuring a thermal inversion were likely to contain heat-absorbing metals, which One argument about how humans first arrived in the Americas is the kelp highway hypothesis proposed by Jon
C. may reside in the planets’ upper atmospheres. B. Erlandson and colleagues.
Gas giants were likely to contain heat-absorbing metals when they featured a layer of atmosphere warmer than the Humans may have first arrived in the Americas by sea, traveling between Pacific Ocean islands and coastlines and
D. layer beneath it, researchers found; this phenomenon is known as a thermal inversion. C. subsisting on a variety of resources.

D. As glaciers melted and sea levels rose, many Pacific Ocean islands and coastal zones were submerged.
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“Tulip mania”—the rapid rise and sudden fall of the price of tulip bulbs in seventeenth-century Amsterdam—is often cited While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
as an example of the perils of rampant market speculation. However, recent research has demonstrated that the episode Neuroscientists Krishnan Padmanabhan and Zhen Chen sought to better understand the workings of the brain’s
was neither as frenzied nor as disastrous as has been thought. The popular myth surrounding it, ______ should be
olfactory system.
regarded with some skepticism.
They devised a study using mathematical models.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition? They found that certain fibers allow the brain to toggle from one method of processing smells to another.
In one method, cells in the piriform cortex (where the perception of odor forms) capture olfactory information at a
A. for example,
given moment.
B. by contrast, In the other, the cells track changes in olfactory information over time.

C. nevertheless, The student wants to summarize the study’s findings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
D. therefore,
To arrive at these findings, which describe dual methods of processing smells in the piriform cortex, Padmanabhan
A. and Chen devised a study using mathematical models.

Padmanabhan and Chen showed that olfactory information is captured by cells in the piriform cortex, where the
B. perception of odor forms.

Using mathematical models, Padmanabhan and Chen devised a study to better understand the workings of the
C. brain’s olfactory system.

According to Padmanabhan and Chen, the brain can toggle between capturing olfactory information at a given
D. moment and tracking changes in that information over time.
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: Seismologists Kaiqing Yuan and Barbara Romanowicz have proposed that the magma fueling Iceland’s more than 30
Nissologists are scientists who study islands. active volcano systems emerges from deep within Earth. The great depths involved—nearly 3,000 km—mark Iceland’s
volcanoes as extreme outliers; ______ many of Earth’s volcanoes are fed by shallow pockets of magma found less than
Some nissologists define an island as any piece of land surrounded by water.
15 km below the surface.
Using that definition, they determined that Sweden has 221,000 islands.
Other nissologists define an island as being 1 kilometer square, a certain distance from the mainland, and having Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
at least 50 permanent residents.
A. indeed,
Using that definition, they determined that Sweden has 24 islands.
B. nevertheless,
The student wants to make and support a generalization about nissologists’ definition of an island. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish these goals? C. in addition,

The definition of an island as any piece of land surrounded by water is supported by some nissologists, scientists
D. consequently,
A. who study islands.

B. Multiple counts of Sweden’s islands have been based on different definitions of an island.

C. Based on a recent count, Sweden has a relatively small number of islands with at least 50 permanent residents.

Nissologists’ different definitions can result in huge disparities in counts of islands, as the example of Sweden
D. shows.
 ID: 622a351d ID: db3ad406
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
In 1978, Sámi activists staged protests to block the construction of a dam on the Alta River in Norway. Stars form in a galaxy when gravity causes a massive cloud of dust and gas to collapse.
The dam would disrupt Sámi fishing and reindeer herding. A galaxy in a phase of rapid star formation is called a starburst galaxy.
The dam was ultimately built, but the Alta conflict had a lasting impact. Quenching is a process in which a galaxy loses star-forming gas.
It brought international attention to the issue of Sámi rights. A galaxy that no longer forms stars is called a quenched galaxy.
It led to a set of 2005 legal protections establishing Sámi rights to lands, waters, and resources. A quenched galaxy has entered the poststarburst phase.

The student wants to make and support a generalization about the Alta conflict. Which choice most effectively uses The student wants to explain what a quenched galaxy is. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal? the notes to accomplish this goal?

During the Alta conflict, Sámi activists staged protests to block the construction of a dam on the Alta River in Norway A. Before quenching, a starburst galaxy will form stars at a rapid rate.
A. that would disrupt local fishing and reindeer herding.
B. When it becomes quenched, a starburst galaxy enters the poststarburst phase.
B. Although the dam that the Sámi activists had protested was ultimately built, the Alta conflict had a lasting impact.
C. Having entered the poststarburst phase, a quenched galaxy is one that no longer forms stars.
Sámi rights to lands, waters, and resources received international attention and legal protections as a result of the
C. Alta conflict. D. A starburst galaxy will lose star-forming gas and eventually become quenched.

The Alta conflict had a lasting impact, resulting in international attention and legal protections for Sámi rights to
D. lands, waters, and resources.
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With its clichéd imagery of suburban lawns and power lines, John Ashbery’s 2004 poem “Ignorance of the Law Is No While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Excuse” may seem barren terrain for critical analysis. ______ cultural critic Lauren Berlant finds fertile ground in just its African American women played prominent roles in the Civil Rights Movement, including at the famous 1963
first two stanzas, devoting most of a book chapter to deciphering the “weight of the default space” Ashbery creates in
March on Washington.
this poem.
Civil rights activist Anna Hedgeman, one of the march’s organizers, was a political adviser who had worked for

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition? President Truman.
Civil rights activist Daisy Bates was a well-known journalist and advocate for school desegregation.
A. Likewise,
Hedgeman worked behind the scenes to make sure a woman was included in the lineup of speakers at the
B. Nonetheless, march.
Bates was the sole woman to speak, delivering a brief but memorable address to the cheering crowd.
C. In turn,
The student wants to compare the two women’s contributions to the March on Washington. Which choice most
D. That is,
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Hedgeman and Bates contributed to the march in different ways; Bates, for example, delivered a brief but memorable
A. address.

Hedgeman worked in politics and helped organize the march, while Bates was a journalist and school desegregation
B. advocate.

Although Hedgeman worked behind the scenes to make sure a woman speaker was included, Bates was the sole
C. woman to speak at the march.

Many African American women, including Bates and Hedgeman, fought for civil rights, but only one spoke at the
D. march.
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The Sun and other stars are powered by nuclear fusion reactions, in which two atoms collide to form a single heavier Despite being cheap, versatile, and easy to produce, ______ they are made from nonrenewable petroleum, and most do
atom, releasing energy. Scientists have long believed that fusion has the potential to meet humanity’s clean energy not biodegrade in landfills.
needs. ______ prior to December 2022, no fusion reaction in a laboratory setting had ever generated a net energy gain.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. there are two problems associated with commercial plastics:
A. For this reason,
B. two problems are associated with commercial plastics:
B. Moreover,
C. commercial plastics’ two associated problems are that
C. Specifically,
D. commercial plastics have two associated problems:
D. That said,
 ID: f0864217 ID: ea0aa676
Rabinal Achí is a precolonial Maya dance drama performed annually in Rabinal, a town in the Guatemalan highlands. In the 1970s, Janaki Ammal, a prominent botanist, emerged as a powerful voice in India’s environmental conservation
Based on events that occurred when Rabinal was a city-state ruled by a king, ______ had once been an ally of the king but movement. Her exhaustive chromosomal survey of plants in Silent Valley, a pristine tropical forest in Kerala, India, that is
was later captured while leading an invading force against him. home to nearly 1,000 species of native flora (many of which are endangered), ______ instrumental in the government’s
decision to preserve the forest.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. Rabinal Achí tells the story of K’iche’ Achí, a military leader who
A. are
B. K’iche’ Achí, the military leader in the story of Rabinal Achí,
B. were
C. the military leader whose story is told in Rabinal Achí, K’iche’ Achí,
C. have been
D. there was a military leader, K’iche’ Achí, who in Rabinal Achí
D. was
 ID: fba5d8d1 ID: dc645172
In a 2016 study, Eastern Washington University psychologist Amani El-Alayli found that, among the study participants The artistic talents of Barbara Chase-Riboud, most known for her 1979 historical novel Sally Hemings and the
who experienced frisson (a physiological response akin to goosebumps or getting the chills) while listening to music, conversation it inspired, ______ limited to the realm of prose: she first excelled in sculpture, where her affinity for bronze—
there was one personality trait that they scored particularly ______ openness to experience. a material she described as “timeless” due to its use across eras and cultures—became part of her artistic identity.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. high. On A. hasn’t been

B. high on; B. wasn’t

C. high on C. isn’t

D. high on: D. aren’t

 ID: 6ea8c23f ID: aab74a3b
In 2018, a team of researchers led by Dr. Caitlin Whalen compiled every available measurement of ocean mixing rates Researcher Lin Zhi developed a process for increasing the tensile strength—measured in gigapascals, or GPa—of
from the past two decades. With this novel data set, the team was able to determine how current-driven mixing varies silkworm ______ dissolving and reweaving the silk in a solution of iron metal ions, zinc, and sugar, Zhi increased the
across ______ and what impact it has on the distribution of heat and nutrients in the ocean. amount of force required to stretch it from approximately 0.5 GPa to 2 GPa.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. regions, A. silk, by

B. regions: B. silk by

C. regions; C. silk and by

D. regions D. silk. By
 ID: a9e5b788 ID: d2b81427
In discussing Mary Shelley’s 1818 epistolary novel Frankenstein, literary theorist Gayatri Spivak directs the reader’s In assessing the films of Japanese director Akira Kurosawa, ______ have missed his equally deep engagement with
attention to the character of Margaret Saville. As Spivak points out, Saville is not the protagonist of Shelley’s ______ as the Japanese artistic traditions such as Noh theater.
recipient of the letters that frame the book’s narrative, she’s the “occasion” of it.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. many critics have focused on Kurosawa’s use of Western literary sources but
A. novel
B. Kurosawa’s use of Western literary sources has been the focus of many critics, who
B. novel,
C. there are many critics who have focused on Kurosawa’s use of Western literary sources, but they
C. novel; rather,
D. the focus of many critics has been on Kurosawa’s use of Western literary sources; they
D. novel, rather,
 ID: 3bceeb93 ID: dab8b8ee
When they were first discovered in Australia in 1798, duck-billed, beaver-tailed platypuses so defied categorization that Known as Earth’s “living skin,” biocrusts are thin layers of soil held together by surface-dwelling microorganisms such as
one scientist assigned them the name Ornithorhynchus paradoxus: “paradoxical bird-snout.” The animal, which lays eggs fungi, lichens, and cyanobacteria. Fortifying soil in arid ecosystems against erosion, ______
but also nurses ______ young with milk, has since been classified as belonging to the monotremes group.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. a recent study’s estimate is that these crusts reduce global dust emissions by 60 percent each year.
A. they’re
an estimated 60 percent reduction in global dust emissions each year is due to these crusts, according to a recent
B. their B. study.

C. its C. these crusts reduce global dust emissions by an estimated 60 percent each year, according to a recent study.

D. it’s D. a recent study has estimated that these crusts reduce global dust emissions by 60 percent each year.
 ID: 0fe5ce68 ID: 790fc366
Ten of William Shakespeare’s plays are classified as histories. Although each one of these plays, which include Henry V Using satellite remote sensing, Dr. Catherine Nakalembe, director of NASA’s Harvest Africa initiative, gathers important
and Richard III, ______ on a single historical figure (specifically, an English king), some, such as Henry VI Part One and data on crop health. Nakalembe doesn’t just compile the ______ she also shares her findings with African farmers,
Henry VI Part Two, feature different episodes from the same monarch’s life. enabling them to make data-driven decisions about managing critical food crops.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. focuses A. information, though;

B. focus B. information, though,

C. are focused C. information; though

D. were focused D. information though,

 ID: 62120607 ID: 2bb7416a
From afar, African American fiber artist Bisa Butler’s portraits look like paintings, their depictions of human faces, bodies, In paleontology, the term “Elvis taxon” gets applied to a newly identified living species that was once presumed to be
and clothing so intricate that it seems only a fine brush could have rendered them. When viewed up close, however, the extinct. Like an Elvis impersonator who might bear a striking resemblance to the late musical icon Elvis Presley himself,
portraits reveal themselves to be ______ stitching barely visible among the thousands of pieces of printed, microcut an Elvis taxon is not the real thing, ______ is a misidentified look-alike.
fabric.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. however but it
A. quilts, and the
B. however it
B. quilts, the
C. however, it
C. quilts; the
D. however. It
D. quilts. The
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In the canon of North African literature, Moroccan author Driss Chraïbi’s 1954 novel The Simple Past (Le Passé simple) Planetary scientist Briony Horgan and her colleagues have determined that as much as 25 percent of the sand on Mars is
looms large. A coming-of-age story, a social meditation, and a sober gaze into the dark maw of French colonialism, composed of impact spherules. These spherical bits of glass form when asteroids collide with the planet, ejecting bits of
______ interrogates systemic power with memorable intensity. molten rock into the atmosphere that, after cooling and solidifying into glass, ______ back onto Mars’s surface.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. Morocco gained its independence two years before the publication of Chraïbi’s debut novel, which A. to rain

B. Chraïbi’s debut novel, published two years before Morocco gained its independence, B. raining

C. Chraïbi wrote a debut novel that, published two years before Morocco gained its independence, C. having rained

D. published two years before Morocco gained its independence, Chraïbi wrote a debut novel that D. rain
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The Tantaquidgeon Museum in Uncasville, Connecticut, was founded in 1931 with the goal of showcasing the culture and American writer Edwidge Danticat, who emigrated from Haiti in 1981, has won acclaim for her powerful short stories,
history of the Mohegan ______ today, nearly a century later, it is the oldest Native-owned and -operated museum in the novels, and ______ her lyrical yet unflinching depictions of her native country’s turbulent history, writer Robert Antoni has
country. compared Danticat to Nobel Prize–winning novelist Toni Morrison.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. Tribe, and A. essays, praising

B. Tribe B. essays and praising

C. Tribe and C. essays praising

D. Tribe, D. essays. Praising

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The field of geological oceanography owes much to American ______ Marie Tharp, a pioneering oceanographic Quantum particles of light—photons—provide an unhackable means of transmitting encryption keys over networks, as
cartographer whose detailed topographical maps of the ocean floor and its multiple rift valleys helped garner acceptance attempts to observe particles in quantum states will invariably alter the particles ______ dismantle any information they
for the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift. transmit.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. geologist, A. and in the process,

B. geologist B. and, in the process,

C. geologist; C. and in the process—

D. geologist: D. and, in the process

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A second-generation Japanese American, Wataru Misaka ______ in World War II (1941-45) and won two amateur national In 1994, almost 200 years after the death of Wang Zhenyi, the International Astronomical ______ the contributions of the
basketball championships at the University of Utah when he joined the New York Knicks for the 1947-48 season, barrier-breaking 18th-century astronomer and author of “Dispute of the Procession of the Equinoxes,” naming a crater on
becoming the first non-white basketball player in the US’s top professional league. Venus after her.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. already served A. Union would finally acknowledge

B. was already serving B. Union to finally acknowledge

C. already serves C. Union, having finally acknowledged

D. had already served D. Union, finally acknowledging

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In 2015, a team led by materials scientists Anirudha Sumant and Diana Berman succeeded in reducing the coefficient of The 1977 play And the Soul Shall Dance depicts two Japanese American farming families in Depression-era Southern
friction (COF) between two surfaces to the lowest possible level—superlubricity. A nearly frictionless (and, as its name California. Critics have noted the way pioneering ______ compares the experiences of issei (Japanese nationals who
suggests, extremely slippery) state, ______ emigrated to America) and nisei (their American-born children).

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. when their COF drops below 0.01, two surfaces reach superlubricity. A. playwright, Wakako Yamauchi,

B. two surfaces, when their COF drops below 0.01, reach superlubricity. B. playwright, Wakako Yamauchi

C. reaching superlubricity occurs when two surfaces’ COF drops below 0.01. C. playwright Wakako Yamauchi,

D. superlubricity is reached when two surfaces’ COF drops below 0.01. D. playwright Wakako Yamauchi
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With some 16,000 in attendance, the Second World Black and African Festival of Arts and ______ or FESTAC ‘77, as the A group of ecologists led by Axel Mithöfer at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology in Germany examined the
event was more commonly known—became the largest pan-African event on record. FESTAC drew people from around defensive responses of two varieties of the sweet potato ______ TN57, which is known for its insect resistance, and TN66,
the world to Lagos, Nigeria, for a monthlong celebration of Black and African art, scholarship, and activism. which is much more susceptible to pests.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. Culture: A. plant.

B. Culture— B. plant;

C. Culture, C. plant

D. Culture D. plant:
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In 1453, English King Henry VI became unfit to rule after falling gravely ill. As a result, Parliament appointed Richard, Third Joshua Hinson, director of the language revitalization program of the Chickasaw Nation in Oklahoma, helped produce the
Duke of York, who had a strong claim to the English throne, to rule as Lord Protector. Upon recovering two years later, world’s first Indigenous-language instructional app, Chickasaw ______ Chickasaw TV, in 2010; and a Rosetta Stone
______ forcing an angered Richard from the royal court and precipitating a series of battles later known as the Wars of the language course in Chickasaw, in 2015.
Roses.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. Basic; in 2009, an online television network;
A. Henry resumed his reign,
B. Basic; in 2009, an online television network,
B. the reign of Henry resumed,
C. Basic, in 2009; an online television network,
C. Henry’s reign resumed,
D. Basic, in 2009, an online television network,
D. it was Henry who resumed his reign,