008 ACTUATORS -2

DR KK SUNDARAM
Fluid power system components
AIR RECEIVER
 CONDENSATE TRAPS
• .
KKS

VALVE
 IMPULSE VALVE

• A TWO WAY / TWO POSITION VALVE IS AN

IMPACT VALVE . WE WILL SEE THIS IN DETAIL.
• EXPLN :….. IMPULSE SIGNAL
 DIRECTION CONTROL VALVES
• DC VALVES ARE USED MAINLY TO DIRECT THE
FLOW OF THE PRESSURED FLUID IN THE
DESIRED DIRECTIONS. THE MAIN FUNCTIONS
ARE TO START STOP AND ASSIST THE FLOW OF
AIR.
• THEY CAN BE ACTUATED BY ELECTRICAL
MECHANICAL (MANUAL ALSO), OR IN
PNEUMATIC MODE ITSELF.
 VALVE POSITIONING
• A VALVE CAN HAVE TWO OR THREE
POSITIONS OF WORKING
– NORMAL OR ZERO POSITION.
– WORKING POSITION(S) These can be two or
more.
• Thus a valve can be designated by 4/2 or 3/3
etc.
The first indicates the ways or connections and
the second indicates the working positions
 VALVE POSITIONING
• IN FLUID POWER SYSTEMS THE NEUTRAL
POSITION IS INDICATED BY “0”.
• IN DIRECTION CONTROL VALVE WITH SPRING
ACTION FOR RETURN THE NEUTRAL POSITION
IS REFERED TO THAT POSITION IN WHICH THE
VALVE RETURNS AFTER THE ACTUATING
FORCE HAS BEEN WITHDRAWN
 VALVE POSITIONING
• IN FLUID POWER SYSTEMS THE NEUTRAL
POSITION IS INDICATED BY “0”.
• IN DIRECTION CONTROL VALVE WITH SPRING
ACTION FOR RETURN THE NEUTRAL POSITION
IS REFERED TO THAT POSITION IN WHICH THE
VALVE RETURNS AFTER THE ACTUATING
FORCE HAS BEEN WITHDRAWN
 VALVE TYPES
• DIRECTION CONTROL VALVES CAN BE
CLASSED INTO TWO WAYS
–SEAT OR POPPET VALVES
–SPOOL OR SLIDING VALVES
 POSITION
• A VALVE POSITION IS REPRESENTED
BY A SQUARE

• ONE POSITION VALVE

TWO POSITION VALVE

 POSITION
• A VALVE POSITION IS REPRESENTED
BY A SQUARE

• ONE POSITION VALVE

TWO POSITION VALVE

 POSITION
• INSIDE A SQUARE THE LINES INDICATE THE
FLOW AND THE ARROWS THE DIRECTION OF
FLOW A
THE RED
ARROW
INDICATES
DIRECTION OF
FLUID FLOW !
 POSITION
• CUT OFFS FOR AIR FLOWS ARE SHOWN BY THE
SHORT TRAVERSE LINES INSIDE THE SQUARE
A
 POSITION
• CONNECTIONS ARE DENOTED BY CAPITAL
ENGLISH ALPHABETS
A
 POSITION
• WORKING LINE CONNECTIONS ARE DENOTED
BY A,B,C ….ETC
A B

P R
 POSITION
• COMPRESSOR CONNECTION LINE IS SHOWN
BY THE LETTER “P” AND THE RETURN LINE BY
“R”
A B

P R
 POSITION
• CONNECTIONS TO INLET AND OUTLET PORTS
ARE DRAWN ONLY TO A CONNECTIONG
POSITION.
A B

P R
 POSITION
• PILOT LINES ARE INDICATED BY LETTERS Z, X,
Y ETC.
• PILOTS ARE INITIATORS TO START THE
PROCESSES.
 SYMBOLS 4/2, 5/2 ETC
• IN VALVE POSITION LIKE SAY 5/2 THE FIRST
SYMBOL 5 INDICATES THE NUMBER OF
CONNECTIONS OR FUNCTIONAL OPENINGS
WHICH IS 5 IN THIS CASE
• THE SECOND SYMBOL 2 INDICATES THE
DISTINCT NUMBER OF POSITIONS THAT THE
VALVE CAN TAKE.
 SYMBOLS 4/2, 5/2 ETC
• LETS SAY WE HAVE A DC 4/3

• THIS MEANS WE HAVE A VALVE WHICH HAS 4

CONNECTIONS AND THE VALVE CAN TAKE 3
DISTINCT POSITIONS. !!
 VALVE TYPES 2 WAY 2 POSITION
IMPULSE VALVE
• TWO WAY 2 POSITION VALVE
 VALVE TYPES 2 WAY 2 POSITION
IMPULSE VALVE
• TWO WAY 2 POSITION VALVE

X
 VALVE TYPES 2 WAY 2 POSITION
IMPULSE VALVE ON/OFF POSITIONS
• TWO WAY 2 POSITION
VALVE IS A GENERAL ON /
OFF POSITION VALVE LIKE A
WATER TAP . ALLOWS THE X
FLUID TO GO IN ONE
POSITION AND IN ANOTHER
IT DOES NOT. THIS IS AN
IMPULSIVE SIGNAL. WITH
YES OR NO SIGNALS.
 VALVE TYPES 3 WAY 2 POSITION
IMPULSE VALVE
•

X
 VALVE TYPES 3 WAY 2 POSITION
IMPULSE VALVE
•

X
EXAMPLE TO EXPLAIN ACTUATIONS
SYMBOLS
 THIS IS A 3/2 VALVE …
• The directional valves are described by the numbers of
ports in the main valve (excluding pilot ports) and the
number of positions the valve can take, [number of
ports] / [number of positons]
 THIS IS A 3/2 VALVE …
•
DC VALVES

DESIGN ASPECTS
 DESIGN OF DIR. CONT. VALVES
• Basic difference between spool and poppet valves.
The basic elements of any directional control valve is
the valve body. The body holds the parts of the valve
together. The second important element is the
moving part(s), which blocks and opens ports, or
connects two or more of them with each other.
• The closing element can either be a spool or a valve
disk. Thus we have Spool valves and Poppet
valves.
•
 SPOOL TYPE OF VALVES
• In spool-valves the different ports are
connected by axially moving a cylindrical
spool.
 POPPET TYPE OF VALVES
• In a poppet valve a valve-disc is pushed onto
the valve-seat. When the disc is released
again, the valve opens.
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE VALVES
•
 POPPET AND SPOOL VALVE
DIFFERENCES
• POPPET VALVING • SPOOL VALVE VALVING
ELEMENT IS ETHTER A ELEMENT IS A SLIDING
BALL CONE ETC AND SITS SPOOL
ON A MACHINED SEAT. • VALVE ACTUATION OF ALL
• VALVE ACTUATION TYPES IS POSSIBLE
POSSIBILITY LIMITED • SPOOL AND BORE
• WEAR AND TEAR IS NOT GENERALLY HAS
UNIFORM UNIFORM WEAR
• CONSTRUCTION IS • CONSTRUCTION IS
COMPLICATED SIMPLE (WHY ?)
KKS UNIT 5

SPEED REGULATORS
 SPEED REGULATORS
• SPEED REGULATION IS ACHIEVED BY MEANS
OF HAVING FLOW CONTROL , WHICH IS DONE
BY CONSTRICTING A PASSAGE.
• CHANGING OF THE AREA BY THROTTLING
PROVIDES US CONTROL OF THE FLOW . THIS IS
DONE BY SCREW ADJUSTMENTS OR WITH
SPRING BASED ADJUSTMENTS.
 QUICK EXHAUST VALVE
• AIR EXHAUSTS QUICKLY TO THE EXHAUST AS IT
MOVES DIRECTLY FROM THE SIDE AS
EXPLAINED IN THE FIGURE BELOW.
 QUICK EXHAUST VALVE
• .
 QUICK EXHAUST VALVE
• .
 TIME DELAY VALVE
• Time delay valve function is mainly used in
pneumatic circuits. Main purpose of time
delay valve function is to delay the next
operation by certain amount of time which
must be adjustable. Adjustment of throttle
valve permits fine control of time delay
between minimum and maximum times. In
pneumatic time delay valves, typical time
delays in the range 5-30 seconds are possible.
TIME DELAY VALVE
SHUTTLE VALVE OR GATE
 TWIN PRESSURE VALVE “AND” GATE
• CONSTRUCTION
 TWIN PRESSURE VALVE “AND” GATE
•
 SOLENOID OPERATED VALVE
• A solenoid valve is a combination of two
functional units:
• A solenoid operator essentially consisting of a
coil, core, core tube, shading coil and spring(s).
• A valve body containing orifices in which a disc,
diaphragm or piston etc. is positioned according
to the type of technology used.
• The valve is opened or closed by movement of
the magnetic core which is drawn into
a solenoid when the coil is energized.
• .
 Components of a solenoid valve
• coil (A)
• armature (B)
• shading ring (C)
• spring (D)
• plunger (E)
• seal (F)
• valve body (G)
VALVES

OPERATIONS
 VALVE OPERATION

• MANUAL
• AUTOMATED
• SEMI- AUTOMATED
OPERATIONS & THEIR NOTATIONS
• ELECTRICAL COIL
(SOLENOID ).
• PNEUMATIC

• MANUAL OPERATION
OPERATIONS & THEIR NOTATIONS
• MANUAL OPERATION
• PUSH BUTTON
• LEVER

• FOOT PEDAL

• SPRING
OPERATIONS & THEIR NOTATIONS
• MECHANICAL PIN

• ROLLER CONTROL !!
 OPERATIONS
• AS IS EVIDENT FROM THE SYMBOLS – MOST
OF THEM ARE INTUITIVE IN NATURE .
• THESE SYMBOLS ARE PLACED IN THE
PNEUMATIC DIAGRAMS FOR CIRCUITS.
 EXERCISE TO CHECK
• SHOWN BELOW ARE FOUR POSITIONS OF A
SOLENOID VALVE 3/2 TYPE !!
 THANKS FOR LISTENING
• QUESTIONS PLEASE !!