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Atomic Structure (Short Notes)

The document provides an overview of atomic structure, detailing subatomic particles, atomic and mass numbers, and types of isotopes. It discusses various atomic models, electromagnetic radiation, quantum theories, and the limitations of Bohr's model. Additionally, it covers quantum numbers, electron configuration rules, and the significance of orbital shapes.

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13 views2 pages

Atomic Structure (Short Notes)

The document provides an overview of atomic structure, detailing subatomic particles, atomic and mass numbers, and types of isotopes. It discusses various atomic models, electromagnetic radiation, quantum theories, and the limitations of Bohr's model. Additionally, it covers quantum numbers, electron configuration rules, and the significance of orbital shapes.

Uploaded by

liya0antony
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Atomic Structure - Short Notes

1. Subatomic Particles:

- Electron (J.J. Thomson): Charge = -1.6022x10-19 C, Mass = 9.1x10-31 kg

- Proton (E. Goldstein): Charge = +1.6022x10-19 C, Mass = 1.6726x10-27 kg

- Neutron (J. Chadwick): Charge = 0, Mass = 1.675x10-27 kg

2. Atomic Number & Mass Number:

- Z = No. of protons = No. of electrons

- A = No. of protons + neutrons n = A - Z

3. Isotopes, Isobars, Isotones:

- Isotopes: Same Z, different A (e.g., H1, H2, H3)

- Isobars: Same A, different Z (e.g., 40Ar, 40Ca)

- Isotones: Same neutrons, different Z

4. Atomic Models:

- Thomson: Plum pudding model

- Rutherford: Nucleus-centered model; failed to explain stability

5. Electromagnetic Radiation:

- Wave nature, c = 3x108 m/s, c = , = frequency, = wavelength

6. Planck's Quantum Theory:

- E = h (h = 6.626x10-34 Js)

7. Photoelectric Effect:

- K.E. = h - h; explained by Einstein

8. Hydrogen Spectrum:

- Line spectra: Lyman (UV), Balmer (Visible), Paschen, Brackett, Pfund (IR)

- Rydberg Equation: = 109677 (1/n2 - 1/n2) cm-1


Atomic Structure - Short Notes

9. Bohrs Model:

- Fixed orbits, r = an2, E = -RH/n2, = E/h

10. Limitations:

- Cannot explain multi-electron atoms, Zeeman/Stark effect

11. Dual Nature:

- de Broglie: = h/mv

12. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle:

- xp h/4

13. Quantum Mechanical Model:

- 2 = probability density

14. Quantum Numbers:

- n: shell; : subshell; m: orientation; s: spin (+, -)

15. Orbital Shapes:

- s: sphere; p: dumbbell; d: 5 types; f: 7 types

- Nodes: total = n-1; radial = n--1; angular =

16. Electron Configuration Rules:

- Aufbau: lowest energy first

- Pauli: max 2 electrons/orbital, opposite spin

- Hund: singly fill degenerate orbitals first

17. Configuration:

- Use n + rule; half/full-filled subshells are stable

E.g., Cr = [Ar] 3d54s1, Cu = [Ar] 3d104s1

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