THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

CONTROLLER AND PROTECTION SYSTEM

A Project Report

submitted for partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of

B.E. Degree

by

NITHEESH VIJAY M (Reg. No.: 1122309001)

VISHNU VARTHAN (Reg. No.: 1121209007)

SIDHARTH S S (Reg. No.: 1122309002)

IV Year/8th Semester

B.E-ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

NOORUL ISLAM CENTRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION

(Declared as Deemed to be University under section 3 of the UGC act. 1956)

Re-accredited by NAAC (Cycle-2)

Kumaracoil, Thuckalay, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu India - 629 180

2024 – 2025
NOORUL ISLAM CENTRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION
(Declared as Deemed to be University under section 3 of the UGC act. 1956)

Re-accredited by NAAC (Cycle-2)

Kumaracoil, Thuckalay, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu India-629 180

B.E-ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this is a Bonafide Record of Home Project Report entitled
"THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR CONTROLLER AND
PROTECTION SYSTEM" undergone done by Mr. NITHEESH VIJAY M
(Reg. No.: 1122309001), Mr. VISHNU VARTHAN (Reg. No.: 1121209007) &
Mr. SIDHARTH S S (Reg.: 1122309002) of IV Year / 8th Semester in EE22P5
– PROJECT PHASE II during the academic year 2024-‘25.

Head of the Department Staff-in-Charge

NICHE dated ………………

Submitted before the Board of Examiners for the conduct of B.E Degree
Viva voce held on …………… at Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education,
Kumaracoil.

External Examier Internal Examiner

NOORUL ISLAM CENTRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION
(Declared as Deemed to be University under section 3 of the UGC act. 1956)

Re-accredited by NAAC (Cycle-2)

Kumaracoil, Thuckalay, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu India-629 180

DECLARATION

We, hereby declare that the work required in this report entitled " THREE
PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR CONTROLLER AND
PROTECTION SYSTEM " submitted by us to Noorul Islam Centre for
Higher Education, kumaracoil is a bonafide record of original project carried out
by us under the supervision of our Project Guide Dr.V.A.Tibbie Pon
Symon ,M.E., Ph.D, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, NICHE. We, further, declare that the work reported in
this report has not been submitted, and will not be submitted, either in part or
in full, for the award of any other Degree or of any other Institute or university.

Signature

NITHEESH VIJAY M (Reg. No.: 1122309001)

VISHNU VARTHAN (Reg. No.: 1121209007)

SIDHARTH S S (Reg. No.: 1122309002)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, we would like to thank The Almighty God for giving us strength and health to
complete this doctoral program successfully.

Foremost, we would like to thank Janab. Dr. A. P. Majeed Khan, Chancellor, Noorul
Islam Centre for Higher Education (NICHE), for giving us a chance to do our UG programme in
this esteemed organization.

We genuinely extend our deepest gratitude and thanks to the Pro-Chancellor Shri. M. S.
Faizal Khan, and Pro-Chancellor (Academic) Dr. R. Perumalsamy for providing encouragement
and support throughout the course of our programme.

We owe record our sincere thanks to Dr. Tessy Thomas, Vice-Chancellor. Dr. K. A
Janardhanan, Pro Vice-Chancellor (Administration). Dr. A. Shajin Nargunam Pro Vice-
Chancellor (Academic), and Dr. P. Thirumalvalavan, Registrar for providing us excellent support
and facilities in the campus.

There are no proper words to convey our deep gratitude and respect for our beloved Head
of the Department, Prof Dr. J Arul Linsley, for his dedication, guidance, suggestions and support
to reach this destination.

We express our sincere thanks to our Major-Project Guide, Dr. V A Tibbie Pon Symon.
Assistant Professor. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for her unreserved
guidance, constructive suggestions, thought-provoking discussions and inspiration in drafting
this training report.

We remain very grateful to our faculty members we realize the dedication,

encouragement and fillip of our staff members, at each and every stage of our programme in
uplifting us in this programme.

We express our sincere thanks to my colleagues for helping us to mold this piece of
work.

We express our heartful thanks to our parents and family members for their financial and
prayerful blessings.
NITHEESH VIJAY M

VISHNU VARTHAN

SIDHARTH S S
 ABSTRACT

The fundamental and durable structures of induction motor, as well as their

low manufacturing cost, make them popular components in a wide range of current
applications. Providing a safety net for employees is a must-have for businesses.
This project’s motivation for improvement is to provide industrial motors, lift
motors, pumps, and so on with safety. An induction motor’s primary goal is to
protect it from problems, such as single phasing and overheating, as well as other
issues. Providing industrial motors, pumps, lift motors, and other similar devices
with security is a major motivation behind the emergence of this issue. Any of the
three phases missing or the motor temperature above the predetermined threshold
causes the motor to stop instantly. Three one-stage transformers are connected to a
three-phase power supply in the system. Power will be cut to the transformer
circuit if any phase is available. Motors can be turned off by relays sending a
signal to the microcontroller. As a result, the motor’s three-phase power supply has
been cut off. Temperature readings are taken from a thermistor (DHT22) that is
attached to the motor. At higher temperatures, the three-phase supply will be cut
off, and the motor will shut off. This manuscript resolves the uses transformers to
solve the problem of single phasing. It deals with the temperature problem, and it
uses a thermistor to disconnect the circuitry, whereas in our project, a
microcontroller senses the overwhelming temperature and acts accordingly, i.e.,
give a signal and then move towards disconnection.

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO NO

ABSTRACT i
LIST OF FIGURES v

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 GENERAL 1

1.2 PRINCIPLE OPERATION OF INDUCTION 1

MOTOR
1.2 INDUCTION MOTOR TYPE 2

1.3 WORKING OF THREE-PHASE 3

INDUCTION MOTOR
1.4 IMPORTANCE OF MOTOR PROTECTION 4

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 6

3 SYSTEM ANALYSIS 10

3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM 10

3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM 11

3.3 ADVANTAGES 12

4 SYSTEM DESIGN 13

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 13

4.1.1 BLOCK EXPLANATION 14

ii
 4.2 APPLICATIONS 15

4.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 16

4.3.1 CIRCUIT EXPLANATION 17

5 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 18

5.1 ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER 19

5.1.1 BLOCK DIAGRM 20

5.1.2 PIN CONFIGURATION 22

5.1.3 PIN DESCRIPTION 23

5.2 LCD DISPLAY 26

5.3 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY 28

5.4 BUZZER 33

5.5 RELAY 34

6 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 38

6.1 ARDUINO IDE SOFTWARE 38

6.1.1 INSTALLATION 38

6.1.2 INSTALLATION OF USB DRIVER 39

6.1.3 PROGRAMMING 40

6.2 EMBEDDED C 43

6.2.1 C DIRECTIVES 48

iii
 6.2.2 PROGRAMMING TIME DELAYS 49

6.2.3 C FUNCTIONS 52

7 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 54

8 FUTURE SCOPE 55

9 CONCLUSION 56

REFERENCES 57

iv
 LIST OF FIGURE

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

NO NO
4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 13

4.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 16

5.1 ARDUINO ATMEGA328P 19

5.1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 20

5.1.2 32 TQFP TOP VIEW 22

5.1.3 ATMEGA328p 23

5.2 LCD DISPLAY 27

5.3 BRIDGE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 28

5.3.1 3 TERMINAL VOLTAGE REGULATOR IC 31

5.3.2 IC 7805 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 32

5.4 BUZZER 33

5.5 RELAY 35

5.5.1 ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAY 36

v
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

It is the most popular type of electric motor utilized in most applications.

Due to its lower synchronous speed, it is also known as an induction motor.
Consistently fast, rotational speed of a rotating machine determines the magnetic
field, while the frequency and number of poles determine the strength of the
magnetic field. Due to the stator’s revolving magnetic field, which does not match
the rotor’s magnetic flux, an induction motor’s rotational speed is always slower
than that of a synchronous motor. The rotor’s stator current never approaches the
synchronous speed, which is the speed at which the rotor’s magnetic field rotates.
An induction motor’s output power supply determines which type of induction
motor it is. Single-phase and three-phase induction motors are among them.
Neither single-phase nor three-phase induction motors can be considered
autostarting. Double excitations are required to run a machine in the majority of
cases. In a DC motor, for example, the stator receives one power supply and the
rotor receives another power supply via under the brush arrangement.

1.2. PRINCIPLE OPERATION OF INDUCTION MOTORS.

Induction motors provide only one power source, so to understand how it

works would be fascinating. It is a piece of cake because the induction procedure is
evident in the name. In fact, it flows through the coil when power is given to the
stator windings, resulting in a magnetic flux in the coil. The windings on the rotor
are now connected to the rotor itself.

1
 Due to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, when the rotor coil is
reduced in length, current will begin to flow from the rotor coil. The rotor
generates a second current when the first one is flowing. In this case, the stator flux
will be 8 and the rotor flux will be behind it, as seen in the diagram. Thus, the rotor
will be rotated in the direction of the rotating magnetic flux by means of a torque.
Consequently, it is possible to adjust the rotor’s speed by isolating the AC power
source. A sort of induction motor is able to operate in a manner similar to this.

There are a number of different types of induction motors to choose from.

1.2. INDUCTION MOTOR TYPE

Single-Phase Induction Motor

It was found that the single-phase induction motor could be broken down
into four distinct categories.

(1) Motors with a split phase induction

(2) Induction motor with capacitance start

(3) Starting the induction motor with a capacitor

(4) Induction motor with a shady pole arrangement

Three-Phase Induction Motor.

There were two types of three-phase induction motors, each with a distinct
characteristic.

(1) Motor with squirrel cage induction

(2) Induction motor with solid ring slip

2
 Three-phase induction motors are a type of electric motor. They use
electricity to create mechanical work. A three-phase induction motor is the most
widely used motor for three-phase AC operation, as this type of motor does not
require a starter or can be referred to as a self-starting induction motor.

This motor’s essential structural elements will help you better comprehend
the three-phase induction motor’s operating principles. The motor consists of two
parts: a rotor and a stator.

There are multiple slots carved into the stator of a threephase induction
motor so that an AC three-phase power source can be linked to the three-phase
wind circuit. To generate a spinning magnetic field, the three-phase winding is
inserted into the slot.

A cylindrical laminated core conductor with parallel slots can be mounted on

the rotor of a three-stage induction motor’s rotor. Heavy copper or aluminum bars
that fit into each slot rotate through the end bell as a conductor. Because the slots
are not built parallel to the shaft axis, the design decreases the magnetic humming
noise and avoids motor failure.

1.3. WORKING OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR.

With a 120- degree electrical angle, the motor stator is made up of

overlapping windings. Connecting the primary stator or semiconductor to a three-
phase AC power supply generates an equal-speed spinning magnetic field. In
regard to rotation, there is a secret. Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) can affect the
pace at which the magnetic flux moves across a circuit. When an unstable motor’s
rotor winding is closed by an external resistance or by a short circuit straight via
end ring, the revolving magnetic field of the stator is reduced, which results in an
EMF being included in the copper rod. Because of this EMF, the rotor generates
3
current. According to the law of the lens, to diminish the cause, i.e., the relative
motion between the spinning current and the stationary rotor conductor, the rotor
will rotate in the same direction. Accordingly, the rotor speed should not exceed
the synchronous speed generated by the stator in a three-phase asynchronous
motor, which is based on the concept of functioning. No torque will be generated if
the rotors’ speeds are the same, as the EMF is not contained in the rotor and the
current does not flow. Because of this, the rotor cannot reach the synchronous
speed. Stator (synchronous speed) is different from the rotor (the difference is
termed slip). An induction motor’s magnetic field rotation has the advantage of
requiring no electrical connections to the rotor. Single-phase lines with 120-degree
phase differences form a three-phase system. Thus, the rotating magnetic field has
the same phase difference as the rotor’s movement. A, B, and C are three phases,
and when phase A is magnetized, the rotor travels to phase A’s winding, which in
turn magnetizes phase B and finally phase C. Consequently, the rotor keeps on
turning. Removal of any phase in a three-phase induction motor will result in a
reduction in speed and distorted vibrations. Moreover, a temperature higher than
the standard value will result in insulation damage in the winding.

1.4 IMPORTANCE OF MOTOR PROTECTION

Protection of three phase induction motor from single phasing, phase

reversal, over voltage and under voltage. According to this electrical fault the
winding of motor get heated which lead to fails the insulation of the winding and
thus reduce the life time of motor. This fault is generated in induction motor due to
variation in induction motor parameters. When three phase induction motor runs
continuously, it is necessary to protect the motor from these anticipated faults.
Three phase induction motor generally directly connected through the supply, if
the supply voltage has sag and swell due to fault the performance of motor is

4
affected and in some cases winding is burned out. When phase sequence (RYB) is
reversed due to any wrong connection then motor start rotating in another
direction, if supply system has only one phase and other phase is disconnected
from the motor then it is called as single phasing problem. Induction motors have
been used extensively for many industrial applications since several decades ago.
These applications range from intensive care unit pumps, electric vehicle
propulsion systems and computer-cooling fans, to electric pumps used in nuclear
power plants. Safety, reliability, efficiency, and performance are some of the major
concerns of motor applications.

5
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

The protection and monitoring of induction motors have been an important

area of research and development in recent years, particularly due to their
widespread use in industrial and domestic applications. Various studies have
focused on improving motor efficiency and implementing safety mechanisms to
prevent motor damage due to overheating, overloading, voltage imbalance, and
mechanical faults.

1. Induction Motor Protection System Corpus ID: 54046506, Vikram

Singh, Abhishek Gupta, Akshay Gupta Year of Publication: 2017

Induction motors are used in many industrial applications in a wide

range of operating areas because of their simple and robust structure, and
low production costs. Providing a protection system is very important in
industries. The purpose for development of this project is to provide safety
to industrial motors, lift motors, pumps etc. The main purpose of this project
is to protect an induction motor from faults such as single phasing,
overvoltage, over temperature and under voltage. In this project they are
using a three-phase supply by using three single phase transformers. If any
of the phases, out of the 3 phases is missing or if temperature of the motor
during operation exceeds threshold value or if the voltage exceeds/drops
threshold value motor stops immediately. If any of the phases is not
available, the corresponding transformer stops supplying power to the
circuit. The main relay which is powered through a set of four relays gets
disconnected because of one relay not being powered. And they are using a
microcontroller for detection of these faults and a LCD display to show
which type of fault has occurred.

6
2. Protection of Induction Motor from Abnormal Conditions using PLC
Corpus ID: 212589103. Ambili Pradeep, Kavya Mohan, Elizabeth
Thomas Year of Publication: 2019

System for protection of System for protection of induction motor

from abnormal conditions using PLC is built and tested. PLC scan be used
even in unclean circumstances and environments of high temperature,
humidity and chemicals and thus suitable in an industry than any other logic
devices. They have direct interoperability to other industrial devices such as
relays, valves, actuators, transmitters, motor starters etc Simplicity in
programming of PLC makes the system more popular. The project can be
modified by implementing SCADA, which provides real time monitoring of
various parameters of the motor on a computer screen. Further, the
protection can be implemented with large three phase motors used in
industries.

3. PLC based Monitoring and Protection of 3 phase Induction Motor

against various abnormal conditions
DOI: 10.1109/ICOMET.2019.8673497. Dileep Kumar, Abdul Basit,
Aisha Saleem Year of Publication- 2017

In this manuscript, low-cost and efficient protection scheme for three

phase induction motors is designed against the most commonly occurring
abnormal conditions – over current, over voltage and over temperature. This
protection scheme makes use of the modern control equipment used in the
industrial processes. The brain of the scheme – Programmable Logic
Controller (PLC) – continuously monitors the different parameters of an
induction motor and gives an alert message on Human Machine Interface
(HMI) about any abnormal condition detected and trips the induction motor
if no troubleshooting action is taken within defined time. The design has an
additional feature of automatically starting the induction motor when fault is
removed which mitigates the need of a recloser. The design has been tested
on different three phase induction motors of different parameters available in
the laboratory. Keeping operating time in consideration the design replaces

7
 the old mechanical relays with modern solid-state relays, and the same relay
has been used for signaling for all abnormal conditions which again makes
this design an economically low- cost.

4. William H. Kersting stated that three phase induction motor can continue to
run when one phase of the supply gone out of service. This may be due to
any fuse blowing or opening of protective device of the motor, at step-down
transformer or at feeder end. At this condition the three-phase induction
motor continue to run but the motor will heat up quickly and it should be
protected by removing it from the service at the instant of single phasing.
When phase opens at step down transformer or at feeder end, the stator and
rotor losses increases to ten times and the shaft output power decreases to
negligible. But if the single phasing occurs at motor terminals the losses
increases twice as compare to steady state losses and the shaft power reduces
to nearly 70%. To protect the motor all the terminal should be open.

5. Sutherland P. E. and Short T.A. described that the for single phase fault
the three phase reclosers are widely employed on distribution feeders. The
majority faults are single phase. Its negative effect occurs on the other two
phase customers, because the distribution line is mainly supplying the load
to single phase customers. If three phase recloses did not open from the
service, and the problem arises for three phase industry. On an average
single phase fault occurs at 70%, two phase fault occurs at 20% and three
phase fault occurrence is 10%.

6. Sudha M. and Abalagan proposed a technique to save the three phase

induction motor from single phasing. In this technique, PIC16F877
microcontroller has been used to sample the values of each phase and
converted them to low voltage ac by means of transformer. The signals are
converted to digital value using ADC converter. The controller continuously
compares the digital value with the reference value and when the fault
occurs, it opens the normally close contactor and disconnects it from the
power supply. Single phasing, under voltage and over voltage protection is
8
 done practically on a 2kW motor and the motor is isolated if any of these
condition occurs.

7. Pragasen Pillay et.dal. Examines the three phase induction motor under the
influence of under voltage and over voltage. The voltage at motor terminals
may be higher than the nominal value in a complex industrial system and
can be well below from nominal value in a heavily loaded industrial system.
IEEE, NEMA and other power communities have different defined the
voltage unbalance. The complex algebra is avoided in these definition.

9
 CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM ANALYSIS

3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

The existing system is an Arduino-based motor protection and monitoring

setup designed to safeguard electric motors from common faults such as
overvoltage, overcurrent, overheating, and phase failure. It incorporates sensors to
measure voltage, current, and temperature, as well as to detect the presence of all
three power phases (R, Y, and B). These inputs are processed by the Arduino
microcontroller, which then takes appropriate actions. If any abnormal condition is
detected, the Arduino triggers a relay to disconnect the motor, activates a buzzer
for auditory warning, and displays real-time information on a 20x4 LCD screen.
This system ensures basic protection for the motor while providing immediate
local alerts to users.

10
3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed system is designed to enhance the safety and efficiency of an

induction motor by continuously monitoring key electrical and environmental
parameters. This system typically employs sensors to measure current (using
modules like ACS712), voltage (e.g., with ZMPT101B), and temperature (using
sensors such as LM35 or DS18B20). The Arduino microcontroller processes the
input from these sensors and takes appropriate actions, such as disconnecting the
motor through a relay if abnormal conditions are detected. Common protections
include overcurrent, overvoltage, undervoltage, and overheating. Additionally,
phase failure detection can be implemented using opto-isolators to monitor the
presence of all three phases. The system may also incorporate manual control via
push buttons, display real-time parameters on an LCD or OLED screen. This setup
is cost-effective, suitable for small industrial or educational applications, and can
be expanded with data logging or automation features as needed.

11
3.3 ADVANTAGES

 Cost-Effective: Arduino boards and sensors are affordable, making the

system suitable for budget-conscious applications.
 Real-Time Monitoring: Continuously monitors voltage, current,
temperature, and phase supply to detect faults instantly.
 Automated Protection: Automatically shuts down the motor during
abnormal conditions to prevent damage.
 Easy to Program: Arduino’s user-friendly IDE and wide community
support simplify coding and customization.
 Flexible and Expandable: Additional modules like Wi-Fi, GSM, or SD
cards can be easily integrated for advanced functionality.
 Compact and Portable: The system can be built in a small form factor for
convenient installation and maintenance.
 Visual and Audio Alerts: Incorporates LCD displays and buzzers for
immediate fault indication to users.
 Low Power Consumption: Efficient operation with minimal energy
requirements compared to industrial-grade PLC systems.
 Educational Value: Excellent platform for learning and experimentation in
motor control and protection.
 Customizable Logic: Control logic can be tailored to specific motor types
and application needs without complex hardware changes.

12
 CHAPTER 4

SYSTEM DESIGN

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 4.1 : Block Diagram

13
4.1.1 BLOCK EXPLANATION

The block diagram illustrates an Arduino-based induction motor protection

and control system. The system is designed to safeguard the motor from electrical
and thermal faults by continuously monitoring its operating conditions. It utilizes
several sensors to collect data: a voltage sensor monitors the supply voltage, a
current sensor checks the motor’s current draw, and a temperature sensor tracks the
motor’s thermal status. Additionally, it receives input from the three-phase power
supply lines (R, Y, B phases) to ensure proper phase sequence and detect any
phase failure.

All sensor data is fed into the Arduino, which acts as the central control unit.
The Arduino processes this information and makes decisions to protect the motor.
If all parameters are within safe operating ranges, the Arduino activates a relay to
power the motor. The system also features a 20×4 LCD that displays real-time
values and system status, providing a user-friendly interface for monitoring. In the
event of any abnormal condition—such as overvoltage, overcurrent, overheating,
or phase loss—the Arduino deactivates the relay to shut down the motor, thereby
preventing damage. Simultaneously, it triggers a buzzer to alert the operator and
updates the LCD with a corresponding fault message. A dedicated power supply
unit ensures stable operation of all electronic components. This comprehensive
setup provides reliable protection and control for induction motors in industrial or
commercial applications.

14
4.2 APPLICATIONS

 Industrial Automation: Protects motors in manufacturing plants from

faults like overcurrent, overheating, and voltage irregularities.
 Agricultural Irrigation Systems: Ensures safe operation of motors used in
water pumps, preventing damage due to dry running or power issues.
 HVAC Systems: Controls and protects motors in heating, ventilation, and
air conditioning units to maintain system reliability.
 Educational and Research Projects: Serves as a practical tool in
engineering labs to demonstrate real-time motor protection and control
concepts.
 Remote Monitoring Systems: When integrated with IoT modules, allows
for remote control and real-time monitoring of motor health via apps or
cloud platforms.
 Smart Homes and Buildings: Can be used in building management
systems to monitor and protect small motors in lifts, fans, and automation
units.
 Small-Scale Industries and Workshops: Provides a cost-effective solution
for motor protection where high-end industrial controllers are not viable.

15
4.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 4.3 : Circuit Diagram

16
4.3.1 CIRCUIT EXPLANATION

The circuit diagram represents an Arduino-based induction motor protection

and control system designed to safeguard the motor against common faults such as
overcurrent, overheating, and phase failure. The power supply section comprises a
step-down transformer (TR1), a bridge rectifier (BR1), and a voltage regulator
(7805) to convert and regulate the AC input into a stable 5V DC output, which
powers the Arduino and other components. At the core of the system is the
Arduino Uno, which continuously monitors three key inputs: phase voltage, motor
current, and temperature. Phase voltages (R, Y, B) are sensed through a voltage
divider circuit using a variable resistor (RV1) and are fed to the analog pins of the
Arduino. This allows the system to detect phase loss or imbalance.

To monitor temperature, a DHT11 sensor is connected digitally, providing

real-time temperature data of the motor’s surroundings. The current drawn by the
motor is measured using a WCS18020 current sensor connected to one of the
Arduino’s analog pins, enabling the detection of overcurrent or dry run situations.
The system outputs are managed through a 20×4 LCD display that shows real-time
values and system status, a buzzer that activates when a fault occurs, and a relay
circuit controlled via a BC547 transistor. When a fault is detected, the Arduino
deactivates the relay, cutting power to the motor to prevent damage, while
simultaneously sounding the buzzer and displaying the fault condition on the LCD.
This integrated approach offers a reliable, low-cost solution for real-time
monitoring and automatic protection of induction motors in various applications.

17
 CHAPTER 5

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

System requirements refer to the specifications, features, and capabilities

that a system must possess to fulfill its intended purpose effectively and efficiently.
These requirements encompass both hardware and software components, as well as
any other resources or constraints necessary for the system's operation. Hardware
requirements typically include specifications such as processing power, memory,
storage capacity, and connectivity options, while software requirements may
involve specific operating systems, programming languages, libraries, and
frameworks. Additionally, system requirements often outline functional and non-
functional aspects such as performance, reliability, scalability, security, and
usability criteria. Overall, defining clear and comprehensive system requirements
is essential for guiding the design, development, and implementation of a system to
meet the needs and expectations of its users.

18
5.1 ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use

hardware and software. It consists of a range of microcontroller boards and a
development environment, making it accessible for hobbyists, students, and
professionals to create interactive projects and prototypes.

The Atmel® picoPower® ATmega328/P is a low-power CMOS 8-bit

microcontroller based on the AVR® enhanced RISC architecture. By executing
powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega328/P achieves
throughputs close to 1MIPS per MHz. This empowers system designed to optimize
the device for power consumption versus processing speed.

Figure 5.1 ARDUINO ATMEGA328P

19
5.1.1 BLOCK DIAGRM

Figure 5.1.1: Block Diagram

The AVR® core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose
working registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the arithmetic logic
unit (ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single
instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code
efficient achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC
microcontrollers.

20
AVR CPU Core

This section discusses the AVR® core architecture in general. The main
function of the CPU core is to ensure correct program execution. The CPU must
therefore be able to access memories, perform calculations, control peripherals,
and handle interrupts

The Atmel® ATmega328P provides the following features: 32K bytes of in-
system programmable flash with read-while-write capabilities, 1K bytes
EEPROM, 2K bytes SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose
working registers, three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes, internal and
external interrupts, a serial programmable USART, a byteoriented 2-wire serial
interface, an SPI serial port, a 6-channel 10-bit ADC (8 channels in TQFP and
QFN/MLF packages), a programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and
five software selectable power saving modes. The idle mode stops the CPU while
allowing the SRAM, Timer/Counters, USART, 2-wire serial interface, SPI port,
and interrupt system to continue functioning. The power-down mode saves the
register contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until
the next interrupt or hardware reset. In power-save mode, the asynchronous timer
continues to run, allowing the user to maintain a timer base while the rest of the
device is sleeping. The ADC noise reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O
modules except asynchronous timer and ADC, to minimize switching noise during
ADC conversions.

21
5.1.2 PIN CONFIGURATION

Figure 5.1.2: 32 TQFP Top view

22
 Figure 5.1.3: ATmega328p

5.1.3 PIN DESCRIPTION

VCC

Digital supply voltage.

GND

Ground.

Port B (PB7:0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2

Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors

23
 (selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, port B pins
that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are
activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running. Depending on the clock selection fuse settings,
PB6 can be used as input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the
internal clock operating circuit. Depending on the clock selection fuse settings,
PB7 can be used as output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. If the internal
calibrated RC oscillator is used as chip clock source, PB7..6 is used as TOSC2..1
input for the asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set.

Port C (PC5:0)

Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors

(selected for each bit). The PC5..0 output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins
that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are
activated. The port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running.

PC6/RESET

If the RSTDISBL fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an input pin. If the

RSTDISBL fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a reset input. A low level on
this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a reset, even if the
clock is not running.

24
Port D (PD7:0)

Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors

(selected for each bit). The port D output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, port D pins
that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are
activated. The port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running.

AVCC

AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D converter, PC3:0, and ADC7:6.
It should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC
is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter. Note that PC6..4
use digital supply voltage, VCC.

AREF

AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D converter.

ADC7:6

(TQFP and QFN/MLF Package Only) In the TQFP and QFN/MLF package,
ADC7:6 serve as analog inputs to the A/D converter. These pins are powered from
the analog supply and serve as 10-bit ADC channels.

25
5.2 LCD DISPLAY

An LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a flat-panel display technology that uses

liquid crystals to produce images or text. LCD displays are widely used in
electronic devices such as televisions, computer monitors, smartphones, digital
cameras, and various embedded systems for displaying information in a visual
format.

The operation of character-based LCDs is analogous to the PC’s video card

and monitor. In the PC, information is sent by the program to the video card via the
PC bus. The video card is responsible for the actual task of creating, updating, and
refreshing the display. Information in the display in maintained in the video card
memory. Our LCDs behave in the same manner: they accept data and commands
via a bus, maintain character information in memory, and manage the built-in
display. The brains behind the LCD is the Hitachi HD44780. In addition to
managing the display (i.e., writing a character, clearing the display, moving the
cursor, etc.), it contains three areas of memory: CGROM, DDRAM, and CGRAM.

These filters are arranged in a pattern of pixels, with each pixel consisting of
subpixels corresponding to the primary colors. By controlling the intensity of light
passing through each subpixel, different colors can be produced. Backlight: LCD
displays require a backlight source to illuminate the screen and make the images or
text visible. The backlight is typically located behind the liquid crystal layer and
can be composed of LEDs (Light-Emitting Diodes) or fluorescent lamps.

26
 Figure 5.2 : LCD DISPLAY

Figure 5.2 represent the LCD displays offer several advantages, including
high resolution, low power consumption, thin form factor, and compatibility with a
wide range of display resolutions and sizes. They are commonly used in
applications where compact size, low weight, and low power consumption are
essential, such as portable electronic devices, automotive displays, and industrial
equipment.

Here are some common features and specifications you might find in an
LCD display:

1. Display Type: LCD displays come in various types, including TFT (Thin
Film Transistor), IPS (In-Plane Switching), OLED (Organic LightEmitting
Diode), others. Each type offers different characteristics in terms of color
accuracy, viewing angles, response times, and power consumption.

27
 2. Screen Size: The physical size of the display screen, typically measured
diagonally in inches. LCD displays range from small, compact screens used
in handheld devices to large panels for TVs and monitors.

5.3 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

A bridge rectifier is an electronic circuit which converts A.C voltage into a

pulsating D.C voltage using both half cycles of the applied A.C voltage as in the
case of full wave rectifiers. It is also a full wave rectifier. Bridge rectifier avoids
the usage of centre tapped transformer.

Fig 5.3: Bridge Rectifier Circuit Diagram

A bridge rectifier circuit is shown. It consists of a transformer, four

semiconductor diodes and a load resistor RL. Because of the bridge-like
arrangement of diodes it is called a bridge rectifier. As shown. The A.C voltage to

28
be rectified is applied across one diagonal of the bridge through a power
transformer. The load resistor RL is connected across the other diagonal of the
bridge.
When an A.C voltage is applied to the input circuit, the end terminal so A
and B of the transformer secondary becomes positive and negative alternately.
During positive half cycle of the A.C input voltage, terminal A is positive with
respect to terminal B. In this situation diodes D1 and D3 are forward biased
whereas diodes D2 and D4 are reverse biased. Therefore diodes D1 and D3 conduct
and a current flows through the load resistor RL as shown. This current produces a
voltage drop across RL.
During the negative half cycle of the A.C input voltage terminal B is
positive with respect to terminal A. In this situation diodes D2 and D4 are forward
biased whereas diodes D1 and D3 are reverse biased. Therefore diodes D2 and D4
conduct and a current flows through the load resistor RL as shown. This current
produces a voltage drop across RL.
Thus when an A.C voltage is applied to the bridge rectifier, during positive
half cycle diodes D1 and D3 conduct and during the negative half cycle diodes D2
and D4 conduct. However, current flows through the load resistor RL in the same
directions in both half cycles of the A.C input. Thus a pulsating DC voltage is
developed across the load resistor RL and we have full wave rectification. The
input and output waveform are shown.

29
Advantages of Bridge Rectifier:
o Rectification efficiency is high 81.2%.
o Ripple factor is low 0.48.
o D.C Saturation of the transformer core is avoided. (Advantages of bridge
rectifier over centre tapped full wave rectifier)
o No centre tap is needed in the transformer secondary.
o Peak inverse voltage(PIV) rating per diode is only V m. Hence it is highly
suited for high voltage applications.
o For a given power output, power transformer of smaller size may be used.

Disadvantages of Bridge Rectifier

o It requires four diodes instead of two.
o The load resistor and the source have no common point
o Two diodes in series conduct during each half cycle of the A.C input. It
increases the total voltage drop and losses.

30
Three-Terminal Voltage Regulators:

Figure shows the basic connection of a three-terminal voltage regulator IC to

a load. The fixed voltage regulator has an unregulated DC input voltage. V i3
applied to one input terminal, a regulated output DC voltage. Vo3 from a second
terminal, with the third terminal connected to ground. For a selected regulator, IC
device specifications list a voltage range over which the input voltage can vary to
maintain a regulated output voltage over a range of load current. The
specifications also list the amount of output voltage change resulting from a
change in load current (load regulation) or in input voltage (line regulation).

IN OUT
Voltage
Regulator

Unregulated
LOAD
Input voltage
VIN Reg
Voltage

Fig 5.3.1: 3 Terminal Voltage Regulator IC

31
Positive Voltage Regulator – (IC7805)
The 7800 series IC’s are three terminal positive voltage regulators. Here the
meaning of first two digits (78) refers to positive regulation and the last two digits
represent the output voltage.

Fig 5.3.2: IC 7805 Circuit Diagram

IC 7805 is a three terminal, positive voltage regulator. It provides a fixed

positive voltage of 5 volts over a wide range of load currents. It has internal
thermal over load protection and internal short circuit protection. The unregulated
input voltage is applied to the input pin (pin no 1) of the IC regulator. The
regulated output voltage is obtained from the output (pin no.3) of the IC regulator.
The pin no.2 is the IC ground. The load is connected between pin no. 3 and
ground. The capacitor C, is required if the regulator is located at appreciable
distance from a power supply filter. Even though C2 is not needed may be used to
improve the transient response of the regulator.

32
5.4 BUZZER

The buzzer is a sounding device that can convert audio signals into sound
signals. It is usually powered by DC voltage. It is widely used in alarms,
computers, printers and other electronic products as sound devices. It is mainly
divided into piezoelectric buzzer and electromagnetic buzzer, represented by the
letter "H" or "HA" in the circuit.
Electromagnetic buzzer is composed of oscillator, solenoid coil, magnet,
vibration diaphragm, housing, etc. When the power supply is switched on, the
audio signal current generated by the oscillator passes through the solenoid coil,
which generates a magnetic field. The vibration diaphragm periodically vibrates
and sounds under the interaction of the solenoid coil and the magnet. The
frequency of the general electromagnetic buzzer is 2-4 kHz.

Figure 5.4: Buzzer

The height of active buzzer is slightly different from that of passive buzzer.
The active buzzer is usually 9mm high and the passive buzzer is 8mm high. When
placing the two buzzers with their pins facing up, the one with a green circuit
board is a passive buzzer, and the one without a circuit board and sealed with vinyl
is an active buzzer.

33
 Multimeter resistance Rxl test: When the black meter pen contacts the'+'pin
of the buzzer and the red meter pen touches back and forth on the other pin, if it
clicks and the resistance is only 8Ω (or 16Ω), then it is a passive buzzer; connect
the'+'pin of the buzzer with a black pen and touch the red pen back and forth on the
other pin.

5.5 RELAY

A relay is an electrically operated switch in the context of electronics and

electrical engineering. It is made up of a coil and one or more contact sets. When
an electrical current runs through the coil, a magnetic field is created that
activates the contacts, allowing them to open or close the circuits. Relays are
frequently employed in automotive applications, industrial automation, and
control systems to control high-power or high-voltage devices with a lower-
power signal.

A simple electromagnetic switch is a relay that can be used to make or

break an electrical connection. Basically, the relay is just like a mechanical
switch, but we can control it with an electromagnetic signal instead of manually
turning it on or off. It can be of different types, like electromechanical, which is
frequently used, or solid-state. Every electromechanical relay consists of an
Electromagnet, Switching points, Mechanically moveable contacts, and a spring.
Also, the electromagnet is constructed by wounding a copper coil on a metal
core. The two ends of the coil are connected by two pins of the relay. Two more
contacts are present, called switching points to connect high ampere loads and
common contacts to connect the switching points. Contacts are known as NO

34
(Normal Open), NC (Normal Closed), and COM (Common) contacts. Someone
can use a relay either in an AC circuit or a DC circuit.

Figure 5.5 : Relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input

terminals for a single or multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact
terminals. The switch may have any number of contacts in multiple contact forms,
such as make contacts, break contacts, or combinations thereof.

Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by an independent

low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.
Relays were first used in long-distance telegraph circuits as signal repeaters: they
refresh the signal coming in from one circuit by transmitting it on another circuit.
Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to
perform logical operations.

35
 Figure 5.5.1 : Electromechanical Relay

The traditional electromechanical form of a relay uses an electromagnet to

close or open the contacts, but relays using other operating principles have also
been invented, such as in solid-state relays which use semiconductor properties for
control without relying on moving parts. Relays with calibrated operating
characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical
circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions
are performed by digital instruments still called protective relays or safety relays.

Latching relays require only a single pulse of control power to operate the
switch persistently. Another pulse applied to a second set of control terminals, or a
pulse with opposite polarity, resets the switch, while repeated pulses of the same
kind have no effects. Magnetic latching relays are useful in applications when
interrupted power should not affect the circuits that the relay is controlling.

A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around

a soft iron core (a solenoid), an iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for
magnetic flux, a movable iron armature, and one or more sets of contacts (there are
two contacts in the relay pictured). The armature is hinged to the yoke and
mechanically linked to one or more sets of moving contacts. The armature is held
36
in place by a spring so that when the relay is de-energized there is an air gap in the
magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay
pictured is closed, and the other set is open. Other relays may have more or fewer
sets of contacts depending on their function. The relay in the picture also has a
wire connecting the armature to the yoke. This ensures continuity of the circuit
between the moving contacts on the armature, and the circuit track on the printed
circuit board (PCB) via the yoke, which is soldered to the PCB.

When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic

field that activates the armature, and the consequent movement of the movable
contact(s) either makes or breaks (depending upon construction) a connection with
a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed when the relay was de-energized,
then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the connection, and vice versa if
the contacts were open. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is
returned by a force, approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its
relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity is also used
commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate
quickly. In a low-voltage application this reduces noise; in a high voltage or
current application it reduces arcing.

37
 CHAPTER 6

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

6.1 ARDUINO IDE SOFTWARE

The software that is used to program the microcontroller, is open-source-

software and can be downloaded for free on www.arduino.cc. With this “Arduino
software” you can write little programs witch the microcontroller should perform.
This programs are called “Sketch”. In the end the sketches are transferred to the
microcontroller by USB cable. More on that later on the subject “programing”.

6.1.1 INSTALLATION

Now one after another the Arduino software and the USB driver for the
board have to be installed.

Installation and setup of the Arduino software

38
 Download the Arduino software on www.arduino.cc and install it on the
computer (The microcontroller NOT connected to the PC). After that you open the
software file and start the program named arduino.exe.

Two set ups on the program are important and should be considered.

a) The board that you want to connect, has to be selected on the arduino
software. The “Funduino Uno” is here known as “Arduino / Genuino Uno”.

b) You have to choose the right “Serial-Port”, to let the Computer know to
which port the board has been connected. That is only possible if the USB driver
has been installed correctly. It can be checked this way:

At the moment the Arduino isn't connected to the PC. If you now choose
“Port”, under thefield “Tool”, you will already see one or more ports here (COM1/
COM2/ COM3…). The quantity of the shown ports doesn't depend on the quantity
of the USB ports on thecomputer. When the board gets connected to the computer,
YOU WILL FIND ONE MOREPORT.

39
6.1.2 INSTALLATION OF USB DRIVER

How it should be:

1. You connect the board to the computer.

2. The Computer recognizes the board and suggests to install a driver

automatically.

ATTENTION: Wait a second! Most of the time the computer can't find the
driverautomatically to install it. You might choose the driver by your own to install
it. It can befound in the Arduino file under “Drivers”.

Control: At the control panel of the Computer you can find the “Device manager”.
If theboard has been installed successfully, it should appear here. When the
installation hasfailed, there is either nothing special to find or you will find an
unknown USB device with ayellow exclamation mark. In this case: Click on the
unknown device and choose “updateUSB driver”. Now you can start over with the
manual installation.

6.1.3 PROGRAMMING

Now we can start properly. Without to much theoretical information we start

directly with programming. Learning by doing. On the left side you can find the
“sketches”, on the right the accompanying explanation for the commands in grey.
If you work through the tutorials with this system, you will soon understand the
code and be able to use it by yourself. Later on you can familiarize yourself with
other features. These tutorials are only meant as first steps to the Arduino world.
All possible program features and codes are referred onwww.arduino.cc under
„reference“. First of all a short explanation for possible error reports that can
appear while working with the Arduino software. The two most common ones are:

40
1) The board is not installed right or the wrong board is selected. After uploading
the sketch, there will appear an error report underneath the sketch. It looks like the
one in the picture on the right. The note“not in sync” shows up in the error report.

2) There is a mistake in the sketch.

For example, a word is misspelled or a bracket is missing. In the example on

the left the last semicolon in the sketch is missing. In this Case the error report
often starts with “excepted..”. This means that the program is still expecting
something that is missing.

41
Basic structure of a sketch:

A sketch can be divided in three parts.

1. Name variable

In the first part elements of the program are named. This part is not
absolutely necessary.

2. Setup (absolutely necessary for the program)

The setup will be performed only once. Here you are telling the
program for example what Pin (slot for cables) should be an input and what
should be an output on the boards.
Defined as Output: The pin should put out a voltage. For example:
With this pin a LED ismeant to light up.

42
 Defined as an Input: The board should read out a voltage. For
example: A switch is actuated. The board recognized this, because it gets a
voltage on the Input pin.
3. Loop (absolutely necessary for the program)
This loop part will be continuously repeated by the board. It
assimilates the sketch from beginning to end and starts again from the
beginning and so on.

6.2 EMBEDDED C

Introduction to C Programming for Embedded Systems

- Most common programming languages for embedded systems are C, BASIC and
assembly languages

- C used for embedded systems is slightly different compared to C used for general
purpose (under a PC platform)

-programs for embedded systems are usually expected to monitor and control
external devices and directly manipulate and use the internal architecture of the
processor such as interrupt handling, timers, serial communications and other
available features.

- There are many factors to consider when selecting languages for embedded
systems

 Efficiency - Programs must be as short as possible and memory must be

used efficiently.
 Speed - Programs must run as fast as possible.
 Ease of implementation
 Maintainability

43
  Readability

- C compilers for embedded systems must provide ways to examine and utilize
various features of the microcontroller's internal and external architecture; this
includes:

 Interrupt Service Routines

 Reading from and writing to internal and external memories
 Bit manipulation
 Implementation of timers / counters
 Examination of internal registers

- Most embedded C compilers (as well as ordinary C compilers) have been

developed supporting the ANSI [American National Standard for Information] but
compared to ordinary C they may differ in terms of the outcome of some of the
statements.

- standard C compiler, communicates with the hardware components via the

operating system of the machine but the C compiler for the embedded system must
communicate directly with the processor and its components.

- For example consider this statement:

printf(" C - Programming for 8051\n");

In standard C running on a PC platform, the statement causes the string

inside the quotation to be displayed on the screen. The same statement in an
embedded system causes the string to be transmitted via the serial port pin (i.e
TXD) of the microcontroller provided the serial port has been initialized and
enabled.

44
- Another example:

c=getch();

In standard C running on a PC platform this causes a character to be read

from the keyboard on a PC. In an embedded system the instruction causes a
character to be read from the serial pin (i.e. RXD) of the microcontroller.

Template for Embedded C Program

#include <reg66x.h>

void main(void)

// body of the program goes here

- the first line of the template is the C directive “#include<reg66x.h> ”

- this tells the compiler that during compilation, it should look into this file for
symbols not defined within the program

- “reg66x.h” file simple defines the internal special function registers and their
addresses

- part of “reg66x.h” file is shown below

/*………………………………………. */

/* include file for 8xC66x SFR Definitions */

/* Copyright Raisonance SA, 1990-2000 */

/*…………………………………………. */

45
/* BYTE Registers */

at 0x80 sfr P0 ;

at 0x90 sfr P1 ;

at 0xA0 sfr P2 ;

at 0xB0 sfr P3 ;

at 0xD0 sfr PSW ;

at 0xE0 sfr ACC ;

at 0xF0 sfr B ;

at 0x81 sfr SP ;

at 0x82 sfr DPL ;

at 0x83 sfr DPH ;

at 0x87 sfr PCON ;

at 0x88 sfr TCON ;

at 0x89 sfr TMOD ;

at 0x8A sfr TL0 ;

at 0x8B sfr TL1 ;

at 0x8C sfr TH0 ;

at 0x8D sfr TH1 ;

46
 In this file, the numerical addresses of different special function registers
inside the processor have been defined using symbolic names, e.g. P0 the symbol
used for port 0 of the processor is assigned its corresponding numeric address 80 in
hexadecimal. Note that in C numbers that are hexadecimal are represented by the
0x.

- the next line in the template declares the beginning of the body of the main part
of the program

- the main part of the program is treated as any other function in C program

- every C program should have a main function

- functions are like “procedures” and “subroutines” in other languages

- C function may be written in one of the following formats:

□ it may require some parameters to work on

□ it may return a value that it evaluates or determines

□ it may neither require parameters nor return any value

- if a function requires any parameters, they are placed inside the brackets
following the name of the function

- if a function should return a value, it is declared just before the name of the
function

- when the word ‘void’ is used before the function name it indicates that the
function does not return any value

- when the word ‘void’ is used between the brackets it indicates that the function
does not require any parameters

- main function declaration:

47
 void main(void)

therefore, indicates that the main function requires no parameters and that it does
not return any value.

- what the function must perform will be placed within the curly brackets following
function declaration (your C code)

6.2.1 C DIRECTIVES

- #include is one of many C directives

- it is used to insert the contents of another file into the source code of the current
file, as previously explained

- there are two slightly different form of using #include directive:

#include < filename >

or

#include “ filename “

- the first form (with the angle brackets) will search for the include file in certain
locations known to the compiler and it is used to include standard system header
files (such are stdlib.h and stdio.h in standard C)

- the second form (with the double quotes) will search for the file in the same
directory as the source file and this is used for header files specific to the program
and usually written by the programmer

- all directives are preceded with a “#” symbol

- another useful directive is a #define directive- #define directive associates a

symbolic name with some numerical value or text.

48
- wherever that symbolic name occurs after the directive the preprocessor will
replace it with the specified value or text

- the value of “ON” in the program can be defined as 0xFF throughout the program
using: #define ON 0xFF

- this approach may be used to define various numerical values in the program
using more readable and understandable symbols.

- the advantage of using symbols rather than the actual numerical values is that, if
you need to change the value, all you need to do is to change the number that is
assigned to the symbol in the define statement rather than changing it within the
program which in some cases may be a large program and therefore tedious to do.

6.2.2 PROGRAMMING TIME DELAYS

- for various reasons it might be necessary to include some sort of time delay
routine in most of the embedded system programs

- sophisticated and very accurate techniques using timers/counters in the processor

exist to achieve this

- one simple approach (not involving timers) is to let the processor count for a
while before it continues

- this can be achieved using a loop in the program where program does not do
anything useful except incrementing the loop counter:

for(j=0; j<=255; j=j+1)

49
 Once the loop counter reaches the value of 255 program will exit the loop
and continue execution with the first statement following the loop section

- for a longer delays we can use a nested loop structure, i.e. loop within the loop:

for(i=0; i<=255; i=i+1)

for(j=0; j<=255; j=j+1)

Note that with this structure the program counts to 255 x 255.

Indefinite Loops

- embedded system might be required to continuously execute a section of a

program indefinitely

- to achieve this indefinite loop (loop without any exit condition) can be used

- the statement that performs this is:

for(;;)

Part of the program to be repeated indefinitely must then be placed in

between the curly brackets after the for(;;) statement.

50
Variables in Embedded C

- variables in C program are expected to change within a program

- variables in C may consist of a single letter or a combination of a number of

letters and numbers

- spaces and punctuation are not allowed as part of a variable name

- C is a case sensitive language (therefore I and i are treated astwo separate

variables)

- in a C program variables must be declared immediately after the curly bracket

marking the beginning of a function

- to declare a variable, its type must be defined, it provides information to the

compiler of its storage requirement

- definition of type of a variable in a C program is an important factor in the

efficiency of a program

- depending on the type of a variable the compiler reserves memory spaces for that
variable

- consider the following guidelines when selecting the type of variables:

 if speed is important and sign is not important, make every variable

unsigned
 unsigned char is the most common type to use in programming 8051
microcontroller as most registers in the processors are of size 8-bits
(i.e one byte)

51
6.2.3 C FUNCTIONS

- when a part of a program must be repeated more than once, a more efficient way
of implementing is to call the block to be repeated a name and simple use the name
when the block is needed.

- this leads to implementation of C function in the program

- the function (block) must be declared before the main program and defined,
normally immediately after the main program is ended

- rules for function declaration are same as for declaration of main function

void DELAY (void)

Above function declaration informs the compiler that there will be a function
called DELAY, requiring no parameters and returning no parameters.

Note the absence of semicolon at the end of function declaration.

- a function is defined in the same way as the main function (an open curly bracket
marks the beginning of the function, variables used within the function are then
declared in the next line before the body of the function is implemented, the
function ends with a closed curly bracket)

- the name of a function must follow the rules for the name of a variable - the
function name may not have spaces, or any punctuation

- a use of functions is advisable as functions make programs shorter and readable, a

shorter program also requires less space in the memory and therefore better
efficiency

- function is called in the main program using function name and appropriate
parameters (if any)

52
Other Loops in C

Two other loops exist in C language - <do…while> and <while>.

Instructions to generate single loop delay using those two loop techniques are
given below.

i=0;

do

i=i+1;

} while(i<=255);

i=0;

while(i<=255)

i=i+1;}

53
 CHAPTER 7

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The developed Arduino-based induction motor protection and control

system was tested under various operating conditions, and the results confirmed its
effectiveness in real-time monitoring and fault response. During normal operation,
the system accurately read and displayed the voltage of each phase, motor current,
and ambient temperature on the 20×4 LCD screen. These readings were stable and
consistent, confirming that the sensors (voltage divider, WCS current sensor, and
DHT11 temperature sensor) were correctly calibrated and interfaced with the
Arduino. When abnormal conditions were introduced—such as disconnection of a
phase, increase in load causing overcurrent, or exposure to heat to simulate
overheating—the Arduino responded promptly. It successfully detected the fault
and took protective action by deactivating the relay, thereby disconnecting the
motor from the power supply. At the same time, the buzzer was activated, and
appropriate fault messages were displayed on the LCD, such as “Phase Failure,”
“Overcurrent,” or “High Temperature.” This immediate and automatic shutdown of
the motor ensures protection from potential damage and confirms the reliability of
the system’s logic and response mechanism.

The discussion highlights that while the system performs well for low and
medium-power motors, scalability for high-power industrial motors would require
more robust components and electrical isolation techniques. Furthermore, sensor
placement and environmental factors like noise and fluctuations in input voltage
may affect long-term stability if not properly addressed. Overall, the system
demonstrates a low-cost, efficient, and user-friendly solution for motor protection,
suitable for educational, domestic, and small-scale industrial applications.

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 CHAPTER 8

FUTURE SCOPE

The proposed Arduino-based induction motor protection and control system

can be further enhanced and expanded to meet more advanced industrial and
automation needs. One potential area of development is integrating IoT (Internet of
Things) capabilities, enabling remote monitoring and control of motor parameters
through cloud platforms or mobile applications. This would allow operators to
receive real-time alerts and performance data from anywhere. Additionally, data
logging and analytics features can be incorporated to track long-term performance
trends, predict failures, and schedule preventive maintenance.

The system can also be upgraded by implementing wireless communication

technologies such as Wi-Fi, GSM, or LoRa for wider area monitoring, especially
useful in distributed industrial setups. Furthermore, machine learning algorithms
could be introduced to analyze sensor data more intelligently and predict faults
before they occur. Integration with SCADA systems would make it compatible
with larger industrial control environments. Finally, the system can be made more
robust and scalable by supporting higher current and voltage ranges, making it
suitable for heavy-duty motors used in large-scale manufacturing plants.

55
 CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION

The Arduino-based induction motor protection and control system offers a

reliable and cost-effective solution for monitoring and safeguarding motors against
common electrical and thermal faults. By integrating sensors for voltage, current,
and temperature, the system continuously evaluates the motor’s operating
conditions in real-time. Through the use of a relay mechanism and alarm system, it
ensures immediate disconnection and alerts in the event of abnormalities such as
overvoltage, overcurrent, overheating, or phase failure. The inclusion of an LCD
display enhances user interaction by providing real-time data and fault
notifications. Overall, this system enhances the safety, efficiency, and longevity of
induction motors, making it highly suitable for industrial automation and domestic
motor applications.

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REFERENCES

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[3] M. E. H. Benbouzid, "A review of induction motors signature analysis as a

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