EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report speaks about the main technologies and steps involved in building and hosting a website. It
explains about, how the website communicates with servers, the tools and frameworks used for web
development, server hardware, software and domain name systems. The report also assesses how frontend
and backend tools impact on the functionality, performance and design of the website. Suggestions for
improving online presence and website speed using SEO technologies are also discussed.

INRODUCTION

Creating a website is not only about making a site live, but also about clear planning, effective design, right
technology and reliable management. Velvet Vogue is a clothing brand looking to build a strong online
presence through an effective ecommerce website. This report provides an overview of the key technologies,
tools and considerations involved in developing, hosting and managing a successful modern website, that
not only looks good but also performs well and offers a great user experience.

LO1 Explain server technologies and management services associated with hosting and
managing websites

Identification of the purpose and types of DNS, including explanations on how

domain names are organized and managed.

Domain Name Servers play an important role in how we use the internet every day, we rely on them even if
we don’t notice it. They act as a mediator or translator between the users and computer devices. When we
type a website name like www.google.com , DNS is what helps us connect to the actual website by
translating the domain name into IP address that computers understand. It follows a structured process using
different levels of servers. Without DNS servers browsing the internet wouldn’t be this much easier or user
friendly.

 Translating Domain Names – The DNS translates website domain names into numeric IP addresses
that computers use to communicate, so that the devices can locate each other on a network and
computers can understand where to send the data.

 User Friendly – Since DNS servers handles the translation for us, it is easier for users to search and
view websites using simple names instead of having to type complex numbers. This makes browsing
faster and easy to use.

 Traffic Distribution – DNS server helps spread the internet traffic by directing users to different
servers instead of sending everything to just one server. This way the servers don’t get crashed by
too many requests at once.
  Reliability – DNS servers have backup systems, if one server goes down, they can quickly switch the
requests or users to another server which is working. This allows websites to stay available and
reliable even if there is any technical issue.

 Efficiency – The DNS server remembers website information for a short time by storing the results
temporarily in the cache memory. So if one visits the same site again, it can load faster and respond
without having to search all over again. This makes browsing faster and more efficient.

DNS uses several servers to convert domain names into IP addresses. Each one of them contributes in a
different way to guide users to appropriate websites. Here is a brief overview of the DNS server types and
their functions.

 Recursive Resolver
The first step in the DNS query process is to contact a recursive resolver, which acts as a mediator
between a client and the DNS nameserver. When it gets a query, first it looks for cached data. If not,
it asks a root nameserver, then the top-level domain (TLD) nameserver, then the authoritative
nameserver for the IP address. The resolver stores this information in cache memory to provide a
faster response to the similar request next time.

 Root Nameserver
In the DNS, root nameservers are essential because they act as the first point of reference for
recursive resolvers looking for DNS records. Under the supervision of the Internet Corporation for
Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the root server routes a recursive resolver's domain name
query to the appropriate TLD nameserver based on the domain's extension. Even though there are 13
different kinds of root nameservers, this does not mean that there are only a few physical machines
rather, there are several instances of each type spread out throughout the world that use Anycast
routing to guarantee fast response times.

 Top-level Domain (TLD) Server

A TLD nameserver stores data for domain names with a specific extension, like .com or .net. For
example, a .com TLD nameserver holds information for all .com websites. When a user searches for
a domain like google.com, the recursive resolver contacts the root nameserver, which directs it to the
.com TLD nameserver. That server then points to the domain’s authoritative nameserver. TLD
nameservers are managed by IANA. TLDs are classified into three types. such as generic TLDs
which are general and not country-specific (.com, .org) and country-code TLDs which are specific to
individual countries (.uk, .us). There are also sponsored TLDs which are managed by private
organizations for a specific purpose or community (.gov, .int).

 Authoritative Nameserver
The DNS process ends with an authoritative nameserver. It contains a domain's real DNS records,
such as the IP address. The computer finally contacts this server to obtain the right IP when we type
in a URL like google.com. It provides the final response without asking anybody else, compared to
other DNS servers. It is essentially where a domain's actual information is stored. Usually, the
domain providers oversee these servers. Without them, the browser wouldn't be able to locate the
website that one is trying to access.
Domain names are arranged in a hierarchical structure that helps computers find websites easily. When we
talk about domain names, we're really dealing with a kind of organized system called the Domain Name
System (DNS).

A domain name is divided into 3 parts:

www.velvetvogue.com

The main part at the far right of a domain name is the Top-Level Domain (TLD). These TLDs are basically
the highest level in the hierarchy and come in different types, some are generic like .com and .net, some are
specific to countries like .uk or .lk, and others are sponsored, like .edu or .gov, which are meant for specific
groups or purposes.

Next to the TLD on the left side is the Second-Level Domain (SLD), which is usually the unique name
chosen by the owner, like "amazon" in amazon.com. This part typically represents the name of a business,
brand, or the website’s main focus.
Moving further left, we'll find subdomains, like www, blog, or shop, that help organize or categorize
different parts of the site within the same domain. This setup makes it possible for millions of websites to
coexist, each with their own easy to remember address.

When it comes to managing all this, the whole process is coordinated by ICANN, or the Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. They’re a nonprofit organization that makes sure everything
runs smoothly and securely. ICANN is responsible for assigning TLDs and approves organizations called
registries and registrars.

A registry is the company that manages a specific TLD. They keep a database of all the domains registered
under their TLD and handle the technical stuff needed to keep that TLD working. If one wants to get a
domain name for their business, they must go through a domain registrar. These are companies approved by
ICANN or the registries that sell domain names to the public. They take care of the registration, collect the
fees, and handle renewals and transfers. Some popular options are GoDaddy, Namecheap, and Google
Domains. Once they have registered their domain, they must set up DNS records through DNS hosting
providers, sometimes the same company as the registrar, sometimes separate. These records link the domain
name to the IP address of their website’s server. That way, when someone types in the domain, their
browser knows where to find the site.

Many domains add extra security with DNSSEC (Domain Name System Security Extensions), which makes
sure the DNS responses haven’t been altered or messed with. And domain ownership details are stored in
WHOIS databases, although many registrars offer privacy services to keep this information hidden from
public view.
All of this together makes sure that domain names are unique, easy to trace, secure and work reliably
everywhere. It is what keeps the internet user-friendly and accessible for everyone.

The Purpose and Relationships Between Communication Protocols, Server

Hardware, Operating Systems and Web Server Software Regarding Designing,
Publishing and Accessing a Website.

Communication Protocols

Communication protocols are basically a set of common rules that help different devices talk to each other
on a network. The main purpose of protocols is to make sure that when one device sends information, the
other device correctly receives and understands it. Without these rules devices wouldn’t be able to work
together smoothly, and things like internet connections wouldn’t work properly.

Below are examples of common protocols

1. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

2. HTTPS (HTTP Secure)
3. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
4. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
5. IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)
6. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
7. UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
8. IP (Internet Protocol)
9. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
10. Telnet
11. SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)

For velvet vogue website, protocols like HTTPS are very important because they keep data like logins and
payment information safe when it travels between the user browser and website’s server. Once the site is
live, protocols like FTP or SFTP make it easy and organized to upload the website files from computer to
the actual server. These protocols also handle things like checking for errors, managing sessions, and
keeping the data accurate. These protocols provide reliable communication ensuring websites are built,
launched and accessed seamlessly.

Server hardware

Server hardware is the physical components of a computer used to run server software and share resources
with other computers. This includes components like processor, storage devices, NIC, and motherboard.

When developing a website server hardware provides power and storage space for the developers to design,
test, store and update website without any interruptions. Once the website is ready to go live, server
hardware helps by hosting all the files and making the website available online. For users, the server handles
incoming requests, delivers content upon request and keeps everything running smoothly.

Server Software

Server software is what helps a computer handle the tasks related to hosting a website, storing files or
managing data. Basically, it helps the computer act like a server by handling user requests and responding to
them with correct information. The main job of server software is to store, process and send content
whenever someone tries to access it. It works closely with the operating system to manage server resources,
control who can access what, keep communication smooth between clients and the server, and make sure
everything runs without any errors. It also handles large amounts of traffic, keeps the services secure, and
ensures that everything stays up and running all the time. For the Velvet Vogue website, server software like
Apache or Nginx plays an important role. These programs help the website load properly, deliver content
fast, and support a stable, secure, and reliable experience for users once the site is live.

Below are some common types of server software with examples:

1. Web Server
- The server that hosts and publishes webpages on the internet is called a web server. It manages
website data and ensures that users may access it via internet protocols. Every website keeps its
data on a web server, which uses software made to efficiently and effectively handle and deliver
the site’s content.
- Apache HTTP Server, Lighttpad, Nginx, Tomcat, OpenLiteSpeed, Microsoft IIS, Node.js,
Caddy.

2. Database Server
- Managing and storing data while responding to user or application requests for information is the
responsibility of a database server. It is a specialized computer that runs database software made
especially to manage operations like updating, retrieving, and accessing data.
- MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, PostgreSQL, Oracle Database, MongoDB, SAP HANA, IBM
DB2.

3. Email Server
- The entire process of sending and receiving emails is managed by a server called mail server or
email server. Before the email arrives at its destination, it goes through several other servers.
 Mail server controls how emails are transmitted through a sender, ensuring accurate, secure and
effective delivery.
- Apache James, Dovecot, Exim, IceWarp Mail Server, hMailServer, Microsoft Exchange Server,
Postfix.

4. File Server
- File server is an important part of a computer network, which provides shared access to the files
stored in its internal drives. It provides a central location where authorized users can access and
use files from different devices connected to the same network. The server administrator
manages user permissions, controlling who can view, add, modify or delete specific files. This
set up ensures that file access is secure and controlled.
- Windows Server, Cloud File Server, FTP Server, Linux File Server, Virtual File Server, Network
Attached Storage (NAS).

5. Cloud Server
- Cloud server is a centralized server that is available over the internet and can be accessed by
multiple users. Rather than being utilized by a single company, cloud server is spread across
multiple sites and are accessible remotely via cloud services. It makes it easier to scale share and
manage resources, instead of using physical hardwares
- Google Cloud Compute Engine, IBM Cloud Virtual Servers, Linode, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure
(OCI), Amazon EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud).

Operating System

The operating system provides for the users to utilize the functions of a computer by controlling and
managing the hardware and software in the computer system. The system software which facilitates the
interaction between the human users and hardware is the operating system. The OS manages all the input,
output and computer memory, which means it is the only sole software responsible for managing the whole
computer system. Not only that, but it also provides instructions for installation and management of various
applications. It handles file storage, controls connected devices and ensures system security through suer
permissions.

Services of OS

1. Process Management
2. Memory Management
3. Device Management
4. File System Management
5. Security Management
6. Network Management
7. Resource Management
8. Input/Output Operations
9. Error Detection
10. User Interface
11. Multitasking
The main purpose of the OS when developing and publishing a website is to handle all the core tasks. It
makes sure that the web servers along with database servers and developing tools and frameworks can be
installed and operated without any issues. As told before, the OS also handles hardware resources like CPU,
memory and network connections, while ensuring they all work together efficiently. Also, it takes care of
file systems where the website content files are stored, controls user permissions and security settings, and
helps keep the server stable and quick to respond.

Every element that goes into creating, publishing, and using the Velvet Vogue website has a related function
within the system as a whole. The basic layer is server hardware, which offers the structural support required
to operate services. The operating system provides an environment for the required server software to run in,
lying above the hardware. In order to handle user requests and deliver the appropriate content, web server
software depends on the operating system to control system resources. Everything is connected externally by
communication protocols, which enable reliable and secure data transfer between the user and the server.
Each layer supports the others, ensuring that the website is stable, safe, and accessible. Without this
relationship, the site could not operate as expected.

Web Development Tools

Web development tools are software applications installed in the computer, they help developers to create,
test and manage websites easily. The basic tools include text editors like Notepad or Notepad++, which
allow developers to write code using languages like HTML, CSS and JavaScript. As for developers to create
complex webpages, more advanced tools such as Visual Studio Code or XAMPP are used. These tools
contain helpful features like highlighting codes, suggesting corrections and allowing developers to find and
fix errors quickly.

The main purpose of the tools is to make the web development process faster and more organized. They help
to manage different parts of the project, supporting teamwork while reducing errors. Web development tools
save time, help keep code clean and working properly, and allow developers to build websites that are
reliable, secure, and user-friendly. Other tools like Git and testing tools like Jest are also commonly used to
improve workflow and quality.
Below are examples of web development tool:
  Visual Studio Code
 Sublime Text
 Git
 GitHub
 Chrome DevTools
 Figma
 Postman
 npm
 Yarn
 Webpack
 Gulp
 Vite
 Jest
 Selenium
 BrowserStack
 Netlify
 Firebase
 Bootstrap Studio
 Bitbucket
 CodePen

Web Development Frameworks

Web development frameworks are collections of ready-made code and tools that give developers a strong
starting point when building websites or web applications. Instead of building everything from scratch, a
framework provides common features like page routing, data handling, and layout design. This helps
developers focus more on building the actual features of a website.

There are two main types of frameworks. Frontend frameworks like React, Vue.js, or Angular help create
what users see and interact with on a website. Backend frameworks like Django, Laravel, or Express.js
help handle tasks behind the scenes, such as saving data or logging in users.
Frameworks are used to speed up development, keep code organized, and make projects easier to manage
and maintain. They also make it easier for teams to work together because everyone follows the same
structure. Most frameworks come with useful tools for security, testing, and performance.
In short, web development frameworks help developers build websites faster and more efficiently by
offering a solid structure, reusable parts, and guidance on best practices.

Below are examples of web development framework:

 React
 Vue.js
 Angular
 Svelte
 Next.js
 Nuxt.js
 Ember.js
 Backbone.js
 Preact
 Alpine.js
 Express.js
 Django
 Laravel
 Ruby on Rails
 ASP.NET Core
 Spring Boot
 Koa.js
 Flask
 NestJS
 Phoenix