QUESTION-1 (a)

What is photosynthesis? Identify the organelle and the organs where it occurs, explain the
process using the balanced equation, and state the source of the oxygen released during
this process.

Answer:

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants prepare their own food using carbon
dioxide, water, and sunlight.

 Organelle involved: Chloroplast

 Organs where it occurs: Leaves of green plants

Balanced chemical equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O

Source of oxygen released: Water (H₂O) is split during the light reaction of photosynthesis
(photolysis), and oxygen is released.

(b) How would you design an experiment to demonstrate that carbon dioxide is essential
for photosynthesis? What would be the expected observation and conclusion?

Answer:

Experiment: Use two potted plants and keep them in the dark for 2-3 days to de-starch
them.

 Then, place both in sunlight.

 Cover one leaf of a plant with a conical flask containing potassium hydroxide (KOH),
which absorbs CO₂.

 Leave the other leaf exposed.

 After several hours, pluck both leaves and test them for starch using iodine solution.

Observation:

 The leaf exposed to CO₂ turns blue-black.

 The one with KOH (no CO₂) does not change color.

Conclusion:
Carbon dioxide is essential for photosynthesis.

QUESTION-2 (a)
What is the name of the enzyme found in the fluid of our mouth cavity, and which gland
produces it? Explain the action of saliva on food with the help of an activity.

Answer:

 Enzyme: Salivary amylase (also called ptyalin)

 Produced by: Salivary glands

Action of saliva on food:

Activity:

1. Take two test tubes: A and B.

2. Add boiled rice (rich in starch) in both.

3. In Test Tube A, add saliva; in B, add water.

4. Leave both for 10 minutes.

5. Test both with iodine solution.

Observation:

 A shows no blue-black color (starch broken down),

 B turns blue-black (starch present).

Conclusion:
Salivary amylase breaks starch into sugar.

Name the type of nutrition exhibited by Amoeba. Explain how food is taken in and
digested by this organism.

Answer:

 Type of nutrition: Holozoic nutrition (heterotrophic mode)

Process in Amoeba:

1. Ingestion: Amoeba surrounds food with pseudopodia to form a food vacuole.

2. Digestion: Enzymes in the vacuole break down the food into simpler substances.

3. Absorption: Digested nutrients are absorbed into the cytoplasm.

4. Assimilation: Used for energy and growth.

5. Egestion: Undigested food is removed from the body.

What is the role of each of the following in the human digestive system?

1. Hydrochloric acid – Creates an acidic medium in the stomach for the enzyme pepsin
to work and kills bacteria.

2. Villi – Increases surface area in the small intestine for absorption of digested food.

3. Anal sphincter – Controls the exit of feces from the anus.

4. Lipase – Enzyme that digests fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

5. Mucus – Protects the stomach lining from hydrochloric acid.

6. Salivary juice with ptyalin – Breaks starch into maltose.

(b)

How is the absorption of digested food carried out in the small intestine and why is it
necessary?

 Absorption occurs through villi which are richly supplied with blood vessels. The
digested food diffuses into the blood and is transported to different body parts.

 It is necessary to supply energy and materials for growth and repair.

(c)Why is the small intestine longer in herbivores than in carnivores?: Ans: Plant-based
food is complex (cellulose) and takes longer to digest, hence herbivores need a longer small
intestine. Carnivores eat protein-rich food, which is easier to digest.

QUESTION-4

State reasons:

1. Muscle cramps after running – Due to anaerobic respiration, which produces lactic
acid.

2. Lungs maximize area for gas exchange – Lungs have millions of alveoli increasing
surface area.

3. Faster breathing in aquatic organisms – Less oxygen in water; hence faster breathing
is required.

4. Air passage does not collapse in humans – Because of rings of cartilage in the
trachea.
 5. Lime water turns milky – Due to carbon dioxide in exhaled air.

QUESTION-5 (a)

Draw a flowchart showing aerobic and anaerobic respiration pathways.

[You can draw this based on the NCERT diagram in Chapter 6.]

 Glucose → Pyruvate

o In absence of oxygen: Lactic acid (in muscles) / Ethanol + CO₂ (yeast)

o In presence of oxygen: CO₂ + H₂O + Energy

(b)

Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label pharynx, trachea, lungs,
diaphragm, alveolar sac.

[Refer to NCERT diagram on human respiratory system]

QUESTION-6 (a)

State reasons:

1. Ventricular walls are thicker than atria – They pump blood with more force.

2. Transport in plants is slow – Due to no pressure from a pumping organ.

3. Circulation in aquatic vertebrates differs – They usually have single circulation;

4. Xylem works faster during day – Due to transpiration pull being higher.

5. Bleeding stops after injury – Due to clotting of blood.

(b) (i)

Differentiate between arteries, veins, and capillaries:

Feature Arteries Veins Capillaries

Direction Away from heart Towards heart Connect arteries & veins

Wall Thickness Thick Thin Very thin

Valves Absent Present Absent

(ii)

Draw and explain double circulation and trace path of oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood.

[Refer to NCERT diagram – heart showing circulation]

 Deoxygenated blood: Body → Right atrium → Right ventricle → Lungs

 Oxygenated blood: Lungs → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Body

QUESTION-7 (a)

Draw a well-labelled diagram of the human heart showing chambers, septum, circulation.

[Refer to NCERT Class 10 Science diagram of human heart]

(b)

What is lymph and how does it differ from blood?

 Lymph: Pale yellow fluid formed from leaked plasma.

 Differences:

Blood Lymph

Contains RBCs & WBCs Contains WBCs only

Red in color Pale yellow

Circulates in vessels Flows in lymph vessels

QUESTION-8 (a)

Draw a diagram of human excretory system and label:

 Urethra

 Kidney

 Ureter
  Urinary bladder

[Refer to NCERT diagram]

(b) Human Excretory System and its Parts:

The human excretory system helps in removing harmful metabolic wastes like urea. The
main organs involved are kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Each kidney
contains tiny filtration units called nephrons, which are responsible for filtering blood.
Ureters carry urine from kidneys to the urinary bladder, where it is stored temporarily.
Urethra is the passage through which urine is expelled out of the body.

(c) Nephron and Plant Excretion:

Each nephron has a glomerulus (a bunch of capillaries) within a Bowman's capsule where
filtration of blood takes place. The filtrate passes through the tubule, where reabsorption of
water and useful substances occurs, and the waste remains as urine. In plants, waste is
removed through methods like transpiration or stored in old leaves that fall off, or in bark.

QUESTION-9

(a) Artificial Kidney and Blood Flow:

In cases of kidney failure, an artificial kidney (dialysis machine) is used to remove waste
from the blood. The renal artery brings oxygenated blood to the kidney. In the nephron,
thin-walled blood capillaries (glomerulus) present in the Bowman’s capsule filter the blood.

(b) Urine Formation and Control:

The urinary bladder stores urine and its activity is under nervous control. Urine formation
includes:

 Filtration in Bowman’s capsule.

QUESTION-10

(a) Hemodialysis:

During hemodialysis, the patient's blood is cleaned by passing it through a dialysis

 Filter nitrogenous wastes.

 Remove waste without removing important proteins and blood cells.

(b) Functions and Parts of Kidney:

Artificial kidneys do not reabsorb nutrients, a function only real nephrons perform. The
dialysing solution is rich in urea and salts but not in blood cells or proteins.
The tubules of the nephron are responsible for reabsorption of useful substances like
glucose, amino acids, and water, while other waste is passed on as urine.