1.2 Diffusion QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.

com

Paper 3
Questions are applicable for both core and extended candidates

1 Fig. 3.1 shows a coloured crystal of cobalt(II) chloride is placed at the bottom of a beaker
containing water.

After two days, the colour has spread throughout the water.

water

crystal of
cobalt(II) chloride
at the start after 2 hours after 2 days

Fig. 3.1

(a) Explain these observations.

. ..................................................................................................................................................

. ..................................................................................................................................................

. ..................................................................................................................................................

. ..................................................................................................................................................

. ............................................................................................................................................. [3]
1.2 Diffusion QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

2 This question is about halogens.

(c) Bromine is a red-brown liquid.

A drop of liquid bromine is placed in a gas jar.
After 20 minutes the red-brown colour has spread throughout the gas jar.

glass cover

air
gas jar
drop of
bromine

at the start after 20 minutes

Explain these observations using the kinetic particle model.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
1.2 Diffusion QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Paper 4
Questions are applicable for both core and extended candidates
unless indicated in the question

3 This question is about the first 30 elements in the Periodic Table.

Name the element which:
(e) is the gas with the slowest rate of diffusion at room temperature (extended only)

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

4 The names of the elements of Period 2 of the Periodic Table are shown.

lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon

Answer the following questions about these elements.
Each element may be used once, more than once or not at all.

Identify the element which:

(e) has the highest rate of diffusion at room temperature (extended only)

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

5 This question is about gases found in clean, dry air and gases found in polluted air.
(e) All gases diffuse.

(i) Choose from the list of formulae the gas which diffuses most quickly. (extended only)

Draw a circle around your answer.

CO CO 2 CH4 NO2 SO2

[1]

(ii) Explain your answer to (i). (extended only)

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
2.1 Elements, compounds and mixtures - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Paper 1
Questions are applicable for both core and extended candidates

1 Which diagram represents a mixture of compounds?

A B C D

2 Which statement describes a compound?

A It contains two or more elements chemically combined.

B It contains two or more elements physically combined.
C It contains two or more elements forming an alloy.
D It contains two or more elements that can easily be separated.

3 Which substance is a pure compound?

A air
B brass
C ethanol
D petroleum

4 Matter exists as elements, compounds and mixtures.

Which row identifies an element, a compound and a mixture?

element compound mixture

A calcium potassium carbonate sodium chloride

B brass sodium chloride air
C calcium sodium chloride brass
D sodium chloride water potassium carbonate
2.1 Elements, compounds and mixtures - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

5 Which row about elements, mixtures and compounds is correct?

metallic non-metallic
mixture compound
element element

A copper methane brass sulfur

B brass sulfur copper methane
C copper sulfur brass methane
D brass methane copper sulfur
2.1 Elements, compounds and mixtures QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Paper 3
Questions are applicable for both core and extended candidates

1 Table 2.1 shows the masses of some of the ions in a 1000 cm3 sample of river water.
Table 2.1

mass of ion in 1000 cm3

name of ion formula of ion
of river water / mg
NH4+ 0.4
calcium Ca2+ 1.4
chloride Cl – 0.1
hydrogencarbonate HCO3 –
1.2
magnesium Mg2+ 0.6
nitrate NO3– 0.8
phosphate PO43– 1.3
sodium Na+ 0.5
SO42– 0.4

(a) Answer these questions using the information in Table 2.1.

(ii) Name
 the compound that contains NH4+ and SO42– ions only.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

2 Sulfur is an element in Group VI of the Periodic Table.

(a) State the meaning of the term element.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

3 (c) Sulfuric acid is a compound.

(i) Define the term compound.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]
2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Paper 1
Questions are applicable for both core and extended candidates

1 Four ions are listed.

3– 3+ + –
N Al Li Cl

Which pair of ions have the same electronic configuration?

3– +
A N and Li
3+ 3–
B Al and N
– 3+
C Cl and Al
+ –
D Li and Cl

2 Rubidium and strontium are both in Period 5 of the Periodic Table.

Rubidium is in Group I. Strontium is in Group II.

Which statement about these elements is correct?

A Each element has five electrons in its outer electron shell.

B The atomic number of rubidium is greater than the atomic number of strontium.
+ 2+
C Rubidium forms the Rb ion; strontium forms the Sr ion.
D Electrolysis of molten rubidium chloride and of molten strontium chloride produces
hydrogen.

3 Which statement about elements in the Periodic Table is correct?

A A potassium ion, K+, has the same electronic configuration as a chloride ion, Cl –.
B The electronic configuration of a Ca2+ ion is 2,8,8,2.
C The halogens are in Group VI and so their atoms have six electrons in their outer shell.
D Magnesium is in Period 3 and so a magnesium ion, Mg2+, has three occupied electron shells.
2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

4 Part of the Periodic Table is shown.

Which element has two electrons in its outer shell and three electron shells?

A B
C D

5 Which statements about the trends across a period of the Periodic Table are correct?

1 Aluminium is more metallic than sodium.

2 Beryllium is more metallic than carbon.
3 Boron is more metallic than lithium.
4 Magnesium is more metallic than silicon.

A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 2 and 4 D 3 and 4

6 Which diagram shows the electronic structure of a noble gas?

A B C D
2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PMT
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

7 What are the relative charge and relative mass of an electron?

relative relative
charge mass

A 0 1
1
B 0
2000
C –1 1

–1 1
D
2000

8 The Group I element potassium forms an ionic bond with the Group VII element fluorine.

Which two ions are produced?

A K+ and F+ B K+ and F– C K– and F– D K– and F+

9 The electronic configurations of four elements, P, Q, R and S, are shown.

electronic
element
configuration

P 2
Q 2,2
R 2,6
S 2,8

Which elements are unreactive monatomic gases?

A P and Q B P and S C Q and R D S only

10 Which pair of atoms contains the same number of neutrons?

59 59
A 27
Co and 28
Ni
64 65
B 29
Cu and 29
Cu
64 65
C 29
Cu and 30
Zn
65 65
D 29
Cu and 30
Zn
2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

11 Which statement about the noble gases is correct?

A Noble gases are diatomic molecules.

B Noble gases are reactive gases.

C Noble gases have full outer electron shells.

D The noble gases are found on the left-hand side of the Periodic Table.

12 Which statement about the Periodic Table is correct?

A Elements with the highest atomic number in each period are metallic.
B Elements with the lowest group numbers are non-metals.
C Elements with similar chemical properties are placed in groups.
D Elements with similar physical properties are placed in periods.

13 Three properties of element X are listed.

● It contains atoms with a full outer shell of electrons.

● It is monoatomic.
● It is unreactive.

In which part of the Periodic Table is the element placed?

A Group I
B Group VII
C Group VIII
D transition elements
2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PMT
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

14 Information about the structures of three atoms, X, Y and Z, is shown.

proton nucleon
atom
number number

X 1 1
Y 1 2
Z 1 3

Which statements about atoms X, Y and Z are correct?

1 They are isotopes of the same element.

2 They contain the same number of electrons.
3 They contain the same number of neutrons.
4 They contain one occupied electron shell.

A 1, 2 and 4 B 1 and 2 only C 3 and 4 D 3 only

15 Which diagram represents the arrangement of the outer-shell electrons of a noble gas?

A B C D
2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PMT
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

16 The structure of an atom is shown.

key
9p = electron
10n n = neutron
p = proton

Which row shows the nucleon number and proton number of this atom?

nucleon proton
number number

A 9 10
B 19 10
C 10 9
D 19 9

17 Which statement about the Periodic Table is correct?

A Elements in the same group have the same number of electron shells.
B Elements are arranged in order of increasing proton number.
C Metals are on the right and non-metals are on the left.
D The most reactive elements are at the bottom of every group.

18 Gas G has 10 electrons. Gas H has eight more electrons than gas G. Both gases are
monoatomic.

Which statement about G and H is correct?

A Both gases are in the same group of the Periodic Table.

B Both gases are in the same period of the Periodic Table.
C Both gases are very reactive.
D Gas G has a higher atomic mass than gas H.
2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Paper 2
Questions are applicable for both core and extended candidates
unless indicated in the question

19 Which statement about an atom of fluorine, , is correct?

A It contains a total of 28 protons, neutrons and electrons.

B It contains more protons than neutrons.
C Its isotopes contain different numbers of protons.
D Its nucleus contains 9 neutrons.

20 Elements P and Q have the same number of electron shells.

An atom of Q has more electrons in its outer electron shell than an atom of P.

Which statements are correct?

1 P and Q are in the same group of the Periodic Table.

2 P and Q are in the same period of the Periodic Table.
3 P has a greater tendency to form positive ions than Q.
4 The oxide of Q is more basic than the oxide of P.

A 1 and 3 B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 2 and 4

21 Part of the Periodic Table is shown.

Which element has two electrons in its outer shell and three electron shells?

A B
C D
2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

22 Nitrogen forms a nitride ion with the formula N3–.

Which particle does not have the same electronic configuration as the nitride ion?

A Al 3+ B Cl – C Na+ D O2–

23 Which statement about the noble gases is correct?

A Noble gases are diatomic molecules.

B Noble gases are reactive gases.

C Noble gases have full outer electron shells.

D The noble gases are found on the left-hand side of the Periodic Table.

24 The electronic structure of element Z is 2,8,1.

Which statements about Z are correct?

1 It is a metal.
2 It has two outer-shell electrons.
3 It is in Period 3.

A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 only

2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Paper 3
Questions are applicable for both core and extended candidates

1 Samarium is a metal.

(a) Deduce the number of electrons and neutrons in the samarium atom shown.

62Sm
154

number of electrons ....................................................................................................................

number of neutrons ....................................................................................................................

[2]

2 Magnesium is an element in Group II of the Periodic Table.

(a) Deduce the electronic configuration of magnesium.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(e) Fig. 7.2 shows the electronic configuration of an element in Group II of the Periodic Table.

Fig. 7.2

Deduce the period in the Periodic Table to which this element belongs.

Period .................................................................................................................................. [1]

2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

3 Table 2.1 shows the masses of some of the ions in 1000 cm3 of the solution obtained by filtering
a sample of soil with distilled water.

Table 2.1

mass of ion in 1000 cm3

name of ion formula of ion
of solution / mg
ammonium NH4+ 25.0
calcium Ca2+ 0.4
chloride Cl – 0.5
iron(II) Fe2+ 27.0
magnesium Mg2+ 4.0
nitrate NO3– 23.0
phosphate PO43– 15.5
potassium K+ 29.0
sodium Na+ 2.0
2–
SO4 6.0

(c) Complete Fig. 2.1 to show:

● the electronic configuration of a sodium ion
● the charge on the ion.

......

Na

Fig. 2.1
[2]
2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

4 Potassium iodide is an ionic compound.

(c) Deduce the number of protons and neutrons in the iodide ion shown.

53I
127 –

number of protons .....................................................................................................................

number of neutrons ...................................................................................................................

[2]

5 Fig. 1.1 shows part of the Periodic Table.

I II III IV V VI VII VIII

H He
C N O
Na Mg Al Cl
K Ca Fe Cu Br
I

Fig. 1.1
Answer the following questions using only the elements in Fig. 1.1.
Each symbol of the element may be used once, more than once or not at all.

Give the symbol of the element that:

(b) has an atom with a complete outer electron shell

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) has an atom with five occupied electron shells

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

6 (c) Complete the diagram in Fig. 2.1 to show the electronic configuration of a chlorine atom.

Cl

Fig. 2.1
[1]

7 Lithium bromide is a compound with ionic bonding.

(b) Complete Fig. 8.1 to show:

● the electronic configuration of a lithium ion

● the charge on the ion.

.....

Li

Fig. 8.1
[2]

(c) Deduce the number of protons and neutrons in the bromide ion shown.
79 –
35Br

number of protons .....................................................................................................................

number of neutrons ...................................................................................................................

[2]
2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

8 This question is about halogens and halogen compounds.

(a) Deduce the number of electrons, neutrons and protons in one atom of the isotope of chlorine
shown.
37
17Cl

number of electrons ...................................................................................................................

number of neutrons ...................................................................................................................

number of protons .....................................................................................................................

[3]

9 This question is about Group IV elements and their compounds.

(e) Diamond is a form of carbon.

The structure of diamond is shown.

(iv) Deduce the electronic structure of carbon.

Use the Periodic Table to help you.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

10 (b) Complete the diagram to show the electron arrangement in a calcium atom.

Ca

[2]
2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Paper 4
Questions are applicable for both core and extended candidates
unless indicated in the question

11 Iron ore contains iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3. A blast furnace is used to extract iron from Fe2O3.

Equations for some of the reactions in the blast furnace are shown.

equation 1 C + O2 → CO2

equation 2 CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

equation 3 CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3

(f) Both iron(III) oxide and aluminium oxide contain metal ions with a 3+ charge.

(i) Write the electronic configuration of an Al 3+ ion.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Deduce
 the number of protons and electrons in an Fe3+ ion.

protons electrons

[2]

12 (a) The symbols of the elements in Period 2 of the Periodic Table are shown.
Li Be B C N O F Ne

Use the symbols of the elements in Period 2 to answer the questions that follow.
Each symbol may be used once, more than once or not at all.

Give the symbol of the element that:

(ii) contains atoms with only three electrons in the outer shell .......................................... [1]

(iii) contains atoms with only nine protons .......................................................................... [1]

2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

13 A list of gases is shown.

ammonia
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
ethene
fluorine
oxygen
sulfur dioxide
xenon

Answer the following questions using only the gases from the list.
Each gas may be used once, more than once or not at all.

Give the name of the gas that:

(c) is inert

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

14 Boron and aluminium are Group III elements.

(a) Boron has only two naturally occurring isotopes, 10B and 11B.

Complete Table 2.1 to show the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom of 11B.

Table 2.1

number of protons number of neutrons number of electrons

[2]
2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

15 (a) Atoms are made of protons, neutrons and electrons. Atoms of the same element are known as

isotopes.

(i) Complete the table.

particle relative charge relative mass

1
electron 1840

neutron

proton +1
[2]

(b) Mg2+ ions have the electronic structure 2,8.

Give the formula of the following particles which have the same electronic structure as Mg2+
ions.

● a cation (positive ion)

....................................................................................................................................................

● an anion (negative ion)

....................................................................................................................................................

● an atom

....................................................................................................................................................
[3]
2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Paper 3
Questions are applicable for both core and extended candidates

1 Samarium is a metal.

(a) Deduce the number of electrons and neutrons in the samarium atom shown.

62Sm
154

number of electrons ....................................................................................................................

number of neutrons ....................................................................................................................

[2]

2 Magnesium is an element in Group II of the Periodic Table.

(a) Deduce the electronic configuration of magnesium.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(e) Fig. 7.2 shows the electronic configuration of an element in Group II of the Periodic Table.

Fig. 7.2

Deduce the period in the Periodic Table to which this element belongs.

Period .................................................................................................................................. [1]

2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

3 Table 2.1 shows the masses of some of the ions in 1000 cm3 of the solution obtained by filtering
a sample of soil with distilled water.

Table 2.1

mass of ion in 1000 cm3

name of ion formula of ion
of solution / mg
ammonium NH4+ 25.0
calcium Ca2+ 0.4
chloride Cl – 0.5
iron(II) Fe2+ 27.0
magnesium Mg2+ 4.0
nitrate NO3– 23.0
phosphate PO43– 15.5
potassium K+ 29.0
sodium Na+ 2.0
2–
SO4 6.0

(c) Complete Fig. 2.1 to show:

● the electronic configuration of a sodium ion
● the charge on the ion.

......

Na

Fig. 2.1
[2]
2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

4 Potassium iodide is an ionic compound.

(c) Deduce the number of protons and neutrons in the iodide ion shown.

53I
127 –

number of protons .....................................................................................................................

number of neutrons ...................................................................................................................

[2]

5 Fig. 1.1 shows part of the Periodic Table.

I II III IV V VI VII VIII

H He
C N O
Na Mg Al Cl
K Ca Fe Cu Br
I

Fig. 1.1
Answer the following questions using only the elements in Fig. 1.1.
Each symbol of the element may be used once, more than once or not at all.

Give the symbol of the element that:

(b) has an atom with a complete outer electron shell

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) has an atom with five occupied electron shells

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

6 (c) Complete the diagram in Fig. 2.1 to show the electronic configuration of a chlorine atom.

Cl

Fig. 2.1
[1]

7 Lithium bromide is a compound with ionic bonding.

(b) Complete Fig. 8.1 to show:

● the electronic configuration of a lithium ion

● the charge on the ion.

.....

Li

Fig. 8.1
[2]

(c) Deduce the number of protons and neutrons in the bromide ion shown.
79 –
35Br

number of protons .....................................................................................................................

number of neutrons ...................................................................................................................

[2]
2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

8 This question is about halogens and halogen compounds.

(a) Deduce the number of electrons, neutrons and protons in one atom of the isotope of chlorine
shown.
37
17Cl

number of electrons ...................................................................................................................

number of neutrons ...................................................................................................................

number of protons .....................................................................................................................

[3]

9 This question is about Group IV elements and their compounds.

(e) Diamond is a form of carbon.

The structure of diamond is shown.

(iv) Deduce the electronic structure of carbon.

Use the Periodic Table to help you.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

10 (b) Complete the diagram to show the electron arrangement in a calcium atom.

Ca

[2]
2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Paper 4
Questions are applicable for both core and extended candidates
unless indicated in the question

11 Iron ore contains iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3. A blast furnace is used to extract iron from Fe2O3.

Equations for some of the reactions in the blast furnace are shown.

equation 1 C + O2 → CO2

equation 2 CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

equation 3 CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3

(f) Both iron(III) oxide and aluminium oxide contain metal ions with a 3+ charge.

(i) Write the electronic configuration of an Al 3+ ion.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Deduce
 the number of protons and electrons in an Fe3+ ion.

protons electrons

[2]

12 (a) The symbols of the elements in Period 2 of the Periodic Table are shown.
Li Be B C N O F Ne

Use the symbols of the elements in Period 2 to answer the questions that follow.
Each symbol may be used once, more than once or not at all.

Give the symbol of the element that:

(ii) contains atoms with only three electrons in the outer shell .......................................... [1]

(iii) contains atoms with only nine protons .......................................................................... [1]

2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

13 A list of gases is shown.

ammonia
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
ethene
fluorine
oxygen
sulfur dioxide
xenon

Answer the following questions using only the gases from the list.
Each gas may be used once, more than once or not at all.

Give the name of the gas that:

(c) is inert

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

14 Boron and aluminium are Group III elements.

(a) Boron has only two naturally occurring isotopes, 10B and 11B.

Complete Table 2.1 to show the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom of 11B.

Table 2.1

number of protons number of neutrons number of electrons

[2]
2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

15 (a) Atoms are made of protons, neutrons and electrons. Atoms of the same element are known as

isotopes.

(i) Complete the table.

particle relative charge relative mass

1
electron 1840

neutron

proton +1
[2]

(b) Mg2+ ions have the electronic structure 2,8.

Give the formula of the following particles which have the same electronic structure as Mg2+
ions.

● a cation (positive ion)

....................................................................................................................................................

● an anion (negative ion)

....................................................................................................................................................

● an atom

....................................................................................................................................................
[3]
2.3 Isotopes - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Paper 1
Questions are applicable for both core and extended candidates

1 Which statement about isotopes is correct?

A Atoms with different numbers of electrons are isotopes of each other.

B Atoms with the same mass numbers are isotopes of each other.
C Isotopes of the same element have different numbers of neutrons.
D Isotopes of the same element have different numbers of protons.

2 The atomic structures of four particles, W, X, Y and Z, are shown.

electrons neutrons protons

W 2 2 2
X 2 2 3
Y 2 3 2
Z 3 2 3

Which particles are isotopes of the same element?

A W and X B W and Y C X and Y D X and Z

52
3 An isotope of chromium is represented by 24 Cr.

Which statement about an atom of this isotope of chromium is correct?

A It contains 24 electrons.
B It contains 24 neutrons.
C It contains 28 protons.
D It contains 52 neutrons.
2.3 Isotopes - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Paper 2
Questions are applicable for both core and extended candidates
unless indicated in the question

4 Two of the isotopes of calcium are represented as and .

Which statement explains why these isotopes of calcium have identical chemical properties?
(extended only)

A Both isotopes have the same number of neutrons.

B Both isotopes have an electronic configuration of 2,8,8,2.
C Both isotopes have a mass number of 20.
D Both isotopes have four fully occupied electron shells.

5 There are two stable isotopes of bromine.

The mass number of isotope 1 is 79.

The mass number of isotope 2 is 81.

Which statement is correct?

A The isotopes have the same number of neutrons.

B The isotopes have different chemical properties.
C The isotopes have different numbers of protons.
D The isotopes have the same number of outer electrons.

6 Which statement explains why isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties?
(extended only)

A They have the same number of outer shell electrons.

B They have the same number of neutrons.
C They have different numbers of protons.
D They have different mass numbers.
2.3 Isotopes - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

7 X and Y are atoms.

● X and Y have the same number of electron shells.

● X and Y have the same number of outer electrons.
● X and Y have different mass numbers.

Which statements about X and Y are correct? (extended only)

1 X and Y are isotopes.

2 X and Y have the same total number of electrons.
3 X and Y have the same chemical properties.

A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

8 Which statements about isotopes of the same element are correct? (extended only)

1 They are atoms which have the same chemical properties because they have the
same number of electrons in their outer shell.
2 They are atoms which have the same number of electrons and neutrons but
different numbers of protons.
3 They are atoms which have the same number of electrons and protons but different
numbers of neutrons.

A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 2 only D 3 only

9 The numbers of protons and neutrons and the electronic structures of four particles, W, X, Y and
Z, are shown.

number of number of electronic

protons neutrons structure

W 8 8 2,8
X 8 10 2,6
Y 8 8 2,6
Z 10 8 2,8

Which particles have the same chemical properties? (extended only)

A W and Y B W and Z C X and Y D X and Z

2.3 Isotopes - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

10 Which statement explains why isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties?

(extended only)

A They have the same electronic structure.

B They have the same relative mass.
C They have the same nucleon number.
D They have the same proton number.
2.3 Isotopes QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Paper 3
Questions are applicable for both core and extended candidates

1 This question is about sulfur and compounds of sulfur.

(a) Sulfur has several isotopes.

Define the term isotopes.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Deduce the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the sulfide ion shown.

16S
36 2–

number of protons .....................................................................................................................

number of neutrons ...................................................................................................................

number of electrons ...................................................................................................................

[3]

2 This question is about metals.

(c) Deduce the number of electrons and neutrons in one atom of the isotope of nickel shown.

28Ni
62

number of electrons ...................................................................................................................

number of neutrons ...................................................................................................................

[2]
2.3 Isotopes QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Paper 4
Questions are applicable for both core and extended candidates
unless indicated in the question

3 (a) Atoms are made of protons, neutrons and electrons. Atoms of the same element are known as
isotopes.

12Mg Mg are isotopes of magnesium.

24 25
(ii) and 12

Complete the table to show the numbers of electrons, neutrons and protons in these
isotopes of magnesium.

number of number of number of

isotope
electrons neutrons protons

12Mg
24

12Mg
25

[2]

4 (b) Boron, B, has two isotopes.

(i) State the meaning of the term isotopes.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Table 2.1 shows the relative masses and the percentage abundances of the two isotopes
of boron.

Table 2.1

relative mass of isotope percentage abundance of isotope

10 20
11 80

Calculate the relative atomic mass of boron to one decimal place. (extended only)

relative atomic mass = .............................. [2]

2.3 Isotopes QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

5 Lithium, sodium and potassium are Group I elements.

(c) Lithium has two naturally occurring types of atoms, 6Li and 7Li.

(iii) Table 2.2 shows the relative abundance of the two naturally occurring atoms of lithium.

Table 2.2

6 7
atom Li Li
relative abundance 10% 90%

Calculate the relative atomic mass of lithium to one decimal place. (extended only)

relative atomic mass = .............................. [2]

6 Boron and aluminium are Group III elements.

(a) Boron has only two naturally occurring isotopes, 10B and 11B.

Complete Table 2.1 to show the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom of 11B.

Table 2.1

number of protons number of neutrons number of electrons

[2]

(b) The relative atomic mass of boron to one decimal place is 10.8.

10
(i) Determine the relative abundance of B present in boron. Give your answer as a
percentage. (extended only)

.............................. % [1]
1.1 Solids, liquids and gases - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Paper 1
Questions are applicable for both core and extended candidates

1 Which statement about a solid, a liquid or a gas is correct?

A A solid has a fixed shape and can be compressed.

B A liquid takes the shape of the container it is in and can be compressed.
C A solid has no fixed shape and cannot be compressed.
D A gas takes the shape of the container it is in and can be compressed.

2 The arrangements of particles in solids, liquids and gases are different.

Which statement about the molecules in ice, water or steam is correct?

A The H2O molecules are on average closest together in steam.

B The H2O molecules are on average furthest apart in water.
C The H2O molecules in steam have the second highest average velocity.
D The H2O molecules in ice are able to vibrate.

3 Which statement about liquids and gases is correct?

A 1 cm3 of gas contains more particles than 1 cm3 of liquid.

B A given mass of liquid has a fixed volume at room temperature.

C Particles in a liquid can easily be forced closer together.

D Particles in a liquid have fixed positions.

1.1 Solids, liquids and gases - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

4 The three rectangles show the arrangements of the particles in each of the three states of matter.

X, Y and Z represent the processes needed to change from one state to another.

Y
X

What are the processes X, Y and Z?

X Y Z

A melting condensing evaporating

B evaporating melting freezing
C melting freezing condensing
D freezing evaporating condensing

5 Diagrams of the three states of matter for carbon dioxide are shown.

1 2 3

Which two diagrams show the states of matter before and after the sublimation of
carbon dioxide?

A 2 to 1 B 2 to 3 C 3 to 1 D 3 to 2

6 Which row describes the spacing and arrangement of particles in a solid, a liquid and a gas?

solid liquid gas

A close together and close together and far apart and
randomly arranged regularly arranged randomly arranged
B close together and far apart and close together and
randomly arranged randomly arranged randomly arranged
C close together and close together and far apart and
regularly arranged randomly arranged randomly arranged
D close together and close together and close together and
regularly arranged regularly arranged randomly arranged
1.1 Solids, liquids and gases - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

7 The melting points and boiling points of three elements, at 1 atm pressure, are shown.

melting point boiling point

/ C / C

argon –189 –186

nitrogen –210 –196
oxygen –218 –183

Separate samples of argon, nitrogen and oxygen are stored at –200 C and at 1 atm pressure.

How many samples are liquids?

A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3
1.1 Solids, liquids and gases - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Paper 2
Questions are applicable for both core and extended candidates
unless indicated in the question

8 Solid X is heated for 600 seconds.

The graph shows the heating curve that is obtained. (extended only)

300

200

temperature / °C

100

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
time / s

What is the melting point of X? (extended only)

A 20 °C B 170 °C C 240 °C D 270 °C

9 Substance M is a solid at 30 C. (extended only)

The substance is heated to 80 C and its temperature measured as it cools down to room
temperature.

The cooling curve is shown.

80 P
temperature / qC
60
R
40 Q
20 S T
0
0
time

Between which times is substance M freezing? (extended only)

A P to Q B Q to R C R to S D S to T
1.1 Solids, liquids and gases - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

10 A gas is placed in a sealed container. The gas has a pressure of one atmosphere and a
temperature of 50 C.

It is heated to 100 C.

Which row describes the cause of the pressure of the gas and the effect of increasing the
temperature of the gas? (extended only)

the effect of increased

cause of gas pressure
temperature of the gas
A collisions between collisions become
gas particles less frequent
B collisions between the average speed of
gas particles the gas particles increases
C collisions between gas collisions become
particles and the container less frequent
D collisions between gas the average speed of
particles and the container the gas particles increases

11 A gaseous substance is slowly cooled and the temperature recorded every second.

The results are shown on the graph. (extended only)

temperature
A
/ °C
B

C
D

time / s

At which point is the substance a solid? (extended only)

1.1 Solids, liquids and gases - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

12 The diagram shows the changes of state between a solid, a liquid and a gas.

gas. 1 2
solid liquid gas
3 4

In which changes of state is energy being given out?

A 1 and 2 B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 3 and 4

1.1 Solids, liquids and gases QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Paper 3
Questions are applicable for both core and extended candidates

1(a) Fig. 4.1 shows a gas syringe that contains 60 cm3 of ethene gas.

end of gas
syringe blocked
ethene gas

Fig. 4.1

State
 how the volume of ethene in the gas syringe changes when the temperature is decreased
and the pressure remains the same.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

2 Sulfur is an element in Group VI of the Periodic Table.

(c) Sulfur is a solid at room temperature and pressure.

Describe the motion and separation of the particles in solid sulfur.

motion ........................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

separation ..................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(d) Liquid sulfur reacts with chlorine to produce disulfur dichloride.

2S + Cl 2 → S2Cl 2

(i) Describe how the general physical properties of a liquid differ from those of a solid.
Give two differences.

1 ..........................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................
[2]
1.1 Solids, liquids and gases QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

3 This question is about iron.

(a) Iron is extracted from iron ore in a blast furnace

(iii) Iron collects at the base of the blast furnace as a liquid.

Describe the arrangement and motion of the particles in a liquid.

arrangement .......................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

motion .................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
[2]

4 This question is about nitrogen and compounds of nitrogen.

(c) Ammonia is a simple molecule with covalent bond

(iv) Aqueous ammonia releases ammonia gas.

Ammonia gas turns damp red litmus paper blue.

A long glass tube is set up as shown in Fig. 8.2.

long glass tube

cotton wool soaked damp red

in aqueous ammonia litmus paper

Fig. 8.2

At first the litmus paper does not turn blue.

After a short time, the litmus paper turns blue.

Explain these results in terms of the kinetic particle theory.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [3]
1.1 Solids, liquids and gases QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

5 Bromine is a liquid at room temperature.

(a) State two general properties of a liquid.

1 .................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

2 .................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Fig. 4.1 shows the physical states of bromine.

B
solid liquid bromine
bromine bromine gas
A

Fig. 4.1

Name the changes of physical states A and B.

A ................................................................................................................................................

B ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) Describe liquid bromine and bromine gas in terms of the arrangement and motion of the
particles.

liquid bromine

arrangement ..............................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

motion ........................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

bromine gas

arrangement ..............................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

motion ........................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................
[4]
1.1 Solids, liquids and gases QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

(d) A sealed gas syringe contains 80 cm3 of bromine gas.

State how decreasing the pressure affect the volume of bromine gas in the gas syringe when
the temperature remains constant.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 9]
1.1 Solids, liquids and gases QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

6 This question is about air.

(a) The pie chart shows the proportions of the main gases in clean, dry air.

gas
G

gas
H

(ii) The graph shows how the volume of a sample of gas G changes as temperature increases.
The pressure is kept constant.

volume of
gas G / cm3

temperature / C

Describe how the volume of gas G changes as temperature increases.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) Describe the arrangement and separation of the particles in a gas.

arrangement .......................................................................................................................

separation ...........................................................................................................................
[2]
1.1 Solids, liquids and gases QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

7 This question is about Group IV elements and their compounds.

(a) The changes of state of lead are shown.

melting B
solid liquid lead
lead lead gas
A condensing

Name the changes of state represented by A and B.

A ................................................................................................................................................

B ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Use the kinetic particle model to describe the differences between liquid lead and lead gas in
terms of:

● the separation of the particles ............................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

● the motion of the particles. .................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................
[4]
1.1 Solids, liquids and gases QP - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Paper 4
Questions are applicable for both core and extended candidates
unless indicated in the question

8 Element X can undergo the following physical changes.

gaseous X

4
2

liquid X
3
1
solid X

Fig. 1.1

(a) (i) Name each of the numbered physical changes shown in Fig. 1.1.

1 .........................................................................................................................................

2 .........................................................................................................................................

3 .........................................................................................................................................

4 .........................................................................................................................................
[4]

(ii) One difference between boiling and evaporation is the rate at which the processes occur.

State one other difference between boiling and evaporation.

............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Describe the separation, arrangement and motion of particles of element X in the solid state.

separation ..................................................................................................................................

arrangement ..............................................................................................................................

motion ........................................................................................................................................
[3]
1.2 Diffusion - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Paper 1
Questions are applicable for both core and extended candidates

1 The diagram shows the result of dropping a purple crystal into water.

after
water five hours
purple
solution
purple
crystal

Which processes take place in this experiment?

chemical
diffusing dissolving
reaction

A   
B   
C   
D   

2 Mineral wool soaked in aqueous ammonia is placed in the apparatus shown.

mineral wool soaked damp red

in aqueous ammonia litmus paper

After five minutes, the damp red litmus paper turns blue.

Which process led to this change?

A condensation

B crystallisation

C diffusion

D distillation
1.2 Diffusion - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Paper 2
Questions are applicable for both core and extended candidates
unless indicated in the question

3 Which statements about diffusion are correct?

1 Aqueous ions cannot diffuse in water.

2 Diffusion is caused by the random movement of particles.
3 Particles spread out in all directions in diffusion.
4 Diffusion can only take place in solids and liquids.

A 1 and 2 B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 3 and 4

4 Which gas has the fastest rate of diffusion? (extended only)

A Ar B C2H6 C HCl D H2S

5 Which gas has the fastest rate of diffusion? (extended only)

A H2 B CH4 C CO2 D SO2

6 Which two gases will diffuse at the same rate, at the same temperature? (extended only)

A carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide

B carbon monoxide and nitrogen
C chlorine and fluorine
D nitrogen and oxygen
1.2 Diffusion - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

7 Four experiments, each containing a different acidic gas, are set up as shown.

The dividing glass plates are removed at the same time.

In which set of apparatus does the litmus turn red first? (extended only)

A B

damp blue damp blue

litmus paper litmus paper
air air

glass plate glass plate

carbon dioxide, CO2 hydrogen chloride, HCl

C D

damp blue damp blue

litmus paper litmus paper
air air

glass plate glass plate

nitrogen dioxide, NO2 sulfur dioxide, SO2