Prapared By. R.

Pandey
TRANSFORMER
3/31/2021
2
 TRANSFORMER
A Transformer is a device that changes ac electric
power at one frequency and voltage level to ac electric
power at the same frequency and another voltage level
through the action of a Magnetic Field.
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER WITH CENTERED TAP

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5
SYMBOL OF TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER SYMBOL

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7
INTRODUCTION

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 A Transformer is a device that changes ac
electric power at one frequency and voltage level
to ac electric power at the same frequency and
another voltage level through the action of a
Magnetic Field.
 It consists of two or more coils of wire wrapped
around a common ferromagnetic core.
 These coils are (usually) not directly connected.
 The only connection between the coils is the
common magnetic flux present within the core. 8
WHY TRANSFORMERS ARE IMPORTANT
TO MODERN LIFE?

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 A transformer ideally changes one ac voltage
level to another voltage level without affecting
the actual power supplied.

 Voltage stepped up for transmission over long

distances at very low losses, and its voltage
stepped down again for final use.

9
TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS

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 Power Transformers are given a variety of
different names, depending on their use in power
systems.
 A transformer connected to the output of a generator
and used to step its voltage up to transmission levels
(110+ kV) is sometimes called a Unit Transformer.

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 The transformer at the other end of the
transmission line, which steps the voltage down
from transmission levels to distribution levels
(from 2.3 to 34.5 kV), is called a Substation
Transformer.
 the transformer that takes the distribution
voltage and steps it down to the final voltage at
which the power is actually used (110, 208, 220
11
V, etc.) is called a Distribution Transformer.
CONSTRUCTION DETAILED AND CURRENT
TRENDS

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 Two separate coils are provided on two separate
limbs of the core.
 The horizontal member of the core is known as yoke.

 The coils are made by winding of enamel insulated

copper wire.
 Primary winding is connected to the AC source.

 Secondary winding is connected to the load.

12
PARTS OF A TRANSFORMER
A transformer consists of 3 basic components
 Primary Coil or Primary Winding : It is an
electrical wire wrapped around the core on
the input side
 Secondary Coil or Secondary Winding: It is an
electrical wire wrapped around the core on
the output side
 Core : A ferromagnetic material that can
conduct a magnetic field through it. Example:
Iron
TRANSFORMER STRUCTURE
1.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE AND EMF
EQUATION

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

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 When AC source (V1) is connected to the primary
winding, a current flows through it.
 This current produces an alternating flux “ϕ” in the
core.
 Since the flux is alternating and links with the secondary
winding also, so induces an emf in the secondary winding
“E2” according to the Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic
Induction.
 The frequency of the induced emf will be same as the
frequency of the flux which is same as the supply voltage.

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 Due to induced emf, secondary winding can
deliver current to the load connected across it,
thus transferring energy from primary to
secondary winding by means of electro-magnetic
induction.
 The alternating flux in the core also links with
the primary winding, so produce self induced
emef “E1” in the primary winding.
 This emf opposes the applied voltage, thus
sometime also called as “back emf” and is
responsible to limit the current in primary
winding. 17
1.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE AND EMF
EQUATION (SUMMARY)

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

an
alternating small
voltage V1 current magnetic
is applied called the flux in
to the no-load the core
primary current I0
winding

alternating flux links

induces in them with both primary and
e.m.f.'s of E1 and E2 secondary coils
18
EMF EQUATION

 When an alternating voltage is applied to the

primary winding of a transformer, an alternating

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flux gets set up in the iron core which links both
windings, primary and secondary.
 Let, ϕm = maximum value of flux (Weber)

f = supply frequency (Hz)

 From Fig., we can see that, the value of flux increases
from “o” to ϕm in 1/4f seconds.

19
 dϕ
 So, average rate of change of flux =
dt
ϕm−0
=
1/4𝑓

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dϕ
 |
dt avg = 4fϕm
 since average emf induced per turn in volts = average rate of
change of flux.
 So, average emf induced per turn = 4fϕm volt

 Now, we have to find the rms value of induced emf. Since

the flux is sinusoidal, the emf induced will also be sinusoidal
and for sinusoidal waveform.
𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
 Form factor = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 1.11
 rms value = 1.11*average value
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 Rms value of emf induced per turn = 1.11*4 fϕm volt
 = 4.44 fϕm
 If N1 and N2 are the no. of turns of primary and secondary
winding then,
 Rms value of induced emf in the primary winding

 E1 = 4.44 fϕm* N1

 E1 = 4.44 f N1 ϕm Volt (rms)

 Rms value of induced emf in the secondary winding

E2 = 4.44 f N2 ϕm Volt (rms)

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 Considering purely inductive winding i.e. with
negligible resistance, there will be no voltage
drop.
 i.e. emf induced in primary winding E1 = applied
voltage to the primary winding V1.
 Emf induced in secondary winding, E2 =
Terminal voltage V2.
V2 E2 4.44 f N2 ϕm N2
 Then, = = =
V1 E1 4.44 f N1 ϕm N1
V2 N2
 = =K
V1 N1
 Where, K = Voltage transformation ratio. 22
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 V ∝ 𝑁, If no. of turns is more, V is more.

 I. If 𝐾 > 1, 𝑁2 > 𝑁1, 𝑉2 > 𝑉1, 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 − 𝑢𝑝 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟

 II. If 𝐾 < 1, 𝑁2 < 𝑁1, 𝑉2 < 𝑉1, 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 − 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟

 III. If 𝐾 = 1, 𝑁2 = 𝑁1 , 𝑉2 = 𝑉1, 𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟

 In ideal transformer, the losses are negligible, so

 Output VA = Input VA

 V2I2 = V1I1
𝑉2 𝐼1
 = =K
𝑉1 𝐼2
23
2.3 IDEAL TRANSFORMER

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24
2.3 IDEAL TRANSFORMER

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 An ideal transformer is a lossless device with an
input winding and an output winding.
(V1/V2) is called the voltage ratio
(N1/N2) the turns ratio

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 If N2 is less than N1 then V2 is less than V1 and
the device is termed a step-down transformer.

 If N2 is greater than N1 then V2 is greater

than V1 and the device is termed a step-up
transformer. When a load is connected across the
secondary winding, a current I2 flows.

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Input Power = Output Power

V1I1 = V2I2

i.e. in an ideal transformer, the primary and

secondary ampere turns are equal.

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Example 1:
 A transformer has 500 primary turns and
3000 secondary turns. If the primary
voltage is 240 V, determine the secondary
voltage, assuming an ideal transformer.
Solution
For an ideal transformer, voltage ratio = turns
ratio
V1/V2 = N1/N2 = a
240/V2 = 500/3000, V2 = 1440V 28
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Example 2:
An ideal transformer with turns ratio of 2:7 is
fed from a 240V supply.
Determine its output voltage.

Solution
A turns ratio of 2:7 means that the transformer
has 2 turns on the primary for every 7 turns on
the secondary (i.e. a step-up transformer); thus a
= (N1/N2) = (2/7). For an ideal transformer,
voltage ratio = turns ratio V1/V2 = N1/N2 = a
V2 = 7 × 240 /2 =840V 29
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Example 3:

A 5 KVA single-phase transformer has a turn

ratio of 10 : 1 and is fed from a 2.5 KV
supply. Neglecting losses, determine:
a) The full-load secondary current,

b) Minimum load resistance which can be

connected across the secondary winding
to give full load KVA.
c) The primary current at full load KVA
30
 3/31/2021
a) Turns ratio a = N1/N2 = 10/1 and V1 = 2.5KV
=2500 V.
Since N1/N2 = V1/V2
V2 = V1 (N2/N1)= 250V
The transformer rating in volt-amperes=V2I2(at full
load) i.e. 5000 = 250I2
Hence full load secondary current:
I2 = (5000/250) =20A.

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b) Minimum value of load resistance,
RL = V2/I2 = 250/20 = 12.5Ω

c) The primary current, N1 / N2 = I2 / I1

I1 = I2(N2 / N1) = 20×0.1 = 2A

32
2.4 NO LOAD AND LOADED OPERATION
 The no-load operation of a transformer is the
condition when the primary side is supplied with

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source and the secondary side is left open circuit.
 When the primary side is supplied by a source, it
draws a small amount of current called no-load
current I0 or exciting current.


33
NO-LOAD OPERATION
 The primary winding of a real transformer will not
be purely inductive. It will have resistance as well.

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 Hence the primary current I0 will lag the applied
voltage V1 by some angle ϕ0 which will be less than 900 as
shown in Fig.

34
Fig. Phasor diagram for no-load operation.
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 The no-load current I0 can be resolved into two
components as follows:
 Iw = Component of I0 in phase with V1 = I0Cosϕ0

 = Loss component of I0.

 Iµ = Component of I0 which lags V1 = I0Sinϕ0

= Magnetizing component of I0.

 The loss component Iw is responsible for producing
heat loss in the core and the magnetizing component
Iµ is responsible for producing magnetic flux in the
core.
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 The power consumed by the transformer at no-
load is given by
 W0 = V1I0Cosϕ0 Watt

 Where Cosϕ0 is known as no-load power factor of

the transformer.
 From the phasor diagram it is clear that

 I0 = 𝐼𝑤 2 + 𝐼𝜇 2
 Based on this mathematical analysis, no-load
equivalent circuit of the transformer can be
obtained as shown in Fig.
36
FIG. NO-LOAD EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

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 The branch in the equivalent circuit is known as no-load
branch.
 This branch has two parallel paths. One path has core loss
resistance R0 and it is the path for Iw.
 The second path has magnetizing reactance X0 and it is
37
the path for Iµ.
NUMERICAL

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 A single phase transformer of 3300/220 V, 50 Hz takes a
no-load current of 0.8 A and 500 W. Calculate
 (i) the active and magnetizing component
 (ii) its power factor

 Solution:

 W0 = V1 I0 Cosϕ0
 I0 = 0.8 A
 W0= 500 W
 V1 = 3300 V
 Cosϕ0= ???
 Active component of I0 (Iw) = I0Cosϕ0 =
 Magnetizing component (Iu) = I0Sinϕ0 = 38
SOLUTION

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39
NUMERICAL

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 The no-load current of a transformer is 15 A at a p.f.
of 0.2 when connected to a 460 V, 50 Hz power
supply. If the primary winding has 550 turns,
calculate :(a) the magnetizing and working
component of no-load current. (b) iron loss (c)
maximum and rms value of flux in the core.
 Answer
 [14.7 A, 3 A, 1380 W, 3.77 mWb, 2.66 mWb]

 (c) E1 = 4.44 fN1ϕm

 ϕrms = Φm/ 2 40
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 Explain the no-load and loaded operation of a
ideal transformer. Prove that the flux in the
transformer core remains constant
irrespective of change in load.

41
2.5 OPERATION OF TFR. WITH LOAD

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 When the load is connected across the secondary
winding, some current I2 will flow through the
secondary circuit as shown in Fig.

42
OPERATION OF TFR. WITH LOAD

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 Now the secondary mmf N2I2 will set up its own
magnetic flux ϕ2 whose direction is opposite to the main
flux.

 At no-load, the output of the transformer V2I2 = 0,

but the input power is V1I0.

 This input power at no-load is power loss within the

transformer.
 When the transformer is loaded, the output of the
transformer is V2I2 (which is no more equal to zero) 43
OPERATION OF TFR. WITH LOAD

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 Therefore, some counter balancing additional
current I’2 will flow in the primary winding to
increase the power in the primary circuit so that
there is power balance between primary circuit and
secondary circuit.

 This additional current I’2 in the primary winding

will set up its own magnetic flux ϕ’2 whose direction
will be opposite to the direction of ϕ2.

 Resulting net flux will be again equal to ϕ.

44
OPERATION OF TFR. WITH LOAD

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 The additional power in the primary winding
should be equal to the power in the secondary
winding.

 V1I’2 = V2I2 ( For ideal case, no loss case)

I’2 𝑉2 𝑁2

I2
= =
𝑉1 𝑁1
 N1I’2 = N2I2

𝑁2𝐼2
 Now, ϕ2 = 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 and
𝑁1𝐼′2 45
 Φ’2 =
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
OPERATION OF TFR. WITH LOAD

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 The reluctance for both case is same
 Φ2 = ϕ’2

 And they cancel with each other.

 Hence the net magnetic flux in the core is always constant at

any load and is equal to ϕ.
 Therefore, at any load, the emf equations remain same as
follows:

 E1 = 4.44 f N1 ϕm
 E2 = 4.44 f N2 ϕm
46
PHASOR DIAGRAM FOR A TRANSFORMER WITH LOAD

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47
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48
NUMERICAL

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 A single phase transformer with a ratio of 440/110 V
takes a no-load current of 5 A at 0.2 power factor lag.
If the secondary supplies a current of 120 A at a
power factor of 0.8 lagging.
 Calculate the current taken by primary.

 K = V2/V1 =110/440 = ¼; I’2/I2 = ¼; I’2 = 30


 I1 = I0+I’2;

 Answer : 33.9< −42.49° 49

NUMERICAL

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 A 2000V/400V, 50 Hz, single phase transformer
draws 2 A at a p.f. of 0.2 lagging when it has no-load.
Calculate the primary current and p.f. When
secondary current is 200 A at a p.f. of 0.8 lagging.
Assume the voltage drop in the winding to be
neglected.

 K = V2/V1 =400/2000 = ; I’2/I2 = K; I’2 =


 I1 = I0+I’2;

50
 Answer: [41.52 A, 0.78]
2.7 TRANSFORMER TESTS: POLARITY TEST,
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST, SHORT CIRCUIT TEST AND
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS

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 Large transformer cannot be tested by direct
loading test because of following problems:
 A) Large amount of energy has to be wasted in
such a test.
 B) It is not feasible to have a load large enough
for direct loading in the lab.
 Therefore, the performance characteristics of a
transformer must be calculated from the
knowledge of equivalent circuit parameters.
 The parameters of equivalent circuit can be
calculated from the simple transformer test. 51
POLARITY TEST
 Polarity test is performed to determine the

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terminals having the same instantaneous polarity.
 When there is a doubt about the winding polarity,
it can be checked by a simple test called polarity
test.

52
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 In this test, the two windings are connected in
series across a voltmeter, while one of the
winding is excited by a suitable voltage source as
shown in Fig. 2

53
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 If the polarities of the windings are as marked on
the diagram, the voltmeter should read V = E1-E2.
 If the voltmeter reads V = E1+E2, the marking of
one of the winding must be interchanged.

54
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST (NO-LOAD TEST)

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 The purpose of this test is to obtain the exciting
shunt branch parameters of the equivalent circuit,
the no-load power loss, no-load current and no-load
power factor of the transformer.
 In other words,

 Objective (Purpose) of OC Test

 Determine the core loss (iron loss or no-load power loss)
 Determine the no-load current (I0), thus find out the
shunt branch parameters (R0 and X0)

55
STEPS FOR OC TEST
 I. Open the high voltage side

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 II. Supply rated voltage from the low voltage side
(Supply rated voltage at HV side would be difficult
and the no-load current at HV side is very small to
detect)
 III. Ammeter (A) measures no-load current I0 and
wattmeter W measures input power P0.

56
 3/31/2021
 No load power loss (W0) = 200 W
 1000/100 V single phase transformer

 Let’s assume: 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅0 = 1;

 Case 1: HV side
 No-load current I0= ??? 0.2 A

 Case 1: LV side
 No-load current I0= ??? 2 A

57
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 Since at no-load, total loss ≈ iron loss.
 Let, V1 = Voltmeter reading

 I0 = Ammeter reading

 W0 = Wattmeter reading

 As the no-load current is very small with compared to

full load current and the series resistance and
reactance R1 and X1 are also small, copper loss at no-
load can be neglected and the wattmeter reading can
be considered as no-load power loss or iron loss of the
Transformer. 58
OC TEST (COND.)
 The equivalent circuit at no-load condition is as
shown in Fig.2.

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 The wattmeter reading is equal to the power
consumed by the transformer at no-load and is given
by
 W0 = V1I0Cosϕ0

 Where Cosϕ0 = no-load power factor 59

OC TEST (CONTD.)

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𝑊
 Then, Cosϕ0= 𝑉 𝐼0 which can be calculated.
1 0

 Once the no-load power factor Cosϕ0 is calculated then

 IꞶ = I0Cosϕ0 and

 Iµ = I0sinϕ0 also can be calculated.

 Then,
𝑉1 𝑉1
 R0 = and X0 =
𝐼Ꞷ 𝐼µ

60
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST (IMPEDANCE TEST)

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 The objective of this test is to
 I. Calculate the series resistance and leakage reactance of
the transformer and
 II. Calculate the copper loss of the transformer at full load

 In this test, the low voltage side is short circuited by a

thick wire and the HV side is supplied by reduced
voltage so that full load currents flows through the
transformer coil as shown in Fig.1

61
SC TEST

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 Let, Vsc = voltmeter reading
 Isc = Ammeter reading

 Wsc = Wattmeter reading

62
 S = 1000 VA; V1= 1000 V; V2 = 100 V; I1 = 1A; I2 = 10 A
 The reason for short-circuiting the low voltage
side is as follows:

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 The rated current on the high voltage (hv) side of a
transformer is less than the low voltage (lv) side of the
transformer. And we can measure this current with the help of
available laboratory ammeters.
 Greater accuracy in the reading of the voltmeter is possible
when we use the hv side as the primary because the applied
voltage is less than 5 percent of the rated voltage of the
winding.

 In the short circuit test, usually, the low voltage

side is short-circuited by a thick conductor. The
reason for short-circuiting the low voltage side is as
follows: The rated current on the high voltage
(hv) side of a transformer is less than the low
voltage (lv) side of the transformer. 63
 3/31/2021
 Since the test voltage Vsc is very small about 5-8 %
of normal rated voltage, hysteresis loss is negligible
because the iron core does not saturate and eddy
current loss is also negligible due to low magnetic
flux density in the core.
 Hence the iron loss in this test can be neglected.

64
 3/31/2021
 Here we can assume that no current will flow
through the shunt branch due to short circuit.
 Hence, the wattmeter reading can be considered as
copper loss of the transformer at full load.
 Wsc = I2sc R02

𝑊𝑠𝑐
 𝑅02 = 𝐼2𝑠𝑐
which can be calculated
𝑉𝑠𝑐
 Also, Z02 = 𝐼𝑠𝑐
Then, X02 = 𝑍202 − 𝑅202
 Hence, from the data obtained from no-load test and
short circuit test, we can determine the parameters
65
of the equivalent circuit.
 NUMERICAL

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 Single phase transformer gave following test results:
 Rating 100 kVA, 11 kV/220 V, 50 Hz

OC test: 220 V, 45 A, 2 kW
SC test: 500 V, 9.09 A, 3 kW
 Determine equivalent circuit parameters referred
to LV side.
 Answer:
 R0 = 24.2 ohm, X0 = 4.992 ohm
 Zo2 = 55 ohm, R02 = 36.3 ohm, X02 = 41.32 ohm
 Equivalent resistance referred to LV side = 0.0145 ohm
 Equivalent reactance referred to LV side = 0.0165 ohm
66
 Sol: Assuming low voltage side is
primary side SC test: 500 V, 9.09 A, 3 kW
V1 = 220 V
 Equivalent impedance

 OC test: 220 V, 45 A, 2 kW
 Cos∅0 = 2*1000/220*45 = referred to HV side
Iw = I0Cos∅0 =  Z02 = Vsc/ISC =500/9.09

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
 Iu = I0Sin∅0 =  Equivalent resistance referred to
 R0 = V1/Iw = HV side
 X0 = V1/Iu =
 R02 = WSC/I2sc
 Equivalent reactance
Transformation ratio K = V2/V1

=11,000/220 = referred to HV side
 Equivalent resistance referred to  X02 = 𝑍022 − 𝑅022
LV side
 R02/ K2 =

11 KV/220 V
67
NUMERICAL

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 A 20 kVA, 2000/200 V, single phase, 50 Hz
transformer has a primary resistance of 1.5 ohm and
reactance of 2 ohm. The secondary resistance and
reactance are 0.015 ohm and 0.02 ohm respectively.
The no-load current of the transformer is 1 A at 0.2
power factor lagging. Determine:
 (i) equivalent resistance, reactance and impedance
referred to primary
 (ii) supply current

 (ii) total copper loss (I21R01)

68
2.8 VOLTAGE REGULATION
 When the load on the transformer increases, the

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current will increase and voltage drop in resistance
and leakage reactance will increase accordingly.

 The transformer having minimum voltage drop is

said to have better performance.

 The voltage regulation is defined as the change in

magnitude of secondary terminal voltage when the
full load is reduced to no-load with primary voltage
held constant.
69
 Let, fV2 = Full load terminal voltage
 0V2 = No-load terminal voltage

 Then the voltage regulation is given by

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0𝑉2−𝑓𝑉2
 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑔 =
𝑓 𝑉2

 Fig.1 shows the equivalent circuit of a transformer

referred to secondary side and

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 Fig. 2 depicts the phasor diagram for the same.
 Here the total voltage drop = I2Z02 = AC

 Assume that the angle “ ” is very small,

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 then AC ≈ AM

 AC = AD + DM

 = I2R02 Cosϕ2 + I2X02 Sinϕ2

 From the phasor diagram,

 it is clear that
 0V2 – fV2 = AC

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 0V2 – fV2 = AC
0𝑉2−𝑓𝑉2
 Voltage Regulation = AC = I2R02 Cosϕ2 + I2X02 Sinϕ2
𝑓𝑉2

I2R02 Cosϕ2 + I2X02 Sinϕ2

 = +
𝑓𝑉2 𝑓𝑉2

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 Or, Voltage regulation = R (pu) Cosϕ2 + X (pu) Sinϕ2
I2R02
 Where, R (pu) = = Percentage resistance of the
𝑉 𝑓 2
transformer

I2X02
 X (pu) = = Percentage reactance of the
𝑓𝑉2
transformer

 Z (pu) = 𝑅2𝑝𝑢 + 𝑋2𝑝𝑢 is known as percentage

impedance of the transformer
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2.9 LOSSES IN A TRANSFORMER
 The output of a transformer is always less than input

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because there are some power losses within the
transformer.
 There are mainly two types of power losses in the
transformer.
 I. Iron loss (Wi) = V1I0 Cosϕ0 = I2ꞶR0
 II. Copper loss (Wcu)

 Iron loss is the power loss due to heating of iron core

and the main causes for this heating are eddy current
loss and hysteresis loss.

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 This power loss (Iron loss) is equal to the no-load loss
and remains constant at any load.
 Copper loss is the power loss due to heating of primary
and secondary coil.
 The main cause of copper loss is the heat generation
due to resistance of coils.
 The copper loss depends on the load and is given by

 Wc = I21R1 + I22R2 Watt

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2.10 EFFICIENCY, CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM
EFFICIENCY & ALL DAY EFFICIENCY

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 At loaded condition,
 Input power, 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉1 𝐼1 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅1

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡

 Efficiency, η = =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑖𝑛
 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑃𝑖𝑛 − 𝐼𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

 Iron loss of a Tfr. 𝑊𝑖 = 𝐼𝑤 2 R0 which is constant loss

 Copper loss of a Tfr. 𝑊𝑐 = 𝐼12 R01 [ Assumption 𝐼1 ≈ 𝐼′ 2]

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

𝑉1 𝐼1𝐶𝑜𝑠∅1 −𝑊𝑖 −𝐼12 𝑅01

 Efficiency, η = 𝑉1𝐼1 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅1

𝑊𝑖 𝐼12 𝑅01
 Efficiency, η = 1- - (1)
𝑉1 𝐼1𝐶𝑜𝑠∅1 𝑉1 𝐼1 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅1

 From above expression, it is clear that the efficiency

depends on the load current.
 If we plot a curve showing the efficiency of Tfr. At
different values of load current, the curve will be as
shown in Fig. 2. 76
 3/31/2021
 Differentiating eq. (1) w.r.t. I1, we get
𝑑η 𝑊𝑖 𝑅01

𝑑𝐼1
= 0 + 𝑉 𝐼2 -
1 1 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅1 𝑉1 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅1

𝑑η
 The efficiency, 𝜂 will be maximum when = 0.
𝑑𝐼1
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𝑑η
 The efficiency, 𝜂 will be maximum when𝑑𝐼 = 0.
1

𝑊𝑖 𝑅01

𝑉1 𝐼21 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅1
- 𝑉1 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅1
=0

 𝑊𝑖 = 𝐼21 𝑅01 [ Iron loss = Copper loss]

 Hence the maximum efficiency will occur when

Iron loss = Copper loss

𝑊𝑖
 I1 = 𝑅01
78
NUMERICAL

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 A transformer is rated at 100 kVA, at full load its
copper loss is 1400 W and iron loss is 940 W. Calculate
 (i) The efficiency at full-load, unity power factor
 (ii) The efficiency at half load , the same power factor
 (iii) The load kVA at which maximum efficiency will occur.

 Answer:
 (i) 97.714 %
 (ii) 97.485
 (iii) 81.94 kVA

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NUMERICAL

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 (i) At full load unity power factor
 Transformer output = Rated kVA *Cosϕ = 100 * 1 = 100kW
 Transformer input = Output + Pi + Pc =102.34 kW
 Efficiency = (output/input)*100 = (100/102.34)*100 = 97.714%
 (ii) At half-load
 Transformer output = ½ *rated kVA* Cosϕ = 50 kW
 Copper loss = (1/2)2* 1400 =0.350 kW
 Transformer input = 50+0.94+0.35 = 51.29 kW
 Efficiency = 97.485 %
 (iii) Load at which maximum efficiency will occur
𝑃𝑖 0.94 80
= rated kVA * = 100* = 81.94kW
𝑃𝑐 1.4
ALL DAY EFFICIENCY

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 There are certain types of transformer whose
performance cannot be analyzed properly by its
normal efficiency.
 For example, in distribution transformer the load is
very light in the entire day and reaches the peak only
at small interval at night.
 So, the iron loss occurs the entire day while the
copper loss peaks only for a small interval of time.

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ALL DAY EFFICIENCY

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 Thus, the efficiency of such a transformer is
determined by its all day efficiency.

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 (𝑘𝑊𝐻)

 All day efficiency = 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 (𝑘𝑊𝐻)
∗ 100 %.

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2.11 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

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 Instrument transformers are special transformers
designed for the applications in instrumentation and
protection relay schemes.
 These transformers are designed for highly accurate
transformation ratio.
 There are two types of instrument transformers.
 I. Current transformer (CT)
 II. Potential transformer (PT)

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CURRENT TRANSFORMER (CT)

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 These transformers are designed to sense the high
current through primary circuit and steps down the
current in a known ratio.

 The primary winding of CT is supplied by a current

source rather than a voltage source.

 The primary winding of CT will have few turns of

thick wire enough to carry the primary high current
and is connected in series with the load.
84
 The secondary winding will have many number of
turns made of thin wire and connected across a low
range ammeter as shown in Fig. 1.

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 Let, I1 = high current through primary circuit to be
connected
 I2 = Secondary current through the ammeter

 K = Transformation ratio = I1/I2 or I1 = KI2

85
CT (CONTD.)

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 Here, the high current I1 can be estimated from the
low range ammeter reading provided the
transformation ratio “K” of CT is known.
 Measurement of high current with the help of CT
and low range ammeter has following advantages:

 I. The instrument has been transferred to secondary side

of the CT so that normal instrument may be used to
observe and the instrument can be well far away from the
source of danger.

 II. A low range ammeter (usually 5 A) can be used to

measure much larger current. 86
CT (CONTD.)
In some cases, the main primary line acts as the

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
single turn of CT primary and the ring type core will
have only secondary winding as shown in Fig. 2.

87
CT (CONTD.)
 The secondary of a CT should not keep open without
ammeter while the primary is carrying current.

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 If the secondary is kept open, there will be no current
through the secondary and the secondary winding
will not produce the opposing flux which is required
for cancelling the additional flux produced by the
primary winding.
 Hence high voltage will induce in the winding due to
higher value of flux density in the core and may cause
insulation failure.

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 3/31/2021
 Hysteresis loss and eddy current loss will be high
due to high value of flux density in the core.
 This may lead to overheating of core which will again
damage the insulation of winding.
 Hence the secondary winding shall be short circuited
while the ammeter is disconnected.

89
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER (PT)

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 PT is used to measure high voltage (HV) using a low
range voltmeter.
𝑁2 𝑉2
 𝐾= 𝑁1
= 𝑉1
will be given in the rating plate of the PT
 If V2 is a reading of voltmeter
𝑉2
 Then,𝑉1 = can be calculated.
𝐾
 In the case of CT, the primary winding is made of
thick wire with few turns because it has to carry full
load high current.

90
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER (PT)

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 The secondary winding of CT is made of this wire
with many no. of turns because secondary winding
carries low current.
 But in the case of a PT, the primary winding will
have many no. of turns and secondary winding will
have few turns.

91
2.13 THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER

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 The generation of an electrical power is usually three
phase and at higher voltages like 13.2 kV, 22 kV or
some what higher.
 Similarly transmission of an electrical power is also
at very high voltages like 110 kV, 132 kV, 400 kV.
 To step up the generated voltages for step up
transmission purposes it is necessary to have three
phase transformer.

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ADVANTAGES

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 Less space
 Weight is less

 Cost is less

 Transported easily

 Core will be smaller size

 More efficient

 Structure, switchgear and installation of single three

phase unit is simpler

93
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

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94
THREE PHASE WAVEFORM

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95
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION (CONTD.)

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 The basic working principle of a three phase
transformer is similar to the working principle of a
single phase transformer.
 Power from primary is transferred to the secondary
by the phenomenon of mutual induction

96
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTION

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 The primary and secondary winding of three phase
transformers as three phase winding can be connected
in different ways such as in star or in delta.
 With suitable connection the voltage can be raised or
lowered.
 In this section some commonly used connections for
three phase transformers are discussed.

97
TYPES OF THREE PHASE TFR.

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 Star-Star
 Delta-Delta

 Star-Delta

 Delta-Star

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100
ZIGZAG (INTERCONNECTED) TRANSFORMER

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101
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102
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THANK YOU!!!
HAVE A NICE TIME!!!

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