ere Cael tale t-te lal] Cy ree) 18) ; Lecture No 2 Switchgear and protectionHeme) (molec lalate Ne 12 Different overcurrent Relay ~ 3 Earth and Phase fault Lah al 4 directional over current relay SeCOTS e aero sencss Coy a oa vvvyv 7 SUC an tierce ecm MIC OL CeM Tin elcec lemme Cl amare lay more than load current. In over current protection, relay pick up when magnitude of current omar Run Na atari A protective relay which operates when the ote eci amore) Pessoa rom eres ORT Ra Reet eR Over current relay is main element for this protection. Overcurrent relays offer the cheapest and simplest form of protection This relay is connected secondary side of CT. At present, electromechanical relays are widely used for overcurrent protection. The induction disc type construction, is commonly used.Oa gare 25) Pel > va Over current protection include the protection from Over load. Which is Poor acu Mam UEU CER Chae Over current protection include short circuit protection from phase fault (L-L, L-L-L), earth fault (L-L-G, L-G) & intern turn winding fault during short circuit current is become,5 to 20,times of full load current. The main requirement of over current protection is that it should not operate for starting current, current surge & permissible over current. else et erage boy BOER ue na delay is provided. This protection is mainly used for protection of oF L. transformer (Back up) &motor protection.BAe om oer c lg Ere ee ee a) @ 1. Defii Sees eee Ch ra ces eS cba > A definite-time overcurrent relay operates after a Peco eLCGs} PMWM Mate ecelmoee Bee yee om tm Ota rom EVES Hela eit) Pine ae eee OMe aay emcee Pomme Ue) Loe lel M eum MAO en ea) Cee h RO Mm LCR UC TE Lans Come met current above the pick-up value. > The desired definite operating time can be set with the help of an intentional time-delay mechanism provided in the relaying unit.BRR ome essere 2. Instantaneous over current relay » An instantaneous relay operates in a definite time when the current Ocoee ee Neel PAU Roe Mee Me ieee ecoyceeh (me memne rile me mela fale >» There is no intentional time-delay. It operates in vat 1s or less. Sometimes the term like “high set” or “high speed” is Pe og Arad PEN ENUM ae orleans Rete ee > Attracted armature type, moving Iron & static relay are some of the examplePee PET MO enamel exceeds its pick-up value. The operating time depends on the magnitude of the operating current. BW) eoeeh ath ke eee Ree ene eee It=k (constant) tet In aye eno CS Example :- Induction disc relay, PMMC relay.Tee TCR e hee Oa) @ Demo) e-Lerer Melua CM Toes Nam oy ue) ole) ae COC] COMal ease lae | om Comme) Ce.an te) Payee a Rm Oe teh Ae aE Weasel eed ae eo ee Ce Leh Ler Ue ena ALSP e TCC meee OL OB @ PEA ROE eC Ae esac mel eee cleacau tier la NTSC Meee ERM Meili el Manele coe hie Cela higher values of the fault current. > Generally, an inverse-time characteristic is obtained if the value of Leica Melee apr iele) me Maas AIM em CVU me Tecra g multiplier between 10 and 20, the characteristic Acute Com ee LE lec irila lity PRM CONE TMC MeN cReCSiCcm ene itela Cur ieCem > LD.M.T. relays are widely used for the protection of Crea Rca Such relays have a provision for current and time settings through PSM and TMS. Pam LOO ce eae en Mane Ame CLal eR cleLatest a) Ca YICe Coa aoe ee OE hg Pa Coe UNC eS et OCC eT eee hm ESCO LE LCE eC 7 7 Vv PUL RUL aoe CUB eee Ae mts BUM MOC ACR crelleconia characteristic lies between an I.D.M.T. characteristic and, extremely oe Rai ace ite The very inverse characteristic gives better selectivity than the PDN Bate Vise cota eC Hence, it can be used where an I.D.M.T. relay fails to achieve good Sasha se Teele rg stage. Sincere ae eevee Oe omar ee Come na Lette ile t= . n=(1.02-2)t It>ot eS es eoER ere Pa eee Cee eet eee eee ee characteristic more inverse than that of the very inverse and I.D.M.T. rons — — Pan UA Rom moe OCMC MM (eels emo cenctilo hg inverse relays are employed. Pam ede ee oe ee ea emacs ame Saeco) rea igIf distance of fault? ( z1) + PU eet a co ea 7 Sinko myeset ae So operating time change rapidly in extreme inverse relay so it can distinguished fault within its zone and outside the zone. oy rs Nenad PeerNNO emcee ie acest) @ SOO Coe OCR celeron Ra Caner entre mee 2. Protection of transformer, if differential protection is costly. Temperature Tite fee arc RUBE onthe 3. Small transformer over current protection is used with fuse Ce oeelcra eC menos NT aePU Ua OER L ROC eee a au ea va a Relays which are used for the protection of a section (or an element) of the power system against earth faults are called earth fault relays. Similarly, relays used for the protection of a section of the power system against Pua are called Seca SVR oeem eal ee mee ea esc B eRe Tee mC aeeor ley and phase fault relays are the same. They differ only in the current levels of their operation. The plug setting for earth fault relays varies from 20% to 80% of the CT recs rating in steps of 10%. rans relays are more sensitive than the relays used for phase faults. SVT eee Om Eee coche R CeCe ice Mel Leona mel mei Oe secondary rating in steps of 25%.. pacar:raeEarth fault protection @ 1. Residually connected EF Relay onan Cee oe Ss ny OS aoe Sees Br, (Cea ea) rgeee OE ee Em Mele] Re ecoeellee tle iyl Me eo Keme te) no Net current flow in relay operating coil & relay does not operate ne des dea ee) In case of earth fault I, + 1, + 1, = Ip is equal to residual current, so falluecnai nmi mesa kee mecha alae) ee Re anon e neces een mC ieme Tce em amet rem eiee Cre Ce TMeE ie geenaelone rrr Eu (e8) Gata)sO zy AO) 7 bes RCT + © Tatty) +k (yt Tey) Pee eG ar ee tae a) a ACO) anyPera Te ees |. Th) Z ae Te ere i) ay Gener cron) CCCP SL Lea era ee Po Sees = O20 1 Ole,2. EF Relay connected to neutral to earth circuit >Vv vv SVR OC WE mue rece m emcee eC ame me MUS ve TiCIMm CMe ccel @ ptiex- Mons lae meee cee Fault current flow though earth & then flow through earth to neutral so Teo EN ae loele (hi The magnitude of fault current depend upon type of earthing. This types of protection mainly used in the protection of,alternators and transformers. It is also unrestricted earth fault protection.PO RC e eee eee ie @ lone cee iePa Ue Om Eee ime Cate es egy ete hz phases increase & relay of that phase operate. AOA S USS A meee eee CCC ee oe CM Ce mek acco ay enna Me erect cea ENY Pe iita tla > Incase of EF relay the residual current will flow in EF relay so it operate.rs SS aC TIPoe UC e cee Rie me ew Cas > A single ring shaped core of magnetic material encircle all the conductors of 3 phases. Secondary coil is connected with operate coil of relay. OUEST TSI Se) sy Ck a ea cUareae) enc ete oe es eS Reece Ce BR ened do not operate. tease lila Ca Cre oceania ane ceeiec a Aen toch ae VaalDirectional over current protection @ va ra eG cannot be used for over current protection because under short circuit condition voltage drop to low value. So torque development in relay may be in sufficient to cause the operation. Pee Recut Romero ee CV ACAI em ie Ceanens ontoile ASU CE u tons Ae OKs terete Reman eae OCA » The directional unit induction cup type relay is used which has two coil. 1. Current coil is excited by CT 2. Voltage coil is excited by PT > When this relay trip then only circuit of over current relay complete. » So when power flow are in normal direction. The directional unit does not operate so operating coil of current relay is not energised.> But if power flow are in reverse direction then power relay operate & Cee me emma eer Oma etme meme ee Ca Pee mu By (eat oR CRen ee ae) oem read Secs iS a : = Tire ‘Shading coil [a= ll Crettesnrattt's una =ie aes Ta dy >, sin(® +) trenton) If angle between V & I is t then angle of by and ¢, is become 90 so torque will be maximum = 7 eens St Se UCR eel T«VIsin [90 + (0-1)] T«xVicos(@-t) —So torque developed by directional unit T=kVI cos(@ - t) -k, t= maximum torque angle Sy Cua ee Ifk, is neglected WAY Tea rena) Ton Cone LCe BHD M OVEN T will be positive when cos (6 - t) = positive le) cos (+)al eae (Ces) (-90 + 1) <0<(90+1) aes Meek 90<0-1<-90 Neyo) eee eee)! eas (-90 +1)