Module-1 Integral Calculus
Introduction to Integral Calculus in Computer Science and Engineering
1. Double Integration
Definition
A double integral allows you to integrate a function of two variables over a region R:
ZZ
I= f (x, y) dx dy
R
OR
ZZ
I= f (x, y) dy dx
R
Types of Regions
• Type I: R = {(x, y) : a ≤ x ≤ b, f (x) ≤ y ≤ g(x)}, then:
ZZ
I= f (x, y) dy dx
R
• Type II: R = {(x, y) : c ≤ y ≤ d, f (y) ≤ x ≤ g(y)}, then:
ZZ
I= f (x, y) dx dy
R
2. Triple Integration
Definition
A triple integral is used to integrate functions of three variables over a volume V :
ZZZ
f (x, y, z) dV
V
Spherical Coordinates
x = r sin θ cos φ, y = r sin θ sin φ, z = r cos θ
dV = r2 sin φ dr dφ dθ
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Applications in Engineering
Volume: ZZZ
V = 1 dV
V
Strategy for Solving
1. Sketch the region/solid.
2. Determine limits of integration.
3. Choose the most suitable coordinate system.
4. Set up and simplify the integrand.
5. Evaluate the integral step by step.
Example: Area of Ellipse
2 2
Find area enclosed by xa2 + yb2 = 1.
Solution: Use substitution:
x = ar cos θ, y = br sin θ, 0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
dA = abr dr dθ
2π 1
1
Z Z
A= abr dr dθ = ab · 2π · = πab
0 0 2
Example 1: Type I Region
Evaluate the double integral: ZZ
(x + y) dy dx
R
where R = {(x, y) | 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x}.
Solution
This is a Type I region.
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ZZ Z 1 Z x
(x + y) dy dx = (x + y) dy dx
R 0 0
Z 1 Z x Z x
= x dy + y dy dx
0 0 0
Z 1
y2 x
x
= x·y 0 + dx
0 2 0
Z 1
x2
2
= x + dx
0 2
Z 1 2
3x
= dx
0 2
1
3 x3 3 1 1
= · = · =
2 3 0 2 3 2
1
Final Answer:
2
Example 2: Type II Region
Evaluate the double integral: ZZ
x dx dy
R
where R = {(x, y) | 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, y ≤ x ≤ 1}.
Solution
This is a Type II region.
ZZ Z 1 Z 1
x dx dy = x dx dy
R 0 y
!
1 1
x2
Z
= dy
0 2 y
1
1 y2
Z
= − dy
0 2 2
1 1
Z
= (1 − y 2 ) dy
2 0
1
y3
1
= y−
2 3
0
1 1 1 2 1
= 1− = · =
2 3 2 3 3
1
Final Answer:
3
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Problems
Type:1
Rc Rb Ra
1. Evaluate (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) dx dy dz
−c −b −a
√ √
1−x2 −y 2
R1 R 2
1−x R
2. Evaluate xyz dz dy dx This represents the integral of xyz over the
0 0 0
first octant of the unit sphere.
Step 1: Convert to Spherical Coordinates
Let:
x = r sin θ cos φ, y = r sin θ sin φ, z = r cos θ
dV = r2 sin θ dr dθ dφ
In the first octant:
π π
0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0≤θ≤ , 0≤φ≤
2 2
Step 2: Transform the Integrand
xyz = (r sin θ cos φ)(r sin θ sin φ)(r cos θ) = r3 sin2 θ cos θ cos φ sin φ
So the integral becomes:
Z π
2
Z π
2
Z 1
r3 sin2 θ cos θ cos φ sin φ · r2 sin θ dr dθ dφ
0 0 0
Z π
2
Z π
2
Z 1
= r5 sin3 θ cos θ cos φ sin φ dr dθ dφ
0 0 0
Step 3: Separate the Integrals
! Z !
Z 1 Z π
2
π
2
r5 dr sin3 θ cos θ dθ cos φ sin φ dφ
0 0 0
Evaluate each integral:
1 1
r6
1
Z
5
r dr = =
0 6 0 6
Let u = sin θ ⇒ du = cos θ dθ
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π
1 1
u4
1
Z Z
2
3 3
sin θ cos θ dθ = u du = =
0 0 4 0 4
π π π2
1 1 1 1
Z Z
2 2
cos φ sin φ dφ = sin(2φ) dφ = − cos(2φ) =
0 2 0 2 2 0 2
Step 4: Final Answer
1 1 1 1
· · =
6 4 2 48
1
√
1−x2 Z √1−x2 −y2
1
Z Z
xyz dz dy dx =
0 0 0 48
R 1 R z R x+z
3. Evaluate −1 0 x−z
(x + y + z) dy dx dz
R a−x−y
Ra a−x
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) dz dy dx
R
4. Evaluate
0 0 0
Ra Rx x+y
R
5. Evaluate ex+y+z dz dy dx
0 0 0
R a R √a2 −x2 R √a2 −x2 −y2
6. Evaluate the triple integral 0 0 0
x dz dy dx
√ √2 2 2
Ra aR2 −x2 a −x
R −y 1
7. Evaluate √ dz dy dx
0 0 0 a2 −x2 −y 2 −z 2
R 1 R √1−x2 R √1−x2 −y2 1
8. Evaluate 0 0 0
√ dz dy dx
1−x2 −y 2 −z 2
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RR
3. Evaluation of I = R f (x, y) dx dy over the specific region R
We need to draw befitting figure from the given description to identify the specific
region R. We have to then express
ZZ Z b Z y2 (x)
I= f (x, y) dx dy = f (x, y) dy dx (1)
R x=a y=y1 (x)
or
ZZ Z b Z x2 (y)
I= f (x, y) dx dy = f (x, y) dx dy (2)
R y=a x=x1 (y)
I is obtained by the evaluation of (1) or (2)
(i) Evaluation of double integral by changing the order of inte-
gration.
Steps to Change the Order of Integration:
1. Understand the given integral:
Z d Z g2 (y)
f (x, y) dx dy
y=c x=g1 (y)
2. Sketch the region R:
• Use the limits to draw the region in the xy-plane.
• Identify boundaries clearly (e.g., lines or curves like y = x2 , y = x).
3. Determine new limits:
• Find the range for x: from a to b.
• For each x, find the limits of y: from h1 (x) to h2 (x).
4. Rewrite the integral with new order:
Z b Z h2 (x)
f (x, y) dy dx
x=a y=h1 (x)
5. Evaluate the new integral.
Tips
• Always sketch the region first.
• Identify intersection points of curves (if needed).
• Check that the new limits still describe the same region.
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(ii) Evaluation of Double integral by changing into polar form
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, dA = r dr dθ
ZZ Z θ2 Z r 2
I= f (x, y) dx dy = f (r cos θ, r sin θ) · r dr dθ
R θ1 r1
Steps to Change into Polar Coordinates:
1. Sketch the region R:
• Identify if the region is circular or bounded by curves like x2 + y 2 = r2 .
• Convert boundary curves from Cartesian to polar.
2. Express the integral in polar form:
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y) dx dy = f (r cos θ, r sin θ) r dr dθ
R R′
3. Set the limits for r and θ:
• r ∈ [r1 (θ), r2 (θ)]
• θ ∈ [α, β]
4. Evaluate the polar integral.
Tips
• Always include the extra factor r in the integrand.
• Sketch the region carefully in polar coordinates.
• Use symmetry if possible to reduce the computation.
Area, Volume and Surface area
RR
1. I = R
dx dy = Area of the regain R in the artesian form.
RR
2. I = R
r dr drθ
3. A triple integral is used to integrate functions of three variables over a volume V :
ZZZ
f (x, y, z) dV
V
4. If z = f (x, y) is a surface over a region R in the xy-plane, then the surface area A
is given by:
s 2 2
ZZ
∂f ∂f
A= 1+ + dx dy
R ∂x ∂y
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5. Volume of a solid (in polar) obtained by the revolution of a curve enclosing an are
A about the initial line is given by
ZZ
V = 2πr2 sin θ dr dθ
A
problems
RR
1. Evaluate xy dxdy where R is the region bounded by the coordinate axes and
the line x + y = 1
xy (x + y) dydx taken over the area between y = x2 and y = x
RR
2. Evaluate
4. Gamma Function
Definition
The Gamma function is defined as:
Z ∞
Γ(n) = xn−1 e−x dx for n > 0
0
Properties
1. Recursive Property:
Γ(n + 1) = nΓ(n)
2. For positive integers:
Γ(n) = (n − 1)!
3. Special Value:
√
1
Γ = π
2
5. Beta Function
Definition
The Beta function is defined as:
Z 1
β(m, n) = xm−1 (1 − x)n−1 dx for m > 0, n > 0
0
Alternate Form
Z π
2
β(m, n) = 2 (sin θ)2m−1 (cos θ)2n−1 dθ
0
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Properties
1. Symmetry:
β(m, n) = β(n, m)
2. Relation with Gamma Function:
Γ(m)Γ(n)
β(m, n) =
Γ(m + n)
6. Relation Between Beta and Gamma Functions
Using the above definitions and properties:
Γ(m)Γ(n)
β(m, n) =
Γ(m + n)
7. Solved Problems
Example 1: Evaluate Γ(5)
Γ(5) = (5 − 1)! = 4! = 24
Example 2: Evaluate β(2, 3)
Γ(2)Γ(3) 1! · 2! 1·2 1
β(2, 3) = = = =
Γ(5) 4! 24 12
R1
Example 3: Evaluate 0
x2 (1 − x)3 dx
1
Γ(3)Γ(4) 2! · 3! 2·6 1
Z
x2 (1 − x)3 dx = β(3, 4) = = = =
0 Γ(7) 6! 720 60
3
Example 4: Evaluate Γ 2
1√
3 1 1
Γ = Γ = π
2 2 2 2
