EARTH & LIFE SCIENCE
11- ENTHUSIASTIC
GROUP 6
FORMATION OF ROCKS
FORMATION OF ROCKS
LAYERS
LAYERS
Group Members
SOPHIA muring JADE laungay ANNA ROSE quijano
Agenda 1 How are rock layers form
2 Stratigraphy & Stratification
3 Stratigraphic Law
4 3 types of Unconformities
5 Correlation of Rocks Layer
HOW ROCK LAYERS FORM?
Rock layers, also known as strata, primarily
form through the accumulation and
cementation of sediments.
sTRATIFIED ROCKS, Also known as derivatives
rock, may be fragment or crystalline.
These rocks are products of sedimentary
processes. These are made of visible layers
of sediments. The formation of rock layers
depends on its stratigraphy
and.stratification
STRATIGRAPHY
It is the branch of geology that deals with the description, correlation, and interpretation of stratified sediments
and stratified rocks on and within the earth. It is the study of the rock layers (Strata).likewise, it will give you
clues to the location of ancient seas, mountains, plateaus and plains.
,
STATIFICATION
It is also known as bedding, which is the layering that happens in sedimentary and igneous rocks
formed at the surface of the earth that comes from lava flows or other volcanic activity.It is
expressed by rocks layers (units) of a grneral tabular or lenticular form that differ in rock type.
Nicholas Steno
Nicholas Steno is a danish scientist, he
studied the relative position of sedimentary
rocks. Sedimentary rocks are formed particle
by particle, bed by bed, and the layers are
piled one on top of the other. These rocks
layers are also called strata.
STRATIGRAPHIC LAWS
Stratigraphic laws are basic principles that all geologist use in decoding or
deciphering the spatial and temporal relationships of rocks layers. These
include the following: Original Horizontality, Lateral Continuity,
Superposition, Cross Cutting, Law of Inclusions and The Law of Faunal
Succession.
LAWS OF STRATIGRAPHY
● LAW OF SUPERPOSITION
The largest and heviest rock layer that settled first at the
bottom is the oldest rock layer. The lightest and smallest
that settled last is thr youngest rock layer.
● LAW OF CROSS CUTTING RELATIONSHIP
A fault or dike a slab rock cuts through another rock when magma intrudes to the rock,
that fault or magma is younger than the rock.
● LAW OF UNCONFORMITIES
Rock layers that are formed without interruption are conformable.
Describes a layer of rock that have been deformed or eroted before another layer is daposited ,
resulting in rock layer mismatching.
● LAW OF INCLUSIONS
A rock mass that contains pieces of rocks called
inclusions are younger than the other rock masses.
● LAW OF ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY
Sediments are deposited in flat layers, if the rock maintains in horizontal layers,
it means it is not yet disturbed and still has its otiginal horizontality.
● LAW OF FAUNAL SUCCESSION
First recognized by William Smith different strata contain assemblage of
fossils by which rock may be identified and correlated over long distances.
3 TYPES OF UNCONFORMITIES
● DISCONFORMITY
It originates from horizontal sedimentary rock layers that is lifted and the top layers erode.
New sediments qre depoaited when they are submerged beneath a freashwater or saltwater.
●NON- CONFORMITY
It originates between sedimentary rocks, metamorphic or igneous rock when sedimentary rock lies above
and was deposited on the
pre-existing and eroded metamorphic or igneous rock.
● ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY
It originates from horizontally parallel strata of sedimentary rock that are deposited on tilted and eroded layers.
It produced an angular discordance with underlying horizontal layers.
CORRELATION OF ROCK LAYERS
Correlation of rock layers is the process of matching and connecting rock layers from
different locations based on their age, composition, and fossil content. This
helps geologists understand the geological history of an area and how different places were connected in the past.
2 TYPES OF CORRELATION
PHYSICAL CORRELATION
● Based on rock type (color, texture, composition
● Matches layers by appearance
●May not be accurate over long distances.
FOSSIL CORRELATION
●Based on fossil content, especially index fossils
● Matches layers by age
● More reliable for wide areas and time dating
THINGS TO PONDER:
● Most sedimentary rocks are laid down in flat, horizontal layers.
● Stratigraphy is the science that deals with characteristics of layered rocks
and how these rocks are used to trace the history of the Earth.
● Stratification is the layering that happens in sedimentary and igneous rocks
which formed at the surface of the Earth that comes from lava flows or other
volcanic activity.
● Rock layers are called strata.
● Law of cross-cutting relationships happens when a fault or dike or magma
that intrudes into the rock, is younger than the rock.
●Law of cross-cutting relationships happens when a fault or dike or magma
that intrudes into the rock, is younger than the rock.
● Law of inclusions is when the rock mass with inclusion is younger.
● Law of original horizontality is a flat rock that maintains its horizontal layer
without being distracted for a long period of time.
● Law of superposition states that older rock layer is found at the
bottom while
younger rock layer is found at the top.
● Law of faunal succession states that different rock layers contain particular
fossils by which the rocks may be identified and correlated.
● Law of unconformity implies a substantial gap or break in rock layer
sequence due to uplift and erosion.
QUESTIONS:
1. Also known as derivatives rock, may be fragmental or crystalline?
A. Stratigraphy
B. Stratification
C. Stratified rocks
D. Sedimentary rock
2. It is the branch of geology that deals
with the description and correlation.
A.Stratification
B. Stratigraphy
C.Disconformity
D. Rocks
3. He studied the relative position of sedimentary rocks.
A. Nicholas Steno
B. Aristotle
C. EINSTEIN
D. JAMES CHADWICK
4. According to the Law of Superposition, which rock layer is the oldest?
A. The one at the top
B. The one that is lightest
C. The one that settled last
D. The one at the bottom
5. What is the Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships?
A. The oldest layer lies at the bottom
B. Sediments are deposited sideways
C. A fault or magma that cuts through rock is younger than the rock
D. Fossils in a layer date the whole rock
.
6.The Law of Original Horizontality says that sediments...
A. Are always deposited vertically
B. Are disturbed immediately after formation
C. Are deposited in flat, horizontal layers
D. Never move from their original position
7.Which type of unconformity involves horizontally deposited layers over tilted and eroded older layers?
A. Disconformity
B. Angular unconformity
C. Non-conformity
D. Superposition
8.What type of unconformity forms between sedimentary rocks and igneous or metamorphic rocks?
A. Disconformity
B. Angular unconformity
C. Non-conformity
D. Faunal succession
9.What is physical correlation based on?
A. The number of fossils in a rock layer
B. Radioactive dating of magma
C. Color, texture, and minerals of the rock layers
D. The age of fault lines
10.What is fossil correlation primarily used for?
A. Measuring earthquake strength
B. Identifying mineral contents
C. Determining the age of rock layers using fossils
D. Observing modern animals in layers
Thank
you!
