CHAPTER 5

TRIGONOMETRIC FI,]NCTIONS

5.1 INTRODUCTION
In earlier classes, we have studied trigonometric ratios for acute angles as the ratio of the sides of
a right angled triangle. Irr this chapter, we will extend the definitions of trigonometric ratios to
any angle in terms of radian measure and study them as trigonometric functions.
5.2 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF A REAL NUMBER
In the previous chapter, we have learnt that the radian measures of angles and real numbers can
be considered as one and the same. Lr other words/ every real number can be considered as the
radian measure of an angle and radian measures of angles are real numbers. In fact, we have
leamt that corresponding to every point P, representing a real number r, on the real line there is
a point P' on the unit circle centred at the origin such that the radian measure of. ZAOP' is r (see
Fig. a.13) and the radian measure of every angle determines a point on the real line representing
a real number on the real line. So, let r be a real number represented by a point on the real line.
Then there is a point P on the unit circle with centre at the origin of the coordinate axes such that
the radian measure of IAOP is r and so arc AP = r.

v
1)
b)

x' c(- 1,0) OM A (r,0) x

-1)
v'
Fig. 5.1

Let the coordinates of point P be (a,b). Then, we define cosine and sine functions of radian
measure (or real number) r as follows :
cosr=aafrtdsinr=b
Thus, if r is any real number then the consine of r i.e. cosr is the r-coordinate of the point P on
the unit circle sudr that arc AP = r. Similarly, sine ot r i.e. sin r is the y-coordinate of point P.
REMARK 1 In Fig. 5.L, x is the length of arc AP of the unit circle. Therefore, cos x and sin x are also
lcnown as circular functions of the real aariable x.
REMARK 2 In Fig. 5.1, LOMP is a right triangle right angled at M. The trigonometric ratios ZMOP
are
5.2 MATHEMATICS-XI

cos tMop =oM =o =a. sin tMop =!4=L=a

oP1,OP1
= cos ZAOP =a ar.d stn ZAOP =b l: ZMOP = ZAOPI
-, cos IAOP = cos r and sin ZAOP = sinr
Thus, the trigonometric ratios sine and cosine of an acute angle of radian measure x are same as the
conesponding trigonometric functian of a real number x.
REMARK 3 From the abooe definition it follows thnt if P is a point on the unit circle such that length of
arcAP = x or equioalently P is a point where the terminnl side of the angle with radian measure x meets the
unit circle, then the coordinates of the point P are (cosx, sinx).

x' x

Y'
Fig. 5.2

5.2.1 VALUES OF SINE AND COSINE FUNCTIONS

Consider a unit circle with centre at the origin of the coordinate axes. Suppose the circle cuts the
coordinate axes at A, B,C and D. The coordinates of these points are A(1,,0), B (0, 1), C(-1, 0)
andD(0, -1).Clearly, ZAOB =!,
2'2
ZaOC=rand ZaOD =* .

1)

x' x
c(- 1,0) A (1,0)

-1)
Y'
Fig.5.s

We shall now find the values of sine and cc,sine functions atO,!r, n, !! and,2n

Values of sine and cosine functions at x = O ; When r = Q point P coincides with A and the terminal
side OP coincides with OA. The coordinates of A are (1, 0).
.'. cos0=1 andsin0=0
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.3

,2
Values of sine and cosine,functions at x =2, We observe thal IAOB = I and the coordinates of B
2
are (0,1).
... cosl=o andsinl=1.
22
Values of sine and cosine functions at x = n Clearly, ZAOC = n and the coordinates of C are
(-1, 0).
.'. cosn=-1 andsinn=0
Values of sine anil cosine functions at
'2 x=*: The coordinates of point D are (0,-1) and

ZAOC =!.2
3* 3n
.'. cos = o and sin = -1,
22
Valuesof sineanilcosinefunctionsatx=2n: Thecoordinatesof point Aare(1,,0)andone
complete revolution subtends an angle of measure 2zr at the centre O.
.'. cos 2n=1 and sin 2n = 0
If the terminal side OP of IAOP takes one connplete revolution from the position OP, it again
comes back to the same position.
.'. cos (2n+ x'1= cosr and sin (2n+ x) = sin I for all x e R
We also observe that if the terminal side OP of ZAOP takes any number of complete revolutions
in anticlockwise or clockwise directions, it again comes back to the same position.
.'. cos (?nn+x\ =cos,r and sin (2nn+x) =sinrforallr eRaurtdneZ.
It is evident from Fig. 5.2 that
sin 0 = 0, sin n =0, sin2n = 0, sin 3n = 0.........
Also, sin (-zr) = 0, sin (-2") = 0, sin (- 3r) - 0. . .. . .. . .
sinnn=0 for alln eZ
and.
'222 0. 0.
"o"l = "o"!I = "orE =
0............

*'(-;)=0, .o,(-f = 0, cos ( 5rc = 0..........

2 ) )
.'. cos (2n+1)?=0,
. ,2 for allneZ.

Thus, sinx=0 = r =nrc,neZ artd., cosr= 0 + x=(2n+1)!,neZ

' '2'
5.2.2 OTHER TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
In the previous subsections, we have defined sine and cosine functions. In this section, we shall
define other four trigonometric functions in terms of these two functions.
We define
1_1where x * nfi n e Z
cosec r = , ;sgc a = --l-, where x * (2n + 1\ !, n e Z
.,},
sh r,
tan r = where x * (2n +1) !, n e Z; cot .r = ":t', where x + nn, n e Z
cos.x '2' sln.r
5.4 MATHEMATICS-XI

5.3 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

6'4',3*ra!.2 br section
In this section, we will find the values of kigonometric functions for 0,' I ,I ,1

5.2.1, we have leamt that sinl

sin0 =0, cos0 =1,'22 =1, "or1=0, sinzr=0, cosn=-1,

sir, !t = -L , sin 2n = 0 and cos 2zr = L.

2

We have also leamt that cosec * =-J-,

sln r
where n+nfi,neZ.Therefore, cosec 0, cosec n and

cosec 2n are not defined.

nL3n1,-
COSeC, =I €u:td cosec-= . *=-t
- sln-
22
Similarly, r*, =
1 implies that
cos.r

,""0= 1 ^ =1, sec n= 1 =-1,sec 2n=J ^ =1and,sec]=r*larenotdefined.

coso cosn cos2tr 2 2

tan0 =
shr implies that
cos.I
ti" sinzr !T3 = 0 and wr!, wrlare
turr0 =9=
cosO - cosfl
= 0, tan n 0, tart2n=
cos2n 2' 2 undefined.
. cosrimpliesthat
cotr=# ..
SlNT
lE 3n
cqs-
ltr^5L
cot - =
,11
--------4-
= (J. 66f - ? =O and cof0-6ef6, cot2n arenotdefined.
- ,-_,.,t2
sll:t .-. -, sut _
.3n_v(urg!v.v,!

2
Let us now find the values of all trigonometric functions
"I,;r.U ;
,4
Values of tigonometric functions at | : Consider a unit circle with centre at the origin of the

coordinate axes. Let P be a point on the circle such tha t ZXOP = ! .Draw PMperpendicular from
4
P on OX. hr right triangl e OMP,we have IPOM = 1. Therefor e, IOPM = l. Thrr, we have
lPoM = zoPM =!4 = oM =PM

Apply*g Pythagoras theorem in LOMP, we obtain

OM2 +PM2 =OP2

= =1.
2OM2 I:OM=PM and OP =11

= oM=L
J2
:=> |
OM=PM= ,,12
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.5

x' c A x

v'
Fig.5.4

So, the coordinates of P are (#,#) "" "",.o,f,=fi and Sln-=4It E 1

Now,
cosecl
1n1,
=-:- 1r, +
J' ; secr cosr sec-
1
a
sinr = cosec=
4=----=
sinl
=
4 cos
TE

-4
4
.1t
fi tt7
IE
cos -
.tanr=-sinr tan_=-=I. cot.r
cosr
cotfr- 4=7
cosr = 4 cos It sln I = 4 cos fi
-4 i
,3
Values of trigonometric functions at | : Consider a unit circle with centre at the origin of the

coordinate axes. Let P be a point on the circle such rhat IXOP = ,l. Yoin PA.In AOAP, we have
3'
OA=OP =l Unit.Therefore, IOPA= ZOAP.Bn|,'3
ZAOP =!.
in LOAP, we have
By angle sum property
Y
ZOAP + ZOPA+ ZAOP =n
!+24OPA=n P
= 3

=) IOPA=!
3
Thus, inAOAP, we have xc Ax
zoAP = loPA= lAoP =!3
So, LOAP is an equilateral triangle and hence D
,Y,
perpendicular PM drawn from vertex P to the
opposite side OA bisects it. Fig.5.5

oM = AM=l.,,.i,
,
Apply g Pythagoras theorem in LOMP, we obtain

oP2 =oM2 +MP2 = ,'=(;)' +MP2 + pm=&

2
5.6 MATHEMATICS-XI

So, the coordinates of P ar"[i,

f ) But, /.AOP=
t .ro,the coordinates of P are(c*t, ,*t)

cos
n'!. €u:Icl sln n.Jg
=-
-32 3 2
Now,
1,rc1
cosec.x =-:- + cosec- =-
2 1.n1^
sinr 3 ,i.rl = JZ cos.r 3 .or1
3 3
.fi 1l
sinr
tanr=--'"'= ,, s*;c- E
tan:- to' . cosr+ COt-----
.n_"ot5_ 1
cosr 3---r-'"'
COtf =-
sinr - -"'3
cos-
3
sinl Jg
3

Values of trigonometic functions at !: Consider a unit circle with centre at the origin of the

coordinate axes. Let P be a point on the circle such that ZXOP = . Oru* PM perpendicular
f
fromP onOX.
In right triangle OMP right angled at M, we have ZPOM = . fnerefo re, IOPM = ! .
f
In Fig. 5.6,we have seen that in a right triangle if the measure:# *tfr other than the right
angle are l and then the sides opposite to them are of length *U l respectively. Thus, in
I f
LOMP,wehave
v

oM =€2 and PM =L
2 P

So, the coordinates of P are

J3 !) But, the
x' x
2 2)
coordinates of P are ( cos
lt
sln !
6 6)

nJ3 anct srn 1

coS-=- TE
Y'
62 62 Fig.5.6
Now,
COSeCI=-
\n11n.J.2
COSeC SeCX=---:- = SeC-=------l=--7=
sinr = 5 sinl =2; cosr 5 a/3 .orl
65
,It fi
sinr sln- - tlt'
cosr cos-
tan r- ---" + tan :=--+=4;.otr= cot:=4=J5
cosr 6 ,i.rl a/3 sin; = 6 sinl
66
In the above discussiory we have obtained the values of various trigonometric functions for
0,2 *U 2n These values are listed below for ready reference.
X,,|,L,",T
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.7

Angle

! T' 7t TC 3n

Trigonome-
0
5 i 5 2
T'
2
2r

1 1 J5
sln 0
, 2
1 0 -1 0
"12

cos L
J3
2
L
I
2
0 -1 0 1
"12
1 not not
tan 0 1 J3 0 0
JS defined defined
not 2 not not
cosec 2 J2 1 -1
defined J3 defined defined
2 not not
sec 1
E J' 2
defined -1 defined
1

not 1 not not

cot
defined
J5 1
JS
0
defined
0
defined

5.4 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

lDENTtw An equation inooloing trigonometric functions which is true for all these oalues of the
oariable for which the functions are defined is called a trigonometric identity.
For example, sin2r =1-cos2 x, sec2r-1 = tan2r are trigonometric identities as they hold for
all values of variable r except those values for which secr and tanr are not defined. But,
sin r = cos r is a trigonometric equation not a trigonometric identity because it does not hold for
all values of r.
5.4.1 FUNDAMENTALTRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
In this section, we shall state and prove three fundamentaltrigonometric identities as a theorem.
THEOREM Proae that:
(i) cos2r+sin2r =L for all x eR
(ii) 1 + tan2r = sa.2 xfor all *. n -{pr-t1 ! :n e Zl
't2)
(iii) 1 + cot2 x = cosecz xfor all x e R - frtn :ne Z\
PROOF (0 Consider a unit circle with centre at the origin O of coordinates axes. Let P(a, b)be a
point on the circle such that arc AP = r. Then, IAOP = r. Using the definition of trigonometric
functions cosr and sinr, we obtain
a=cosx and b =sin r
B(0,1)
Now,
b)
OP =1.
+ a-0)2 +(b -0)2 = 1

= a2 +b2 =').
x' c(- 1,0) A(1,0) x
= cos2r+sin2r=1
(ii) We have,
-1)
aor2r*sin2r=L
v'
Fig.5.7
5.8 MATHEMATICS-XI

It x + (2n -rl L, then cos x + 0.So,dividing throughout by *,we obtain

"o"2
cos2r+sin2r
=_Lr-
1
forall *(n_t)I z
,
cos-r cos-r
x

+ +*sinlr =-+ forall r *(n-\!z

cos-r cos-r cos-Jr
= 1.+tan2x=sec2r forall r +@-Dl
(iii) We have,
"or2r+sin2x=1
lf. x * nn then sinr + 0. So, dividing both sides by sit;-z x,we obtain
cos2r+sin2r 1

r
=-sln-
., r f.or all x *nn
sin2

+ aor2,
__L
sin2 r 1
for all x *nn

+ "in'*- rR;-rt"t;
cot2 x+L =cosec2 r for all x +nrc

= L+ cot2 x = cosec2 r tor all x +nn Q.E.D

REMARK 1 The identity 1, + tan2 x = is also ttnitten in the following forms :
"""2,
sec2 r -L = +an2 x and sex.2 x -tarr? x =1.
REMARK 2 The identity 1 + cot2 x = cosec2r is also written in the following forms :

cosec2x-1 =cot? x Emd, cosec2r-cot2r =1

REMARK3 Wehnoe,
sec2x-tarr2x=1
1
= (secr+tanr) (secr-tanr) =[3 secr-tanr = secr+tanr
. and,secx+1un, =----1-
secr-tanr
REMARK4 Wehnue,
cosec2x-cot2t =1
= r -cotr) (cosec r + cot r) =1
(cosec
L 1
= cosecx-cotx= cosecr+cotr and cosecx+cotx=
cosecr-cotx
We shall now discuss more identities involving trigonometric functions in the following
examples.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
ffi
EXAMPLE 7 Prooe thefollowing identities:

1;1 stnS- "o"8, = (sin2r -cos2r) (L -2 sin2r

x cos2r)
(ii) cota x+ cot2 x = cosec4.x - cosec2,r
1;;i1 2sec2 r-r".4 r*"*""4 x = cot( x-taurr( x
x-2cosec?
(ia) (sin r+cosecr)2 +(cosr+sec x)2 = tarr2 x+cot2 x+7
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.9

s'LUrr'N LHS

2xc.s2x\

' .*1l|i.**T!;.r;;,,,-
Hll 'L' )
= (sin2 , -.*2 r) (1 - 2 sinz x cos2 r) = RHS
(ii) LHS cot4 x + cot2 x = (cot2 x)2 + cot2 r
=
= lcosec2 *-l)2 +(cosec2r-1) [;1+cot2r=cosec2r]
= x-Zcosec2 x+1.+"*"a2 x-l=
"or""4r-"or"a2r =
RHS
"*""4
(iii) LHS = 2sec2 x-r""4 r-2cosec2 r*
"or*4,
= 2sec2 r-(sec2 *)2 -2"or*2 r+(cosec2 r)2
= 2(1+ tarr2 x1-(t + tan2 *)2 -2(1 + cot2 r) + (cot2 x +1)2
= 2+2tan2 x-(t+tana x+2tan2 x)-2-2cot2r+(cot4r +2cot2 x+1)
= cot4 x-larn( r = RHS
(iv) LHS = (sin r + cosec r)2 + (cos r + sec r)2
= sin2, + r + 2 sin r cosec, + + r""2 x+2cosr secr
"os""2 "*2,
= (sin2, * r) + (cosec2, + r".2 x) + 2 + 2
"or2
= L+(1 +cot2r)+(1 +tan2 x')+4 = tarr2x+cot2x+7 = RHS
ExAMPLE2 Prute thefolluaing identities:
(i) (1 + cot r - cosec r) (1 + tan x + sec x) =2
(ii)
tanr+secr-1 L+sinr
INCERT EXEMPLARI
tanr-secr+1 cosr
solurroN (i) LHS
= ii.":i"xr _"T]ili]H;:"i'')
sin rJ[ cos r
[ cos x )
(sin r"i.+ cos r -L) (sin r + cos r + 1)
sln r cos r
(sin r + cos r;2 -L sin2r + sin r cosr-1
"or2r+2
srn I cos r srn I cos I
2 sin x cos r
- stn r cos r =2 =RHS

(ii) LHS =
tanr+secr-L (tan r + sec r) -(sec2 r - tan2 r)
tanr-secx+L- tanr-secr+1 [; sec2 x-tarr2 x=11

_ (sec r + tan r) [ - (sec r - tan r)] _ (sec r + tan r) (tan r - sec r + 1)

tan r -secr +1 tan r-secr + L

= Secr+tanI= ---:-+ 1 sinx L+sinr

= = RHS
cos I cos ^r -icos I

ilr
5.10 MATHEMATICS-XI

EXAMPLE3 lftanx+sinr =rflatTdtanr- sinx=n,showthat *2 -r2 =4f,mn.

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We have, tanr + sittx =mand tan x - sin x =n.
.'. m2 -n2 = (tan r + sin r)2 -(tan x - sin r)2 =4 tan r sin r ...(i)

and, 4Jmn = 4 r+srn .r - sln =4 tarrr2x-sin2r

=4
sin2 r x=4 sin2 r-sin2 r"or2,
-4
sin2 r (1 - cos2 r)
-sin2
cos' x , x
"or2
.a- ,
sln-I
srn'r _ , t
ftanrsinx
-.4 -------- - ...(ii)
COS'I COS I

From (i) and (ii), we obtain thatm2 -n2 =4Jmn.

EXAMPLE4 If cos x+ sin r =J2
"o"
)c,prooe thnt cosr -sin x =J2 sn x.
SOLUTION Wehave,
cosr+sinx=Jicos*
= (cos r r)2 = (A cos r)2
+ sin

= , + sin2 r + 2 sin .r cos r =2 cos2 x

"or2
= *-sin2r=2sin xcosx
"or2
+ (cos r+ sin r)(cosr-sin r) =2 sin r cosr
2 sin x cosr
= cos.r-r1r,,=
cosr+sinr
+, cosr-rirrr=2"8',"ot'
cos x
['.'cosr+sinr =Jlcosxl
J-2

= cosr-sinr=JZsinr
ALITER We know that
(cos r + sin r)2 + (cos r - sin x)2 =2
(J7 cos r)2 + (cosr - stnx)2 =2 [.' cos r + sin x = Ji cos xl
=
= (cos r - sin x)2 = 2 -2 cos? x

= -sin x)2 =2sin2 r = cos r -sin x =,,O sin x.

(cos x

EXAMPLE5 lf ncosx+bsin x=manilasin r-b cosx=n,proaethata2 +b2 =m2 +n2.

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Wehave, m=acosr+bsin x andn=dsifl x-bcosx.
;. *2 + n2 =(acos r + b stn x)2 + (a sin x -b cos x)2
=1az cos2 x+b2 sin2 x + 2ab sin r cos x)+(a2 sin2 r +b2 cosz x -2ab sin r cos r)
= a2(cos2 x+sin2 x)+b2(sin2r*"or2 x) = a2+b2'
EXAMPLES lf a cos r -b sin x- c,show that asin r + b cos r =* 'o2 *62 -12
SOLUTION Clearly,
(a cos x -b +b cos x)2
srn x)2 + (a sin x

= a2(cos? r+sin2 x)+b2 (sin2r+"o"2 x)-Zabsinrcos x+2absinrcos x=a2 +b2

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.11

(a sin r x)2 =
+ b cos a2 +bz -1acos r -b sin r)2
+ (a sin r+b cos x)2 = a2 +b2 -c2 f.' acos x-bsimx=cl
'a2
asinx+bcosx=* +b2 -c2
r =p,obtain theaaluesaf
EXAMPLET lf seex + tan sec x,tan xandsin xinterms of p.

soLUTIoN We know that : sec2 x - tan2 x =1.

.'. (sec x+tanr)(secr-tan x) =L= p(secr-tan x)=1 = secr-tu^x=!
P
Thus, we have
secr+tanr = p and, secr-tur,, = I
p

(secr+tanr)+(secx- tanx) = p+L

= P

and, (secr+tanr)-(secr-tan *)=p -L (i)

P

= 2sg-.x = p*Land.,2tan*=-L- sec *= *="=-' ...(ii)

PpZP2p "=*'and,tan
-:,- ^. tanr
sulI-- -p2 -1
sln x--
sec.r= p2 +1

r-2 1-tan8r
EXAMPLE8 Prooethat:2srlr.2 x-r"a4 cosec2 r+ r =
"or""4 tan x
soLUTIoN 2sec2 x-r""4, -2 cosec2, *
"or""4,
= 2(L+tan2x)-(1+tan2 2q2 -2(1+cot2r)+(1+ cot2 x)2
= 2(1+lcrn2 x-L -cot2 x)+(1+ 2cot2 x+ cot4 x) -(1,+2tarr2 x+ tan4 r)
= 2(tagrr2 x-cot2 x)+(2cot? x-2tan2 r)+cot4 x-tan4 x
1-tan8r
tR; -tan4r = -R;
L
= cot4 x -tan( x =

EXAMPLE g Proaethat:3(srnr-cos x)a +6(sin r+ cosx)2 +4(sin6 r*"o"6 r) -13=0.

SOLUTION Wehave,
3(sin x-cosr)4 + 5(sin r+cos x)2 +4(sin5 r*"o16 r) -13
l-\2r
=s ltsinr-cosr)2 | +6(sinr+cosx)2
t.J
*+{trin2 r+"or2 r)3 -3 sin2 x"*2 *(sin2 r*.or2r)}-rs
= 3 (1 - 2 sin r cos r)2 + 5 (1 + 2 sin r cos r) + 4 (1 - 3 sin2 r cos2 r) - 13
= 3 (1 -4 sin r cos r + 4 sin2 xcos2 x) + 6(1 + 2 stn xcos r) + 4(1, -3rin2, cos2 r) -13
=3+6+4-13=0
EXAMPLEI0 Gkten that: (L + cos o) (1+ cosB) (1+ cos y) =(1-cos cr) (1-cos0) (1-cos y).
Show that one of the oalues of each member of this equality ls sin a sin B sin y.
5.12 MATHEMATICS.XI

SOLUTION Wehave,
(1 + cos a)(L + cosp) (1 + cosy) = (1. -cos cr) (1 -cosp) (1 -cosy)
Multiplying both sides by (1 + cos cr) (1 + cos p) (1 + cos 1), we get
(1 + cos a)2 (1 + cosp)2 (f + cos y)2 = (1 -cos o) (1 -cosp) (1 -cosy)
(1 + cos cr) (1 + cos p) (1 + cos y)
(1+coso121t+cosp)2(1+cosy)2 = (1-cos2 a)(t-cos2p)(1-cos2 y)
=
+ (1 + cos c;2 1t + cos B)2 (1 + cos y)2 = sin2 a sin2 I y
"in2
(1+coso)(1+cosp)(1+cosy) = tsinasinBsiny
=
Hence, one of the values of (1 + cos o) (1 + cos B) (1 + cos y) is sin a sin p sin y.
Similarly, by multiplying both sides by (L - cos o) (1 - cos p) (1 - cos y), we find that one of the
values of (1- cos a) (1 - cos B) (1. - cos y) is also sin cr sin F sin y.
lt,l,, .,,, .,,,,,,:)

EXAMPLE 11 Prooe that: r".2 , * .*".2 x > 4.

SoLUTIoN **.*".2r +tan2r)+1+(cot2r) = 2+tarr2 x+cot2 x
= (1
"""2
= 2 + tan2 x + cot2 x -2 tar- x cot x + 2 tan x cot x
= 2+(tanr-cot x)2 +2
= 4+(tanr-cot i2 > 4 l.'(tanr-cotr)2>01
EXAMPLE12 f 10 sina a +L5"*4 o =6,findtheaalueof 27 cosx.6 o + 8 sec5 cr.
SOLUTION We have,
1Osinaq+15cos4tr = 6

= 10 sin4 cr + L5 ., = 5 (sin2 cr + cos2 o)2

"*4
+ 10tan4cr+15 = 6 (tan2a+1)2 [Dividing boths sides by cos4 o]
3
= (2krn2s.-3)2=o+tan2o=
2
27 cosec5 cr, + 8 sec5 s. = 27 (1. + cot2 a)3 + 8(t + tan2 a)3
3 3
= zz(1, +?\ +8 ( r+9 = 27 x1?I+ a ,125 = zso.
\ 3,r 2) 278
--
D(AMPLE13 lf
sinA
'-'" -p and- :::j:
cosA
' = q, ftndtan Aandtxr B.
sin B cosB
SOLUTION Wehave,
sinA i,InCL. cosA
sin B ' cosB
+ sin
-=O A cos B --A ?_
sinB cosA q
tanA tanB
A = pl. and tanB = 4L
tanB=L-
94 p - = l.(say)+ tan ...(i)
= q q
Now, sinA =psinB
tan A tan B
+
+lrrr-z A
=p
@
TRIGONOM ETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.13

o ?t a?t
+ 'lt*q2r?
,fi*p2*
= p2 (t + q2 th = p2 q2 (t + p2 *)

= )'2@2 -p2 q\ = q2 -t + A? = #= )" = tL W-

Xr:7
tanA = lLq
1.
1
and,tanB=+ t1
1-p2
lusing (i)I

EXAMrLE 14 If 1rrrrz )c =1- - o2, prow thnt secr + tan 3 r cosec x =(2 - a2)3/2. Also, finil the
oalues of a for which the aboae result holds true.
soLUTroN We have,
sec r + tan3 r cosec r= sec r L + tan3 x-cosec I
sec r

+ tan2 x 1+ tan3r x cot r

= (1+ ttr? i3/2 = (1+ t-a2)3/2 = (2-a2y3/2 l. lrrn2x=1.-a2l

Now,
tan2x)0forallx= 1-a2>0= a2-1<0 + -L<a<L ...(0
SincelHSof secr+tan3rcosecr =(2-a\3/2isrealforallreR.So,RHSmusta1sobereal.
... z-r2 u 0 = a2 -2<0 = -Jl < o<Ji ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we find that the given relation holds true for alla e [- 1, 1].
EXAMPLEls lf acos3 x+3acosxsin2 x=mand.asin3r +3acos2xsinx=n,thmprooethat:
(m + n12/ 3 + (m -n72/ 3 =2a2/ 3.

SOLUIION We have,
,"o"3*+ 3acos xsir.2 x = m and
x+3acos2 xsirtx = n asinS
o"o"3 x+ 3acos xsin2 x+asin3 x+ 3aaor2, sir:-x = m+n
=
md, o"*3 *+ 3acos xsin2 x-asin3 x-3acos2 rsinr = m-n
+ a(cos x + sin r)3 = m+n md, r)3 = m-n a(cos x - sin
(*+r\L/3 (m-n\1/3
= cos r + sin r =l and/cosr-srn.=l
, ) , )
t m n 3
:+ (cosr + sin r)2 +(cos r -sin r)2 = (r#)'' .( a

= 2(cos2r+sin2 i =(m+nf/3 *W-:)1,''

u
at'u atl
) (m+n12/3 +(m-n12/3 = 2a2/3
EXAMrLEIG lf 2tan2 s.1rrrr2 Btan2 y+tarr2 c-tarr2 p+ tan2Btur,2 "y+tanz ytan2 a=1,
prooe that sin2 o + sin2 B + sin2 y =1.
SoLUTIoN Wehave,
2krr? o tan2 Btur,2 y +|crn2 a tan2 p+ tan2 Bturr2 y+ tan2 ytan2 a =1
5.14 MATHEMATICS-XI

Dividing throughout by tun2 o tan2 B t r,2 y, we get

+ 2+cot2 y+cot2o+cot2P = cot2crcot2Bcot2y
2+cosec2y-1+cosec2a-1+"or""2p-1=lcosec2cr-1)(cosec2B-1)(cosec2y-1)
=
+ "o"""2
o+
"or""2
p + cosec2 y - 1 = aor"a2 o aor""2 B cosec2 y - "o""a2 o a*"a2 B
pcosec2 7-"or""2 y"or""2 o +.os""2 o + cos"c2 B+ cosec2 y-L
"or""2
=) o Bcosec2 T =cosec2 o B+cosec2 Bcosec2 y* y"o"""2 o
"o""a2 "oro2 "or""2 "or""2
+ 1 = sin2 y+sin2 cr,+sin2 I [Multiplyingthroughoutbysin2cr sin2 Bsin2 y]
+ sin2a+sin2p+sin2y = 1

EXAM,LE 17 lf' o, * _by_ = oz _62 and, ar sin 0 _b! "o=" 0 = o, pro?)e that
cos 0 sin 0 cos' 0 sinz 0
@xyz/s *(W)2/3 =@2 -62y2/3.
SOLUTION Wehave,
axsin0_bycos0_n
;zt- riozt-"
:+ arsin30-bycos3e=0
sin3 e e
"*3
w ax
3 3

Itv ) -l*
( sir,3 s)2/ e')2/
= - [.
"or3
)
sin2 e "*2
e

@u c,ftr
:+
sin2 o .or2 e sin2o+cos2e
[Using ratio and proportions]
(w\2/3 @u;@5
(*)2/3
sin2 o o 1
+ "o"2 =
@u @7t @u;@u
(w)2/3
= sin2 0 =
@92/t *(W)2/3
(w)1/3
and,
"*20 = ffi
@x11/e
+ sin0 = and, cos 0
wu;@u o*
@42/t *Q02/3
Substituting these values i^ * ? ; = a2 -b2,we get
cos = 0 sin 0
/3 *(by)2/3 =
@x12/z @FT;@A f
+(W)2/3 a2 -b2

+ *@)'''} @x'52/s *(W)2/3 =a2 -b2

{,lwl't' I'
r t3/2
1@r)zts *(W)2/31 = a2 -b2 (ax)2/3 *(W)2/3 = 62 -6212/3
= tJ =
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.15

EXAMPLEIS lfm2 + m'2 + 2mm' cos x =1.,n2 +n'2 + 2nn' cos x =1, and
mn+m'n' +(mn' +m'n) cos.r = O,prooethat(1) *2 +12 ="o*"2 x (n) il2+n2="or".2r.
SOLUIION (i) We have,
m2 +m'2 +2mm' cos.r = 1 and n2 +n'2 +2nn' cosr = 1

= m'2 +2mm' cosr+ *2 *-*2aor2r* m2 =1.

"o"2
and, n'2 + 2nn' cos * *12 * x +n2 =7
"*2 -r2 "o"2
(m'+mcosr)2 +*2 17-cos2 r)=L and, (n'+ncosr)2 +n2 1'1,-cos2 r)=1
=
(m' + mcos r)2 = 1. -m2 sin2 r ...(i) and, (n' + ncos r)2 = 'J. -n2 sin2 r ...(ii)
=
Now, Qrf +mcosx)(n +n co6 x)= m'n'+(mil +rtn)cosr+ *r"*2 *
+ (m'+mcosr)(n +rzcos x) = -mn**r"*2 x [.' mn+m'd +(mrt +iln)cosr=0]
(m' +mcos r) (n +,? cos x) = -mn(l- cos2 r)
=
= (m' +mcos r) (/ + n cos x) = -mnsin2 r
= (m' + mcos r)2 (rf + n cos x)2 =m2 n2 sin4 x lOn squaring both sidesl
+ (1-*2 sin2 r) (1 -n2 sin2 r) = m2 n2 sin4 r [Using (i) and (ii)]

= 7-(*2 *n21 r**2n2 sin4 x = m2n2 sin4 x

"ir-2
+ I = (*2 *r21 ,
"ir-2
= *2 +n2 = co6ec2 r
(ii) As the grvm relations do not alter by replacing mby m' andnby rl . Therefore, on replacing
mby ttl andnby i
in m' +n' = cosec'r, we getm' + il' = cosec'r.
' Lx
sn-
EXAMPLE Ig I7
'ab + -"*4, =*,proaethat
sin8 r 1 sin4n r *
\''' o3 "o"8,
,rl f (ii)
1,
, neN
b3 @ +b)3 7=r "o"M

-
SOLUTION Wehave,
-

sin4 r .o"4,
f_
t
a b a+b
l'Ar'.\
= @+b\lsrn'r*to?''l=t
' 't a b )
lt-L 4 \
co9'r
= ' 't a
@+fi1srn'r +
b )
| = (rin2, +cos2 x)2

.t d b -a a a
= sin*r+ cos'r+ ! sin(x+f,cosax= sin4r+ 2sin2x cos2x
"o"4r+
bda
= -sln-r+-"o"4r
ab -2sinzxa*2 r= 0
lE. -*-licos-r
"8,
2

-0
t{;'^
x= r; .,

E"^'
,a
l_cos-x
+ tan
b
5.16 MATHEMATICS-XI

.,, I
sln- cos-
,)
r
a b

+ sin2 r a*2, sin2 r + cos2 r

b a+b
sin2r_"or2, 1
=) a b - a+b
b
= sin2r =-!-.".,2*- ..(i)
a+b' a+b

(i)
sinSr aor8, L (srn-r)'*-
c,t 1.(co6-r)-
,.a
-A-* U,
= --

1(o')n, -F1(D )u
- F lr.u) l,.u)
[Using (i)]

ab t- a+b 1

(a+b)a ' (a+b\a GW GW

x J-- x)h 1 ( r\^, t ( u )"
(ii)
sinh
oh-T
"o"M,
bh-l
:
(stn2
azn-
-,(cos2x)h-
-
ua-r Ftlr.b ) -
bz"-t lr-b )
ab a+b 1

GW*G;uy GW G;P_1
--
EXAMPLE20 lt
o +-==-
sin4 o
' "or4 = l,prooethat
-;_
cos' B sint P
.or4 p sin4 P
(i) sina -1
cr, + sin4 9 = 2sin2 cr sin2 p (ii)
;z; +
ti"';
SOLIJTION We have,
a.l
-
cos cr,r- sln - 0,
I
-
cos'p sint B

+ .*4asin2B+sinao"*2F = cos2Psin2F
.os4 o(1-cos2B)+cos2p(1-cos2 cr)2 = cos2p(r-cos2B)
=
+ .or4 o -"or4 o
"or2
p*
"or2
p-2 cos2 o
"o"2
p+ cos4 o 0=cos2 p-cosa p
"or2
:+ .or4 o -2cos2 o p+ cos4 p = 0
"or2
(cqs2 a -cos2 P;2 =
- 6

+ "*2o-"os2p=
g

:+ ...(i)
"or2o=cos29
= 1-sin2cr=t-sin2g

= sin2q, =sin2p ...(ii)

(i) sinaa+sin4p=1sin2a-sin2 9)2 +2sin2osin2B =2sin2 asin2p f.' sin2cr=sinzPI
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.17

/..\ cos4 g rir,a p _ cos2p sin2p sin2p

t"r - --;J;- "or2p ,
"or1 "in'o "i,''o
_ "or2
B _"*2 o * sin2B _sin2 cr
= cos2 B+sin2 0 [using(i)and(ii)]
o sinz cr
"or2
EXAMPLE 21 lf a is any non-zero real number, show that cos x anil sln x can naner be equal to a +L.

SOLUTION We have following cases:

CASEI When a> 0:Lrthis case, wehave

o*L=1.to)2.(#l -2,1-a,h*2,Ji"h=(*-+)' +2>21

l" +f =r]
cAsErI Whsnx<0: Leta =-b.Therub>0
a+-1 = - b-1-b\= -( b+ b
1

But, u *L>z [From Case I]

b
1

=) -(, .;) < -2= a+= < -2

a

, *Lrz
a
fora> 0 and, a+ 1<-2
1

a
for a <0.

But, -L<sinr<1 and -1<cosr<lforallr.

Hence, sin r and cos r cannot be equal to o +Lfor any non-zero a.
a-
EXAMrLE 22 If A = cos2 x + sinl x, prooe thnt I e 7o, all oalues of x.
= =t
i*)' :;" "'
soLUTIoN Wehave, A=co,s2x+*nr=
"o"t**("
Now, -L < sin r for all r
<L

0 < sin2 x <1. for all x

=
= (sin2r)2<sin2r [ForO<x<L,{<rforallneN-f]l
= cos2r+(sin2 x12 <cos2 x + sin2 r for all x
A <1. for all r ...(i)
=
Again,

A=cos2 x+sin4r =1-sin2r+(sin 2

*)2 ='!.-1.
{l-"*
2
x+(stn2 x)2} =;.(i-r*'r)'
Now,

l,l -rir,'r)' = o for all r

\2 )
3 (1. .r'2
4[2 ) +

+ n zl forallr .(ii)
4
From (i) and (ii), we obtain 1,e I for all r.
4
5.18 MATHEMATICS-XI

Proae the following identities (1-L6)

ffi
= tarrr( x + tan2 r
1. sec4r - ,""2,
2. sin5r+cos6 x =1-3sin2r"or2,
3. (cosecr-sin r) (secr -cos r) (tan r + cot r) = 1
4. cosecr(sec r -1) -cot r(L -cos r) = tan r -sin r
1 -sin rcosr sin2 r-cos2 r
5. = Sln.f
cos r (sec r - cosec r) sin3 r * ,
"or3
6. tan r + cot
--- -' -- x = (sec r cosec r + L)
L-cotx L-tarrx
sin3r + cos3r sin3r-"or3,
+ -a
sln I + cosl sln r - cosr

8. (sec xsffy+tanr any)2 -(secrtany+tanrsec A)? =1.

o _-cos r L+cosr+sinx
L-sin x 'L +cosr-sinr
tan3x L-2sin2rcos2r cot3r
L+tanzr 1,+cot2x sinrcosr
^v.------------------

II.
.I- sin2 r ,
"or2 = SmfCOSf
l.+cot x 1,+tanx
-- ( 1 1 ) ., ,> 1.-sin2r"or2,
?..2. 1--n------' 7 a--------r------- lsrn-rcos-I =^ .,
[sec'x-cos'r cosec'x-stnzx) 2+sin'*"or2*
13. (1 + tan cr tan p)2 + (tan o - tan B)2 = sec2 o ,""2 p

,n.
(1 + cot r +_tan x) (sin r - cos r) , ,
= sin2
sec'r-cosec".x "or2
2sinxcosr-cosr
i5. = aoEa
1-sinr+sin'.x-cos'r
16. cosr(tan r + 2) (2tan r + 1) = 2secr +5 sin r
77. If a =
2sinr
-
thm prove
L-cosr+sinx.
that - :--
--; --- " is also
equal to a.
' -,
l.+cosr+sinx - 1+sinx
INCERT EXEMPTAEI
oz -b2 r
18. Ifsin
7;F , find the values tan x, r and
r = of. sec cosec

tr4
a
19. If tan 1=l,thenfindthevalueo
\a-b* trr,,a
^@ f INCELT EXEMPLARI

r -b cos r
a sin o2 -b2
20. If tan r =!. show *u, -
b' asinx+bcosr 7;F
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.19

ffi
21. If cosecr-sin x=a3, sec^r- cosx=b3,thenprove thata2b2 1a2 +b2)='t.
If ,prove that
Y' -n')' =*o
22. cot x (1 + sin x) = 4mand cot x (1 - sin x) = 4n

23. If sinr+cos x=m,thettprovethat sin5r*"or5 * = 4-3(o!,2

4
-t)2, where *2.2
24. lf a = sec r - tan x andb = cosec r + cot r, then show that ab + a -b + t = 0.
[NCERT EXEMPLARI
l. -sin r +srn, 2 It
25. Prove that: where - <x <lt
1+sinx 1-sinr cos r, 2

26. If.h = sinu r + co{ x, Prove that

r3;G -+
(i) =\:D Oi) 276-374+1=0 (iii) 540 -1s18 +1or5-1=0
TrTgu'rv
,vswEFs

18. tan *= , secr = , cosecr = 19.

zob Zob ;. _b2 iElffi
HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
17. We have,
2sinx
a=
1+cosr+sinr
2 sin r (1 - cosr + sin r)
9A=
(1 + cosr + sin r) (1 -cosr + sin r)
2sinr (1 -cosx+ sinr) 2sinr (1. -cosr+ strx)
+A=
(1+ sinr)2 -ccls2 x 1+2sinx+sirr2r-cos2r
2sinr -cosr+ sinr) 1 -cosr + sin r
(1
=A= 2sinr+sin2r+sin2r 1+ sinr
19. We have,tartx =t
+-b 'rb
6+b tr4 a, '-;_ /t+tanr,-tr1*tu,.,
/1-tanr
lrl-

\a-b'\a+b J- a
;Z a
-11-t""r

Eosr + sin r tr_

Eosr - sin r
'
1 cosr-sinr l cosr+ sinr
cosr+sinr+cosr-sinr 2cosx
J"*' x-sim? x Jcos2 r -sin2 r
21.. We have, cosec r -sin, = 13,sec r -cos r =b3
1-sin2x " 1-cos2r .a
,
sln I cos I
-n -u

= "or2, " sin2r

=A"r-=b-
-a
SIN T CGI-
5.20 MATHEMATICS-XI

sin2 x b3
cosr "or2,
sln r a" = tan3r =+-
ar
tunr=L+ sinr
a =L*rd
.,!a2 +b2
cosx =--
laz +u2
,)

Substituting these values of sin r and cos r in

co:s- r
= a3 ,weobtain
srn r
a2
=a3 s ab a2 +b2 =1
= o2 b21o2 +b2y =1
b,l(a'+b')
22. We have, cotr (1 + sinr) =4m and cot r (1 - stn x) =41
cotr + cosr = 4m and cotr - cos x = 4n
=
(cotr + cosr)2 -(cotx - cosr)2 = 16m2 -16n2 and.(cotr + cosr) (cotr - cos x) = 16 mn
=
4cot x cos r = 16 (*2 -r2) and cot2 r - cos2 r =L6 mn
=
)4
= I =4(m2 -n2) and.e+ =16mn
=srn44 sin'I
= ry+ =1.6(m2 -n212 and++ =,6mn
sln- r sln- r

= 16(m2 -n2)2 =l6mn

+ (m2 -n272 =4n

5.5 SIGNS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Consider a unit circle with centre at the origin O of the coordinate axes. Clearly, this circle meets
thecoordinatesaxesatA (1.,0), B (0,1), C (-1, 0)andD(0, -1).LetP(a,b)beapointonthecircle
such that length of arc AP = r or equivalently, let P(a, b) be the point where the terminal side of
the angle ZAOP with radian measure r meets the unit circle. Then,

1)
b)

x, c(- 1,0) A(1.,0) X

D(0, -1)

Fig. 5.8

(i) cosr=a forallreR (ii) sinr =b for all r e R

cosr a tor
(iii) tanr=H =brtorallx*(2n*1); neZ (iv) cotr = ------- -
all r * nnrneZ
=-
sinr b

(v) secr =1- torallx* (Zn+L)|,nez (vi) cosec *=1, torallx*nn,neZ

TRIGONOM ETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.21

We observe that as the point P(a,b) moves on the unit circle, point M moves betweenC and A
and N moves between D and B. Consequently, OM = a varies between -1 and 1 and ON = PM =b
also varies between -L and 1 i.e. -1 <a<1 and -1,<b <1. Therefore, -L <cosr<1 and
-13sinr<Lforallr.
Also,
a>0,b>0 inlquadrant ; a<0,b>0 inllquadrant
a <0 ,b < 0 in III quadrant ;a>O ,b <0 in IV quadrant.
Thus, the signs of trigonometric functions in various quadrants are as discussed below :

In the first quadrant: We have, a > 0 and b > 0

cosx = a> 0, sin r =b > 0, tar,x =L> 0, cotr = ! > O,secx = I >0 and cosec r = l, O
abab
Consequently, all the six trigonometric functions are positive in the first quadrant.
lnthe second quadrant; We have, a < 0 and b > 0

cosx = a< 0, sin r =b > 0, tanx =L< 0, cotr = ! < 0,""", = 1 <0 and cosec r = 1, O
abab
Consequently, in the second quadrant sinr and cosecr both are positive and all other
trigonometric functions are negative.
ln the third quadrant : We have, a < 0 and b < 0.

... cosr =al-1tsinr=b <0,tanr =LrO,cotx=!>0,secr=1.gand cosecr=1.0

abab
Thus, in the third quadrant tanr and cotr are positive and all other trigonometric functions
are negative.
lnthefourthquadrant: Wehave,a >0 and b <0.
.'. cosr =a)Ltsinr=D <0,tarrx=b-.o,cotx=!<0,secr=1r6and cosec:r=l.o
'b
a b a
Thus, in the fourth quadrant cosr and secrboth are positive and all other trigonometric
functions are negative.
The signs of trigonometric functions in different quadrants can be summarised as under :

tr I
(+) sin x and cosec x (+) All
(-) cos r, tan r,cot r, cosec r

x' o x
(+) tan r and cot r (+) cos r anci secr
(-) sin r, cos r, sec r cosec r (-) sin r, tan r, cot & cosec r

u tV

v'
Fig. 5.9 Signsof trigonometric lunctions
5,22 MATHEMATICS:XI

SIMPLE RULE TO REMEMBER A cruile aid to memorise the signs of tigonometrical ratias in differmt
quadrants is the four-word phrase 'ALL SCHOOL TO COLLEGE" . The first letter of the ftrst word in
this phrase is'A'. This may be talcen to indicate thnt all trtgonometric ratios are positiae in the first
quadrant. The first letter of the second word is S' . This indicates tlat sine and its reciprocal are positfue in
'

the second quadrant. The first lett* of third word is 'T' . This may be taken as to indicate that tangmt and
its reciprocal arepositioe in thethird quadrant. Thefirst letter of thefourthwordin thephraseis'C' which
may be takm as to indicate that only cosine anil its reciprocal are posithte in the fourth quadrant..

5.6 VARIATIONS !N VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN DIFFERENT

QUADRANTS
Consider a unit circle centred at the origrn O of the coordinate axes. The circle cuts the
coordinates axes at A('J.,0'), B(0,1.), C(-1, 0) and D(0, -1). Let P(a,b\ be a point on the circle
whose equation is r' * y' =, such that arc AP -- x or equivalently radian measu re of. IAOP is x.
TherLa =cosr and D =sin r.
It is evident from Fig. 5.10 that
- 1 < a < 1 and - 1. <b < L = - L < cos r <1 and- 1 3 sin r <L for all r.

1)
b)

x' 1,0) A (1,0) x

D(0,-1)

Fig. 5.10

Further, we observe that in the first quad.rant, as r increases from O to! ,b increases from 0 to L
2'
and as r increases from I2 to n, b decreases from 1 to 0. But, b = sin x. Thus, in the first quadrant
sinr increases from 0 to 1 and in the second quadrant it decreases from 1 to 0. Irr the third
quadrant as r increases from zr to $2 the values of D d,ecrease from 0 to -1 and in the fourth

quadrant as r increases from $2 ,o Zn,h" values b of increase from -1 to 0. Thus, in the third

quadrant as r increases from nto !,sinr decreases from 0 to -1 and finally in the fourth
2'
quadrant as r increases from !! to Zasin x increases from -1 to 0.
2

Similarly, we can observe the variations in the values of other trigonometric functions. The
following table exhibits the same.
TRIGONOMETRIC FU NCTIONS 5.23

Trigonometric
I quadrant lI quadrant III quailrant lV quadrant
function
increase from decreases from decreases from increases from
slne
0to1 Lto0 0to-1 -1to0
decreases decreases from increases from increases from
cosrne
from 1 to 0 0to-L -1to0 0to1
increases increases from increases from increases from
tangent
from 0 to o -oto0 0too -oto0
decreases decreases from decreases from decreases from
cotangent
from oo to 0 0to-oo ooto0 0to-o
increases increases from decreases from decreases from
secant
from L to oo
-otoL -1to-o ootoL

decreases decreases from decreases from decreases from

cosecant
from oo to L ltoco -oto-1 -1to-oo

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE t Findsin r and tarr x, if cos , = -9 ord x lies in the third quadrant.
SOLUTION Weknowthat

"o"2r+sin2
x=1.
= sinr=t
In third quadrant sin r is negative.
f;';
.. sin x= -fr-*r'r= sinr = - -(-i3l __5
13

and, tanl=-=' sinr tanl=-.x 5 13 5

cos r 13 -12 -- 12
o3n
EXAMPLE 2 Find the oalues of cos x and tan x, if sin x = - ! and n I I :::.
'52 26

SOLUIION We know that

"*2r+sin2r = 1 = cosr=tfr;t;
In the third quadrant cos x is negative and tan x is positive.

cosl = - -sin2r + cosr:- 1l^le 4

2s s
sin r 353
and, tan.f = tan.x = --x--
cos r = 544 = -
-
EXAMPLE 3 Find atl other trigonometrical ratios, if sn x = -2 f ona x hes in quadrant IIL
5
SOLUTION Weknowthat
cos2 x+ sin2 x ='!. + cos .r = + fi_"l^' ,
5.24 MATHEMATICS-XI

In the third quadrant cos r is negative.

COSI = - 1-sin2r + cosr=- f a 1

v2s5
In the third quadrant tan r is positive.
... tan, = thr = tanr = -2J5 *-1 = zJo
cosr 5 L

151
sinx 2"i6' cos r
1
' cotr= tan x = "otr=-1=.
Emd,
2"15

EXAMPLE4 If cos x =-loraTc<x <*,finOtheaalue of +tarr2 r- 3 cosec2 r.

2 2''
SOLUTION It is given that r lies in the third quadrant. Therefore, sin r is negative and tan r is
positive. Thus,

sinr=* f 1, Jl
-"*2* + sinr= -tr, -a =- 2 = cosec
-z
x=fi
. = sin *
And, tanr -JT/z r;
------:--:-:-=r/J.
cos r -1,/2
Flence, 4tanzx - 3cosec2 x = 4x3 - s, 1 = g.
3

EXAMPLEs I/sec x=Jland*., <2sfiniltheoaluer,

1+ tan r + cosec r
2 'L+cotr-cosecr
SOLI.mON We have, sec r =./7.Therefore,
cosl-_ 11 = cosr =
sec, Tz
It is given that r lies in the fourth quadrant in which sin r is negative.
Srn r =- f1
-aor2, =- 1'-' -- -72'
1
COSeCI=-
1
COSeCI=- a
sin r =
srn r
- E ,Q1
1
and, tanr = tanr = = -1 => cotr = -1
cos I =
-
L+tanr+cosecr 1, -1,-a I
L+cotr-cosecr 1. -1. +.J2

ffi TE 1I
1-sinr secr-tan r rl--<x<-
EXAMPLE o Proae that
., 1l
2
33
-= 1+sinr -secr+tanr, rt- <x <- 22
SoLUTIoN We have,
L -sin r <x <-
TE
--22
TC
iT
-sin r
'1 - sin x)2
(1 1-sin x l-sinr cos r
L+sinx 1-sin x t,) r I cos rl 1-sin r n3n
if -<I<-
1/ {cos- 22
-,
- cos .r

-=
-,
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS s.25

lrcnx - t€u:r r
.u- - <x<-
I sec
=l 2 ^2
l-"""r+tan.r.ff!<*."n
t22
x,fro<x<n
EXAMPLET proaethnt' El=9:t - Jcosecr+cot x,if n<x<2n
l-cosecr-cot
1/1-cosr
SOLUTION Wehave,
L+-cosr,ito<x<n
F+cosr _ ltr*cosx)2 _ t+cos x 1.+cosr slnI r
- 1-"*T- =1 l'+cosr,rtn<x<2n
1/1-cosr 1 @=hl"rl -srn r
cosecr+cotr ,rt0<x<n
{ - cosec r - cot x, rt n < x <Zrc

8 that
1-sin r + x cosr 2
EXAMPLE Proioe :
l.+sinr 1-sin r 2 .t.-n <x<1t
cosr -2
SOLUTION Wehave, -+
-sln I , F+sil7_ (1-sinr)+(1+sinr) _
-!1-sinr---@--@ 2 2
l.+sinr I cos rl t; "[-z = lrl]
l-L.rfo<x<!
--1| cosr'
2 ..n
2
l- .X: <x4n
I cosr' 2
EXERCiSE s.2

1. Find the values of the other five kigonometric functions in each of the following:
(i) cot * =!, r in quadrant III (ii) cos * = -f,, r in quadrant II

(iii) tan x=1,

33rinquadrantlll (iv) sin x=4, rinquadrantl

2. If sin * =913 ^d,r

lies in the second quadrant, find the value of sec, + tan r.

3. If sin, = 2, w, V =+urd : < x < n. y . +, find the value of 8 tan r - ,[- y.

5' 2' "e"
4. If sin x + cos r=0andxliesinthefourthquadrant, find sin r and cos r.
5. If cos *=-2and r< *.!,find the values of other five trigonometric functions and
5 2'
cosecr+cotr
hence evaluate
secr-tanr

1. (1) Sm
.51251313
*=- COSr=- tarrX=- / COSeCT=- , SeCr=-i
13, 13, 5
(ii).J5r;2-1
r=;, tan.r=-r/3, cosec*=f-g, cotx=Tr, s€cr=-2
sin
.34554
(rU) Srnr=-8, COS.r=-
S,
COSeCI=-
g, S€C,x=- nt COtx=-
5.26 MATHEMATICS-XI

L 3 5 cc[r=!.cosecx=l
(iv) cosr=;, tanx=r, sec76-Y_,
g. 3
z. -s s. -7-
2 4. -+.L
.12' "12
s. 1
5

TO SELECTED PROBLEM
4. We have,
sinr+cosr=0 + sinr=-cosr = tan x=-']..
.'.
"""2
x =L+tan2 x + ,u"2 r=1+(-1)2 =2
= sec *=A = cos *=+
^12
5.7 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT ALLIED ANGLES

,12of
Two angles are said to be allied when their sum or dfurence is either zero or a multiple !.
The angles allied to r are - *, ; * x, n L x, T r *, 2n + x etc.In this section, we will express the
values of trigonometric functions at allied angles of an angle r in terms of the values at r.
5.7.1 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT - *
Consider a circle of unit radius centred at the origin of coordinate axes which cuts the
coordinates axes at A(1, 0), B(0, 1),C(-'1.,0) andD (0, -l).Let P(a, b) be a point on the circle such
thatarc AP =x so thatthe measure of IAOP is r. Then, a=cosx andb=sin r. LetQ be the
image of P in r-axis. Then, Z AOQ = -r and the coordinates of Q Ne (a, -b).
v
1)

P(a,b)

x' c(- 1,0) A(1,0) x

-b)
D(0, -1)
v'
Fig. 5.11

.'. a = cos (- r) and -b = sin (- r)

= cosr=cos(-r) and -sinr= sin(-x) l': a=cosx,b =sinr]
+ cos (-x) = cosr and sin (- r) = - sin r

... (-r) -sinx - -t,,trx, cot(-r) = t:t!-'l = "T' =- "::'=-cotr

ti"
tan
cos
=
(-r) -
1-'J
cosr sin (-r) -sinr sinx
t, 1
sec(-r) = .-
cos(-r) cosr=sec.r
and, cosec(-r) ==l
sin (-r)
=-i-sin r =-cosec r

5.7.2 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT T1-,)

\2 )
Consider a unit circle centred at the origin of coordinates axes whidr cuts the coordinate axes at
A('1.,0), B(0,1), C(-1, 0) and D(0, -1). Let P(a,b) be a point on the circle such thatare AP = x
consequently ZAOP = rturd hencea = cosreind& = sinr.LetQbe a pointonthe circle suchthat
arc AQ =l-*and. so IAOQ = I -r. Consequently, measure of IBOQ is x.
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.27

v
1)

b)

c(- 1,0)
x' NM A(1,0) x

-1)
yt
Fig.5.12

Draw perpendiculars PM and QN from P and Q respectively on OX. In triangle ONQ , we have
zQoN =l-*, zoNQ=;
IOQN = x [Using angle sum property]
br triangles OMP and ONQ, we have
ZOMP - ZONQ, ZPOM = ZOQN and,OP =OQ
So, by RHS criterion of congrumce
LOMP AQNO
=
= OM =QN and ON = PM
+ QN =a and ON=b
So, the coordinates of Q are(b, a).

D =cos ( --x
lt
and a = sin
1t
(2
. tQoN --
It
-L
2 ) ) 2

+ =.o, (I -r) ,rra cos r = sin ( --x

It
l': a=cosx andb =sin rI
sin.x

(n \
\z ) 2 )
(n \
+ cos -r.J = sm r anct sm - = COSr
[, lz- )
7E 7t

T'
sln --x
2 cosr ( It cos --x
2 sinr
tan (2 n
= cotr, cot I
--x ) fi
=-=tanl
) cos x SINI \2 srn x cos.I
, ,
't 't
It 1 IE
cosec (2
1,
=-=SeCI/SgC ( --,c =-=cosecr
sln r
) sln ! x cosr 2 ) cos ! x
2 2

5.7.4 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT (r - r)

Consider a unit circle with centre at the origin O of the coordinate axes and cutting the
coordinate axes at A(1, 0), B(0, l), C(-L,0) andD(0, -l).Let P(a, D) be a point on the circle such
that arc AP = x consequently, the measure of ZAOP is x. Further, let Q be a point on the unit
circle such that ZAOQ = rc - x and so measure of arc AQ = n - x.
.'. arc QC = n -(n - x) = x ['.' arc AC = rl
+ ZQOC =x
In triangles OMP arrd ONQ, we have
IPOM= IQON, OP =OQ =L unit and IOMP = IONQ
5.28 MATHEMATICS.XI

So, LOMP
=
AONQ
:+ OM =ON and PM =QN
:) ON =a and QN =b
So, the coordinates olQ arc(-a,b).

1)

b)

c(- 1,0)
x x

D(0, -1)
v,
Fig.5.13
:. -a =cos(r-r) and b =sin (n-r)
= cos(r-r) =-cosI andsin (n-x) =sin r l; a=cosx,D =sinr]
Thus, we obtain
cos r
(zc-r) = - cosr and sin (n - r) = sin
, sin (n-r) sinr sinr
.'. tan (ir-f; =- =- =-- =-tan&
cos (r-r) -cosr cosr
. cos (r-r) - cosr cosr = cot .r.
cot (^--r)
sin (zr-r) sinr sinr
-

- r) a - r) = - r
cosec (n =
t+ - = # = cosec sec (n

"*+- *;
= = sec

5.7.5 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT (1* ,)

\2 )
Consider a unit circle centred at the origin of the coordinate axes which cuts the coordinate axes
at A(1.,0), B(0, 1\,C(-').,0) and (0, -1). Let P(a, b) a point on the circle such that ZAOP = x
IAOP =r equivalently arc AP =r. Let Q be a point on the circle such that ZAOQ=L**

equivalently arc AQ = ! + *. v
2
IE It
arcQC =n +x
, 2 1)

= ZOON -It2 -x. b)

x
In triangles OMP and OQN, we have
zPoM = toQN x c(- 1,0) A (1,0) x
toMP = zoNQ
and, OP =OQ
:. LPOM AOQN
= -1)
OM =QN and PM =ON
=
+ a=QN and b=ON v'
+ ON=b and QN=a Fig.5.14
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.29

So, the coordinates of Q are (-b, a).

-b =cos(;.,) and a='* (;.,)

+ cos ( , + ,)
TE

= - sin r and
". (;.
r) = cos.r l': a=cosx,b =sinrl
fi n
srn +x ( cos +x
fi , cosr TC , - sinr
tan ( -+x =-cot & cotl -+x =-=-tan.f
2 ) cos
It
+x - slnr \2 ) sln ! +x COSI
, 2
lt t. 1 1t 1 1
cosec ( -+x = f, ( -+x - f
_SIN T =
SeC SeC COSeC
2 ) It COST 2 ) L
+x
srn -+x
2
cos
,
5.7.6 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT (r + r)
Consider a unit circle centred at the origin of the coordinate axes cutting the coordinate axes at
A(1,0),8(0,1),C(-1,0) and D(0, -1). Let P(a,b) a point on the circle such that arc AP =x
consequently ZAOP =x.
v

1)

P(a, b)

x
c(- 1,0)
x' A (1.,0) x

D(0,-1)

v'
Fig.5.15

a = cosx and b = sin r.

LetQ be apoint on the circle such that ZAOQ =r+ x or equivalently, arc AQ =n + x.
.'. ArcCQ=* and ZCOQ=Y
Clearly, LOMP AONQ
=
= OM =ON and PM =QN = a=ON and b =QN = ON =a drrd QN =b
So, the coordinates ofQ are(-a, -b).
.'. -a=cos(rc+r) alrrd -b =sin(zr+r) = cos(ru+r) =-cosrand sin(n+r) =-slna
sin (rc+ r) -sin r cos (n+ r) - cosr
cos(n+r) -cosr sin (n+r) -sinr

cosec(rc+x1 = ! 1 1
=
sin (r + r) -sin r
=-cosecr,sec(n+r)=---1--
cos (r + r) -cos r
=-secr
5.30 MATHEMATICS-XI

5.7.7 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT (2x- x)

Consider a unit circle centred at the origin of the coordinate axes. Suppose the circle cuts the
coordinate axes at A(1.,0), B(0,1), C(-1, 0) and D(0, -1). Let P(a,b) a point on the unit circle
such that ZAOP = r. Then, a = cosx and b = sin r.
v

1)

b)

x, c(- 1,0) A (1,0) x

4')
D(0,

Y'
Fig.5.16

Let Q be a point on the unit circle such that IAOQ = 2n - x. Then, the measure of IAOQ = y.
Consequently, Q is image ol P(a,b) in the line mirror along OX. So, the coordinates of Q are
(a, -b).
.'. a = cos (2r-r)
-b = sin (2r-r)
and

= cosr=cos(2r-r)and -sinr=sifl (2n+x) l:A=c(fix,b=sinrl

+ cos(2n-r) =cosl and sin (2n-x)=-sinr
tan (2n-x) =
sin (2n-r) -sinr= - tAtr X, cot (zfi - xl = cos (2n-x) cosr
= - cotr
cos (2n-r) cosr sin (2r-r)
----:-----------: -sln I
1 1 1
(2n-r)
r^ (rlr-r) = sln.1r =cosec
cosec x, sec(2r-x)= = SeC,x
cos (2n - r) cosr

5.7.8 VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AT(2n + x)

Consider a unit circle centred at the origin of the coordinates axes. The circle cuts the coordinate
axes at A(1.,0), B(0,L), C(-1, 0) and D(0, -1). Let P be a point on the circle such that arc AP or
equivalently ZAOP = r. Thereofe, a = cos r and b = sin x.
The circumference of the unit circle is 2n Therefore, if we begin from P and travel distance 2zr
along the circle, we retum to the same point P.
x) and b = sin (2r + r)
a = cos (2n+
+ cosr=cos(2n+r) and sinr=sin(2r+r)+ cos(2n+r)=cosx and sin(2n+x)
.'. tan (2tr+x)=H*g1#=H =tdnx,cot(2r+rl =ffffi =#=cotr
cosec(2ru+r)= --1 =-1-=cosec x, sec(2n+x)= r] . =-l-=secr
sin (2zr+r) sinr cos(2n+r) cosr
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.31

1)

P(a, b)

c(- 1,0) A (1,0) x

x'

D(0, -1)

v'
Fig.5.17

5.8 PERIODIC FUNCTIONS

A function f(x) is said to be a periodic function, if there exits a positioe rml number T such that
f(x +T) = f(x) for all x.
If T is the smallest positive real number such that /(r + T) = f (x) for all x , then T is called the
fundamental period of f(x).
We observe that if /(r) is periodic with period T, then
/\ +D +T
f(x + 2T) = f I@ l= f(x +r) = f(x)
\/
/\
f(x + 3T) = fl (x + 2T) + T l= f(x + 2D = f@) and so on.
\/
In general, f (x +nT) = f (x) for all r and r e N.

5.8.1 PERIODICITY OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Consider a unit circle centred at the origin of the coordinate axes. The circle cuts the coordinate
axes at A(1",0), B (0,L), C(-1, 0) and D(0, -1). Let P(a,b) be a point on the circle such that arc
AP =x or equivalently IAOP =x.
v

x B+
:{
x c(- 1,0) 0) x
\

Y'
Fig. 5.18
5.32 MATHEMATICS-XI

.'. a=cos.randb=sinr.
Now, if we take one complete revolution trom the point P along the circumference of the circle,
we again come back to the same point P. In other words, if x increases or decreases by 2n,we
retum to the same point.
.'. a=cos(28+r) and b =sin (2n+ x)
cos r = cos (2rc + r) and sin r = sin (2r + r)
=
Also, 4 = cos (-2n+ x) and b = sin (-2n + r)
.'. cos (-2n+ r) = cos r and sin (-2n + r) = sin r
We also observe that if x increases or decreases by any integral multiple of 2n,we come back to
the same point P.
cos(Znn+ r) =cosr and sin (?nn+ x)=sinx,neZ
Thus, cosine and sine functions are periodic functions.
It is evident from the above discussion that 2n is the smallest positive number such that
cos (2rc + r) = cos r and sin (2n + x) = sin r for all x
Hence, cosine and sine functions are periodic functions with period 2n.
In sub-sections 5.7.5 and5.7.7, we have leamt that
tan (r+r) =r and +an (2n + x) = 16for all x e R
+ tarr (nn+ x) = x for all r e R aorrdn e Z
Also, n is the smallest positive real number such that tan (n + .x) = tan r for all r e R. So, tangent
function is also periodic with period ru
Using the definition of cotangent, cosecants and secant functions, we obtain
cot(rc+x)= ,1 . =. 1 =cotrforallr (*nn)eR
tan (zr+r) tanr

cosec(2er+r)=-l L=cosecrforall x(+ntr) eR

r) = sinr
sin (2n+

sec(2rc+r)= ,] .= 1 =secrforallr(*Qn+l)i).o
'2)
cos(2r+r) cosr \
Thus, consecant and secant functions are periodic with period 2nand cotangent is periodic with
period n
5.9 EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS
EVEN FUNCTION Afunction f (x) is saidtobean eaenfunction,if f(-x) = f(x)for all xin its domain.
oDD FUNCTION A function f (x) is said to be an odd function, if f (-x) = -f (x) for all x in its domain.
ILLUSTRATION 1 Determine whether the following functions are eoen or oild or neither :

(i) f(x) =x3 +r (ii) E@)=3x2 +1 (iii) h(x)=v2 +x+4

SOLUTION (i) We have, f(x) =x3 + x
f(-x) =(-x)3 +(-r) = -x3 -x=-(r3 + x) =-f(x) for allr eR.
So, f(x) is an odd function.
(ii) We have, g(x) -- 3x2 +1,
g(-x)=3(-*\2 +!=3x2 +1 =g(r)forallr eR
So, g(r) is an even function.
(iii) We have, h(x) =1s2 + )c+4
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.33

;. h(-x)=(-*)2 +(-r)+4 =x2 -x+4

Clearly, h(-x\ is neither equal to h(x) nor to -h(x) . So , h(x) is neither even nor odd function.
We have leamt that
sin (-r) = - sin rz tan (- r) = - tan r, cosec (- x) = - cosec x and cot (- r) = - cot r
So, sine, tangent, cosecant and cotangent functions are odd functions.
We have also leamt that cos (-r) = cos r and sec (- r) = sec r. So, cosine and secant functions
are even functions.

!*
The values of trigonometric functions at -.r,'2 ,, nt *, *+ r and 2n* x aregiven in terms
2
of values at r in the following tabular form for ready reference.
\'.-Trigonometric
---{zncrion srn cos tan cot cosec sec
Po'nt /An-d*-
-x -srnr cosr - tanr - cotx - cosec ,I secr
It
cos.x srn r cotr tan r sec.I cosec r
2
1t
-+x
2
cos.r -srnr -cotr -tanr SEC.I - cosec I
IE- X sln r -COSI -tanr -cotr r
cosec - sec .I
Ta+ x - stn.I _COSI tan r cot r - cosec r - sec.I
3n
2 -cosr _STNT cot r tan r -secr - cosec.r

3n
- cosr sln r -cotr -tanr -secr cosec r
-+x
2
2r-x _ STNT cos.r -tanr -cotx - cosec r SEC T
2n+ x srn I cos.I tan r cot r cosec r SEC T

From the above table we observe that the values of sine function at lt22x=1,xltr and

* rare cosror- cosrdependinguponthe quadrantinwhich

22 r= 3 I
** the terminatingray
,,

of the angle lies. Also, sine^function is periodic with period 2r'So, the values of sine firnction at
Znn+!+r and Znn+*r x are cosr or -cosr. But, Znn+! =Gn+l)! '2 and
2 2 2
Znn+ ! =@n+3) 4 are odd multiples of l.Therefore, the value of sine function at(2n -1) 1t r
2 '2 ' 2 '2
is cosr or - cosr depending upon the position of the terminating ray of the angle. We also note
fromthetablethatthevaluesofsinefunctionatn+ x=2x!+xand.2n+x=4, 1+raresinor
22
-sin r depending upon the position of the terminating ray of the angle. The periodicity of the
sine function gives that the values of sine function atnn* x=2nx2* * ur" sin r or -sinr
2
depending upon the quadrant in which the termine.lng ray of the angle lies.
We also note that at point expressible in the form
' '2It,
(2n-l) ttt" values of cosine, tangent,
cotangent, secant and cosecant functions are + sin r-, t cot x, * tan r, * cosec r and + sec r
respectively. At a point expressible in the form Z"( I\rr the values of cosine, tangent,
\2)
5.34 MATHEMATIGS.XI

cotangent/ secant and cosecant functions are *cos x,ltan r,*cotr,*secr and *cosecr
respectively
The above discussion suggests us the following agorithm to find the value of a trigonometric
function at a point.
ALGORITHM
STEP I Obtain the point x at which the oalue of a trigonometric function is to be determineil.
STEPII Checkwhetherxispositioeornegatiae.lf xisnegatiae,sa!x =-y,thenwritef(x\ =-f(y),if f
is an odd function. Othmnise, write f (x) = f (y). Here, f is the gioen trigonometric function.

STEPtrI Erpressthepositioeoalueof xinstqll,intheform *=TXc-,where.r.[O,i].

' 2 \'2)
STEP w Determine the quadrant in which the terminating tay of the angle x lies and determine the sign
of the trigonometric function in that quadrant.
STEP v lf n is step lll is an odd positiue integer, thensinx=*coso,cos.x=*sinct,
sec r = * cosec o, cosec r = + sec a, where the sign on RHS of these oalues
will be the sign
obtained in step lV.
lf n in step lll is an eaen positfue integer, thensinx =tsin ct,cosr=tcoso,
tan .r =t tan c, cotr = t cot c,, cosec r = * cosec o, sec r = t sec a, where the sign on
RHS of these oalues will be the sign obtained in step lV.
Following examples will illustrate the above algorithm.

ILLUSTRATIVE EHMPLES

EXAMPLEl Eoaluate the following :

ffi
Zl Zr / 8r\ ( 25n\
(i) sin (ii)
., cos (ur)cos[-T) (rv)srnt-n.l
4 5
soLUrIoN (i) Clearly,, "^ :*1)
"", 4 -*.t [3*
"io7+=sin 2, 4)
Since 3 x *I
I24 U"r in the IVth quadrant in which sine function is negative and 3 is an odd

integer
.7rc
sur-=
(
stnl s'I*1) n 1
4\ 24) = -COS-=
4
-
E
(ii) Clearly, ro"l=cos(2x
;.2)
Since
- --6 ] is- in the III quadrant
f in which cosine function is negative. Also the multiple of I
2
is even.

.'. 7n (^
n r\
cos-=coslr"r*A)=-cos "6=- Ji2
(iii) We know that cosine is an even function. Therefore, ' ..t f\ - +)
3) = "o. $3
.

Also,
8r-nit
3
-=5x-+-. 26
So,9 is
--, 3
--in the II quadrant
a-------'in which cosine function , of
is negativb. Also, the multiple {2 is odd.
(- zr n\
8n coslsxi* n 1
.'. cosT= 6)=-slna=- 2
. s.35
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

8n 8n1
Hence, cos ( = cos-
3 ) 3 2
:
25n . 25r
(iv) The sine firnction is an odd function. Therefore, sin ( = - sln- 4
4 )
25n
Now,
4
( tz*!+!
24 )
= T u* in the I
quadqqnt and multiple ot| nthis expression is even.

. ?5n = sul tZr!+!

stn
.TE
=Slfl-=
1

4
( 24 ) 4 T2
. (- 25r) 25r L
'
ttence,sul t -
\ 4) =-sm- 4 =--..12
t

-
EXAMPLE 2 Eoaluate the following :
(i) cosec 390' (ii) cot570' (iii) tan 480o (iv) cos270"
(")t^? (vi)sin(
+) (vii) cot (T)
soLUTIoN (i) Wehave,390o
' =11n
6 =+r!-*n
26
11-'
This shows thut
6'2
i, ir, I quadrant in which cosecant function is positive and the multiple of l
rs even.
?t^
cosec 390o = cosec =.oro ( a" 1*1)
f 26) =COSeC-=l,.
6

(ii) We have, 570o=

T = r" L.2
Clear\y,Plis in the trIrd quadrant inwhish cotangent function
'..6
is positive
r and the r of l
multiple
2
is even.
19t
.'. *1*t)
cot5zoo= cot
\. 2 6) = cot; =JE
5, ="ot[e
3r-fifi
(iii) Wehave, 480o =)=S*)+i

and the multipte of Iis

Clearly,
'3$is in the ILrd quadrant inwhich tangent function is negative
" 2
odd.
8fi It TI
tan 480' = tan = ,u''(u' + = -cot !6 = -Js
3 , 6)

(iv) We have , 27oo =t =(r,I. o

)
Clearly,27O" is in the negative direction of y-axis i.e. on

the boundary line of II and III quadrant. Also, the multiple otlisan odd integer.

cos 270o = cos ( 3xI+0

2 )
=t sin 0= 0

ALITER We know that cos (2n-l) =0.Th"."fo.", =9.

I "or!l
s.36 MATHEMATICS-XI

(v) We trurr", = ( tZr! +! Clearly, this angle lies in I quadrant in whidr tangent
f 23 )
function is positive and the multiple
,2 of { is even.

tan19n = tan tZr!+! =tan 1= J5

3 23 ) 3
11,n
3 2"1+1.
(vi) We have, this angle lies in the IV quadrant in which sine function is
26
negative and the multiple of
I is odd.
.
sul
11.n
- sul
fiL
(," -x- COS-
nJi
-3 26 ) = - 62
Hence, sin (+) =-Sm. lln Jg )J5
t-_
3 2 )-z
(vii) we h".r". 15n = l. z, 1* 1)
'4 \ 24)
We observe ttrat $4 is in the IVth quadrant in which cotangent function is negative and the

,2 of I is odd.
multiole

6s1 _L5r = 6sf (r"I.;) =-tanf,=-r.

4

Hence,"",(-T) = -cot[T) =-(-1)=1.

EXAMPLE 3 Proae thnt: cos 5L0o cos 330" + sin 390o cos 120o = - 1.,

SOLUTION LHS = cos 510o cos 330o + sin 390o cos L20o

- cos-6 cos-6 + srn L3n

17n 1'l.r
63
2n

r\
cos (' *n +-l
nn\ l+srn T' -1tlt
cos lx-+-
TC

2 3) "o,
(r,. -+-
2 3) (n' -+-
26 ) ( 26
(.
[-.i,, n\ ( sln -n\l+l srn
=
\ 3) 3) \ lX-'' f)
=-€'2 J52
.(l) =-3-1=-1=RHS44 (i)
EXAMPLE 4 that; sin (- 420") (cos 390") + cos (- 660') (sin 330") = -
Proae 1.

SOLUIION We know that sin (-r) = - sinr and cos (- r) = cos r

.'. LHS = sin (- 420') (cos 390') + cos (- 560') (sin 330")
= - sin 420o cos 390" + cos 660o sin 330'
. 7n L3n lln 1ln
=-sln-cos-+cos-sln-
3 6 35
rn\( * cos (2,!*!\ .ir, ( s, 1* I)
=-Sln ( 4x -+- I cosl +,. 1* 1) \. 2
2 3) \ 26) \. z 6) 3)
. r cos n( srn
sln
rE J5 "lg (1\( 1\ 3 1
+ I : ll _: I =_:_ - =_L = RHS.
-3 -+l6 \ -6 X-*'+) 22 \2/\ 2) 4 4
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS s.37

EXAMPLE 5 Prooe that:

(i) sin2 !*.o"2!-tun2! 7n fi 3
= -L (ii)2sin2f+
6342 "or"a2 6 "or2 3 ,
(iii) cot2l*"o*"I1+g .61n2! = 6 (iv) 2sin2 +zsec2t = to
666 T*r"or2f,
SoLUTION (i) tfts= rin2 + * | -tar3 !
634
"or2
L_
= ('.;)'.(*,t)'-(* ;)' =G)'.(;l -$, =1 42
1

(ii) LHS = Z stn2!* U !

563 "or""2 "r"2
, ,2 / - \2/ 12
= 2[sinl] *["or""'nl ["""11
\. \. 6/ 5/\ 3)

=, (,* ;)' . { *"* (" . ;)}' (*, t)'

, ,2 , t2 t r2
= 2[sinl] *.1-"o"""I1 ["o"11 [.' cosec(n+x) - -cosecx]
\ 6/ [ 5i\ 3/
=,(r)'+e42.(;l =f,., = i=*,
(iii) LHS= co* !+ cosec 91+ e an2 !
666
r2
=["o, 1)' * [r, r) * e(or, t)' =["o, I)' +cosecl+ 3 ( tan ,EI
"o""" -
\.6/\6/\b/\5i 6 5)

=d-e'f +2+ 3(#l= 3+2+1.= 6 = RHS

(iv) LHS +2cos2 ! +2"n2 !

= zsn2 9!443

=r( ,,. +)'* z(.o,

;)' .r(,*t)'
=r( "* ;)' * z ("o, . r("* l-3n( = t^ ft ,fi
= Sm-
;)' t)' stn
L'.' ? [ 't-- 4 ) 4

= ,(
#)' . r(#)' + 2(2)2=1 + I + 8 =ro =RHS

*')'* (-') * (l-')

EXAM,LE 6 prooerrrr, "o'(l . = -r.
- r) sin (r + r) *,
[; -rJ
sec (2n

SOLUIION We have,
fi
cos ( -+x sec(-r) tan (z-r)
LHS
2 ) _ (- sin r) (sec r) (- tan r) = _1 = RFIS
T' (sec r) (- sin r) (tan r)
sec (2n - r) sin (r + r) cot ( --x
2 )
5.38 MATHEMATICS-XI

EXAMPLE z Prooe that :

cos (n + x) cos (- r)
(i) =cot2 x
fi
sin (r - r) cos -+rc
2
\l
(ii) cos (+.x) cos tzn., {*, (T rl+cot(2n+x\l=1
))
cos (r + r) cos (- r) _ (- cos r) x (cos r) _ - "r"2 * = cot2 x= RHS
SOLUTIoN (i) LHS=
n (sin r) (- sin r) - sinz x
sin (n - r) cos ( -+x
2 )
(ii) We know that
*t (+ *,) = sin r, cos (2n + x) = cos rr *, (+ - r) = .r,' r and cot (2n + x)= cot r
LHS =
""'(+ *,).o, (2n+ x\
{*,(+ -,) cot tzn rl}
+ +

= (sin r) (cos r) (tan r + cot r)

r +_f ,l I sin
= sin r cos.r "o.
cos .x sm rJ L

.
= sinrcosri .
fsin2r*"or2rl sinxcosrx 1
l= .
L r^rcosr j slnrcosr
EXAMPLE 8 y A, B, C, D are angles of a cyclic -=L quadrilateral, proae that
cosA + cos B + cosC + cosD = 0.
SOLUTION We know that the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary i.e.
A+C=nandB+D=n
:. A=n-C andB=n-D
:) cosA = cos(n-C) = -cosC and, cosB = cos(n -D) = -cosD
.'. cosA+cosB+cosC+cosD = -cosC-cosD+cosC+cosD = 0
EXAMPLE 9 ln any quadrilateral ABCD, prooe that
(i) sin (A + B) + sin (C +D) =0 (ii) cos(A + B) =cos(C +D)
SOLUTION (i) A + B+C +D =2n

= A+B=2n-(C +D)
:+ sin (A + B) = sin {2n
-(C + D)}
+ sin(A+B) = -sin(C+D)
= sin(A+B)+sin(C+D)=0 [;sin(2n-x)=-sinr]
(ii) A+B+C +D = 2n
+ A+B = 2n-(C +D)
cos (A + B) = cos {2n -(C + D)}
=
+ cos (A + B) = cos (C + D) ['.' cos (2n- x) = cos r]
ffi
EXAMPLE 10 Find the aalue of the expression

s
{,i,,a
(+ -,). sina 13n+ o} -, {',"t (;.,,) +,i,,6 (s"-,)} INCERT EXEMPTARI

SOLUTION The given expression is

e
{,i"4 (+ -,).,i.'; 1s,,*,1) -z
{'m '(;.,)-sin6
tsn-x))
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.39

-3 (-cos r)a + (-sin r)a (cos r)6 +(sin x)5

)-,{ )
= 3 (cos4 r + stna x)-2(cos6 r + sin5 r)

=3{("o"'r* srnzx)2-2sin2x.*'r}-z{t.or2r*sin2r)3-3 cos2xsin2x{cos2r+sin2x)}

= g (1. -2sin2 r cos2 r) -2(7 - 3 cos2 r sin2 r) = 3 -5 sin2 r cos2 r -2+ 6 sin2 r cos2 r = 1.
EXERCISE s.s

1. Find the values of the following trigonometric ratios:

(i) rir,T (ii) sin 17r (iii) tu? (iv) cos (T)
.
to ^7i (vl) sm
17n
-(
(vll) cos19r
6
(vlll) sin (+)
.
(ix) cosec
(_ zor)
I s]
39n
(x) tan
. 15k
t__
[+
13n
) t"l "*+ (xr) sm A'l.n

-
(xul) cos (xrv) sm
2. Prove that:
- -
(i) tan 225" cot 405o+ tan765" cot675" = O

. 8n ?3n*cos13rc 35r =,1

(u) sm
3.* 5 3 "^ 6
(iii) cos 24o + cos 55o + cos 125o + cos 2Mo + cos 300' = I2
(iv) tan (-225") cot(-405") -tan (-755") cot(575') = 0
(v) cos 570' sin 510o + sin (- 330o) cos (- 3eO1 = g

(vi) tan
lLr ^ sln
4n 3 cosec-cn + 4 L7n 3 -4J3
3 644 - "*2 6 2
-=
3 sin I secl -+ rir,5tr cot =1
(vii) tr
6364
3. Prove that:
/-\ cos (2n+x) cosec(2n+ x) tan (n/2+ x)
t^l --. ,
,..\ cosec(90'+r) cot(450o+r) . tan (180o+ r) + sec(L80'-r)
+ A

cosec (90o - r) + tan (180'- r) tan (360'+ x) - sec (- r)

sin (r + ,t *" (f *,) * (T -,) cot (zr - r)

'-' f 3rEI
sin (2n - r) cos (2n+ x) cosec (- r) sin
[; -r j
fi
(iv) L+cotr-sec ( -+x
2
L+cotx+sec ( -+x
1t

2 ))
=r*,,
fi
tan ( --x sec (r -x) sin (- r)
(v) 2 ) 1
7t
sin (n + r) cot (2n - r) cosec ( x
2 )
5.40 MATHEMATICS-XI

4. Provethat : sin2 a + sin2 1 + sin2 7 n + nn

=2
189189 "i^2
5. prove that : sec (+ ,) *" (, - . (T * ,) ,u,, (, -
T) "" #) = -,
6. Ina LABc,provethat:
(i) o (ii) . _ A+B cot _
C (rrr) tan _ C
cos (A + B)+ cos C = cos (#) sln
222 =

7. lf A, B, C, D be the angles of a cyclic quadrilateral, taken in order, prove that

cos (180o - A) + cos (180'+ B) + cos (180'+ C) - sin (90'+ D) = I
8. Find r from the following equations :
(n
(i) [l* r) +rcosecot[I+o)=sin l-+ ,)
cosec
\z ) \z)
\.z
(n
(ii) x cot (;. ,) + tan fl+ o) sin e + cosec rl-+ ,)
\z ) \.2
0

9. Prove that:
(i) . 3n_sin5zr
4r-cos_
tan
2n 1
cos_ - _ .13n 81*cos-srn-=-
(u) sux-sm 21 51 1

2634 ^
33362
. 13n 21
(url srn-sul-+cos-sul4n 13n 1 (1V) Srn _COS_!3n+ COS _Sln
. 10r 8lt 5n
_ _l
=
33362 3636
5n 9n 17n 15r u
(v) tan_cot_+tan_cot_
4444 -

,. (r)-f (ii) 0 (iii) -

E
L
$i # (v) -1 ("i)
I
(vii) - € 1 2
(x) -1 (.t) -#
(viii)
,
(ix) -
E (><u)
#
$n\ ua (xiv) -1/2 8. (i) tan 0 (ii) sin 0
VERY SHORT ANSWER OUESTTOTVS (VSAAS)
Answer each of the following questions in one word or one sentence or as per exnct requirement of the
question:
1. Write the maximum and minimum values of cos (cos r).
2. Write the maximum and minimum values of sin (sin r).
3. Write the maximum value of sin (cos x).
4. If sin r = cos2 r, then write the value of cos2 r (1 + cos2 r).
5. If sin r + cosec x = 2, then write the value of sinu r + cosel r.
5. If sin r + sin2 x = l,thenwrite thevalueof cos12 r+ 3 cos10 r + 3 cos8 * + x.
"or5
7. If sinr+sin2 x = l,thenwritethevalueof cos8 x+2cos5 *+"r"4 *.
8. If sin 01 + sin 02 + sin 03 = 3, then write the value of cos 01 + cos 02 + cos 03 .
9. Write the value of sin 10o + sin 20o + sin 30o + ... + sin 350o.
10. A circular wire of radius L5 cm is cut and bent so as to lie along the circumfermce of a loop
of radius 120 cm. Write the measure of the angle subtended by it at the centre of the loop.
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5.41

11. Write thevalue of 2 (sin6r + cos6r) - 3 (sinar + cos4r) + 1.

12. Write the value of cos Lo + cos 2o + cos 3o +... + cos L80'.
13. If cot (cr + P) = 0, then write the value of sin (o + 2B).
14. If tan A + cot A = 4,then write the value of tan4 A + col4 A.
15. Write the least value of **
"o"2 "n2*.
r*
15. If x = sio14 r, then write the smallest interval in which the value of r lie.
"or20
17. lf 3 sinr+5 cos r=5, thenwritethevalueof5 sin r - 3 cos r.

1. L, cos 1 2. sin 1., - sin L 3. sin 1 4.'t 5. 2 6. 1 7.'1, 8.0

9. 0 10. 45' 11. 0 12.0 13. sin o or cos B 14.794 15.2 15. (0, u
17. 3 or -3
_MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTTONS @CAs)
Markthe conect alteruatioe in each of thefollowing:

1. If tan x = x - +, then sec r -tan ris equal to

4x
11
(a) -2x,-:- (b) -fi,2x (c\ 2x @) zx,I
2. If sec x =x +a
4x'
. Ur"r, sec r + tan r =

(u) *,Lx b) 2*,* (c) -Zx,I (d) -1,,

x
1-sin r
,.u;.,.f,,n",, L+sinr
is equal to

(a) sec x -tarr x (b) sec r + tan r (c) tan r- sec r (d) none of these
'1 +cosr.
4. Iln<x<2n,then is equal to
l-cosr
(a) cosec r + cot r (b) cosecr-cot r (c) -cosecr+ cot r(d) -cosecr -cot r
s. If 0 . * .!, and if then y is equar to
H = 1/}g_
,,, ,,
(a) cot| O) t" ; (c) cot
i.^i (d) cot
i-^i
6. If r < then
l. -sin r h+sinr
l- is eoual to
1+ sin r lf1 -sin x
rq,
;< '
(a) 2 sec r (b) -2 sec r (d) - sec r
(c) sec r
-+
7. lf x=/sifl 0cos$, A=rsinOsin $andz=rcos0, then *2 *y2 *z2i"independentof
(a) 0,0 (b) r,0 (c) r,0 (d) r
\
8. If tan r + sec x J5,0 <r < n, thenris equalto
5n 2n ! fi
(a) o) (c) (d)
6 3 5 5
9. If tan * = |and r lies in the IV quadrant, then the value of cos r is
- a/5
5.42 MATHEMATIC$XI

c)fJ6 (b)
&
2
c); (d)
1

Je
10. If !I < s. <nrtr"r,.E* o* is equal to
4 ! =1-
sinza
(a)1-coto (b)1+cotcr (c) -1+cotq, (d) -1-coto
11. sin6A+cos5A+3sin2 Acos2A =
(a)0 O)1 (c)2 (d) 3
12. Ifcosec r -cot *=!,0 <r <1, th"ncos ris equalto
2' 2'
c): 5
o)
3
5
(c)
3
5
(d)
5
3
13. If cosec r + cot , =+,then tan x =
21. 15 M
(a)
22
(b)
1.6
(c)
117
@)#
xy...is
14. secl x = ..4 true if and only if
(x + y)'
(a)x+y+O @)x=y,x+O (c)x=y (d) x+0,y +0
15. If r is an acute angle and t*, * = +, then the value of
aor""2 *-"""2 * is
'J7
"o"""2r+s"c2,
@) 3/a @) r/2 (c) 2 (d) 5/4
16. The value of sin2 5o + sin2 10o + sin2 Lso + ... + sin2 85" + sin2 90" is
(a) 7 O) 8 (c) e.s (d) 10

11z. stnz L+ sin2l a sv]7-! + si.2 41 =

189189
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 0
1.8. If tan A + cot A = 4, then tan4 A + cot4 Ais equal to
(a) 110 (b) 1e1 (c) 80 (d) 1e4
tan2 50o cosec 30"
19. rf xsin 45o.or2 60o _ , then r =
sec 45" cot' 30"
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 15
20. lf A lies in second quadrant and 3 tan A+4=0,thenthevalueof 2 cot A-5 cos A+ sin A
is equal to
(a) -53110 b) 23/10 (c) 37/10 (d) 7/10
2L. If cosec r + cot , =! ,then tan r =
2'
(a) 21/22 b) 1s/1.6 G) aa/t7 (d) 117/43
22. It tar. 0 + sec 0 = ex, then cos 0 equals

,^rex+e-*
2
b\ 2
" e'+e-' @t+ (d\
"
-' '
e'+e *

23. If r + tan x =k, x

o,+
sec cos --

@h (c)
.a;
k
(d)
-7 -1
k
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5./t3

2a. If f (x)= cos2 r + sec2 r, then

(a) f (x) <1, (b) /(r) = 1 (c) 2 < f (x) <1, (d) f(x)>2
25. Which of the following is incorrect?
(a) sin x = -L/5 (b) cos r = 1 (c) sec x =1,/2 (d) tanr=20
26. Thevalueof coslo cos2o cos 3o...cos179"is
@) l/Ji (r) o
(c) 1 (d) -1
27. The valueof tan Lotan 2"tan 3o...tan 89ois
(a) 0 O) 1 (c) L/2 (d) not defined
2E. Which of the following is correct?
(a) sin l.o > sin 1 (b) sin Lo < sin L (c) sin Lo = sin L (d) sin 1o = -n- sin 1

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) s.(b) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (c)

e. (a) 10. (d) 11.(b) 12. O) 13. (c) 14.(b) 1s. (a) 15. (c)
17. (c) 18. (d) le. (c) 20. o) 21. (c) 22.(b) 23. (b) 24. (d)
2s. (c) 26. O) 27.b) 28. o)
SUMMARY
1. Following are some of the fundamental trigonometric identities:
.. sin x 1 1
(i) = --:-
cosec r
or, cosec x = -j-
srn r

(ii)cosx= 11 - or,secx-- (iii)cotx= 1 or,tanx= 1

sec I cos I tan .r cot.r
sin r cos r
(iv) tan x = x = -- (v) sin2r+ *=
srn -r
1.
cos r "or2
-or,cot
(vi) 1+ rln2 x = sec2ror,secr-tanr =
sec;;nr
(vii) 1 + col2 x = ror, cosecr-cot
"o"*2 cosecr+cotr
2. (i) sin (- r) = - sin r or, cosec (- r) = - cosec r
(ii) cos (- r) = cos r or, sec (- r) = sec r
(iii) tan (- x) = -tanror,cot(-r) = -cotr
. (n \I cos r, cos r
(iv) Sml--I
\z)
= (;-.) = sin r, (; -r) = cot r, ""
sec (i -,) = co6ec

(n \
= s€crr*,(;-r) = tan r
[, -rJ
cosec

(v) sin (;. r) = cos rr *' (;. r) = -'in x, tan (;+r) = -.o. *, "ot (|* *)= - *, *,
* r) = - cosec r, *'* (; * r) = ,". ,
'". (;
(vi) sin(n-x) = sinrrcos(n-x) = -cosr,tan(r-r) = -tan x,cot(n -r) = -cotr
sec (n - r) = - sec r, cosec (n - x) = cosec r

,,i
,
5.44

(vii) sin (+ -,) = - cos r *'(T -,)= - ,i^ ,,""(+ -,)= "o,
*,
"ot(! -*)=,u,, ,
(3n (3n
cosec[2 -x = -SeCf, SeC t__ x = - COSeC I
Iz
tviii) sin (f + ,) = - "or r, "o, (f * r) = rir, r,
^(!
* *) = - "ot
r,
"ot
(f * r) = -,ur',
(3n (3n
cosec[2 +x = -S€CIr secl ,) = COSeC f
\2-+
(ix) sin (2n-x) =-sin x,ccn(2n-x) =cosrz tan(2n-x) =-tan r,cosec(2n-x) =-cosecr
sec(2r-r) = secr, cot(2n-x) = -cotr
(x) Sine and Cosine functions and their reciprocals i.e. Cosecant and Secant functions are
periodic functions with period 2n Tangent and Cotangent functions are periodic with
period rt.
(xi) Cosine and secant ftrnctions are even functions and all other trigonometric functions are
odd functions.