ABSTRACT

Due to a significant rise in pollution, the globe is warming up more rapidly. On the global

scale, air pollution is an extremely significant problem. Lead, Carbon Monoxide, and Nitrogen

oxide, which are released from cars, are the primary factors contributing to the rise in air pollution.

Additional sources, including huge enterprises, power stations, industries, etc. are also the cause

of the air pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to make numerous genuine initiatives to address

these kinds of issues.

One effort made to mitigate air pollution is the aqua silencer. It is attached

to the engine or system's exhaust pipe. These Silences are employed to lessen noise and regulate

the release of hazardous gases. In this project, the effectiveness of engines is raised, and the noise

and petrol emissions from cars are reduced. Utilizing the aqua silencer improves the engine's

effectiveness. The major part of an aqua silencer is a perforated tube with holes of various

diameters. Typically, perforated tubes have four sets of holes. This tube has a coating of charcoal

placed on top of it, which is utilized to change high mass bubbles into low mass bubbles. Because

the noise generated in an aqua silencer under water has a lower amplitude than the noise generated

in a spacious atmosphere, it minimizes emissions noise. These processes take place due to water

molecules have tiny gears that reduce the volume of sound and the amplitude of emission gases.

The activated charcoal layer, which is applied over perforated tubes to reduce emission, also

contains extremely porous additional free valences, giving it an outstanding capacity for

absorption. The aqua silencer's construction and the location of the exhaust pipe both contribute

to the engine's ability to produce more ambient energy. Both the noise level and the harmful gas

emissions from cars are under control. The proposed model exhibits high efficiency with low

economic expenses.

Keywords: Exhaust Gases, Perforated Tube, Charcoal layer

 Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
Silencers:

Silencers, also known as suppressors, are devices designed to reduce the noise generated by
the discharge of firearms. They are typically attached to the muzzle of a firearm and work by
slowing down and cooling the high-pressure and high-temperature gases that are expelled
when a bullet is fired.

Here are some key points about silencers:

1. Noise Reduction: The primary purpose of a silencer is to reduce the noise generated
by the gunshot. It does so by allowing the gases to expand and cool gradually, which
lowers the pressure and diminishes the intensity of the muzzle blast. As a result, the
sound signature of the gunshot is reduced, making it less loud and attenuating the
sharp "crack" typically associated with firearms.

2. Functionality: Silencers consist of a series of chambers and baffles designed to trap

and disperse the gases generated during the firing process. As the gases pass through
these chambers and baffles, they lose energy and undergo a controlled expansion.
This slows down the exiting gases and reduces the noise level.

3. Legal Considerations: The legality of owning and using silencers varies across
countries and regions. Some jurisdictions heavily regulate or prohibit their possession,
while others have more relaxed regulations. It is important to consult and adhere to
the laws and regulations of your specific location before considering the use or
acquisition of a silencer.
4. Misconceptions: Contrary to popular belief, silencers do not completely eliminate the
sound of a gunshot. They only reduce the noise to a more manageable level, making it
less harmful to hearing and reducing the distance at which the sound can be heard
clearly. Silencers also do not make firearms completely silent or undetectable.

5. Additional Benefits: Apart from noise reduction, silencers offer other potential
advantages. They can help improve accuracy by reducing recoil and muzzle rise, as
well as minimize the muzzle flash associated with certain types of ammunition.
Silencers can also contribute to shooter comfort, making extended shooting sessions
more enjoyable by reducing noise-related fatigue.

It's important to note that while silencers are commonly associated with firearms, there
are also other types of silencers designed for different applications, such as industrial
equipment, machinery, and ventilation systems. These non-firearm-related silencers serve
the purpose of reducing noise in various environments and contexts.

TYPES OF SILENCERS:

There are various types of silencers designed for different applications and industries.
Here are some common types of silencers:

1. Firearms Silencers: These are the most well-known type of silencers and are
specifically designed for reducing the noise generated by firearms. They come in
different sizes and designs to accommodate various firearms and calibers. Firearms
silencers are typically threaded or attached to the muzzle of the firearm and utilize
internal baffles or expansion chambers to reduce noise.

2. Industrial Silencers: These silencers are used in industrial settings to reduce noise
generated by equipment such as generators, compressors, pumps, and turbines.
Industrial silencers are designed to handle high-volume airflow and exhaust gases
while minimizing the noise level. They employ a combination of absorption,
expansion, and diffusion techniques to attenuate the sound.
3. HVAC Silencers: Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems often
incorporate silencers to reduce noise transmission through ductwork. HVAC silencers
are designed to attenuate the noise generated by air handling units, fans, and other
components of the HVAC system. They utilize absorption materials and internal
baffles to reduce airflow noise and control sound propagation.

4. Automotive Silencers: Automotive silencers, commonly known as mufflers, are used

in vehicle exhaust systems to reduce the noise produced by the engine. They employ a
combination of absorption and expansion chambers to dampen and dissipate the
sound waves generated by the exhaust gases. Automotive silencers also play a role in
controlling exhaust backpressure and improving engine performance.

5. Ventilation Silencers: These silencers are used in ventilation systems to reduce noise
transmission through ducts and air handling units. Ventilation silencers
are designed to minimize the noise generated by fans and airflow turbulence. They
employ absorption materials and specialized designs to attenuate the sound while
maintaining proper airflow.

6. Underwater Silencers: Underwater silencers are specifically designed for reducing

the noise generated by underwater machinery and propulsion systems, such as those
used in submarines, ships, and underwater vehicles. They are engineered to mitigate
the acoustic signature of these systems, minimizing the disturbance to marine life and
reducing the risk of detection.

7. Aqua Silencers: Aqua silencers operates on the principle of sound absorption and
attenuation. It typically incorporates a specialized water chamber within its design.
When the exhaust gases from the engine pass through the Aqua Silencer, they enter
the water chamber, where the sound waves interact with the water. This interaction
helps absorb and dampen the noise, reducing the overall sound levels before the
exhaust gases are released into the water.

These are just a few examples of the different types of silencers available for various
applications. Each type of silencer is designed with specific considerations in mind,
including noise reduction requirements, airflow dynamics, and the characteristics of
the source noise.

AQUA SILENCER:

The Aqua Silencer is an innovative device that aims to tackle the issue of noise
pollution generated by the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines in marine
applications. With the increasing concern for environmental sustainability and the
preservation of aquatic ecosystems, finding solutions to mitigate the negative impact
of noise on marine life has become crucial.

Traditional marine engines release exhaust gases directly into the water, creating
underwater noise that can disturb marine organisms, disrupt their communication, and
even cause physiological harm. The Aqua Silencer offers a promising solution by
effectively reducing the noise generated by these engines, making it a significant
advancement in the field of marine noise reduction.

The Aqua Silencer operates on the principle of sound absorption and attenuation. By
incorporating a specialized water chamber within its design, the device acts as a
barrier to the transmission of sound waves. When the exhaust gases pass through the
Aqua Silencer, they are directed into the water chamber, where the sound waves
interact with the water and are absorbed, dampening the noise before it is released
into the surrounding aquatic environment.

Not only does the Aqua Silencer address the issue of noise pollution, but it also
contributes to other environmental benefits. By reducing the noise levels, it minimizes
the disturbance to marine life, helping to maintain the ecological balance of aquatic
ecosystems. Additionally, it offers the potential to improve the overall boating and
shipping experience by creating quieter and more enjoyable water environments for
both passengers and nearby communities.

The Aqua Silencer represents a significant step forward in sustainable marine

technology, offering a practical and effective solution to reduce the impact of engine
noise on marine ecosystems. With its potential to contribute to a quieter and more
environmentally friendly marine industry, the Aqua Silencer holds promise for a
future where human activities and the preservation of aquatic life can coexist
harmoniously.

HISTORY OF AQUA SILENCER:

The history of the Aqua Silencer can be traced back to the growing concern over
environmental pollution and the need to reduce noise emissions in marine
environments. While the specific origins and development timeline of the Aqua
Silencer may vary depending on the context, here is a general overview of the
historical progression:

Emergence of Environmental Awareness:

In the latter half of the 20th century, the detrimental effects of pollution on the
environment started gaining widespread recognition. This awareness led to increased
efforts to mitigate various forms of pollution, including noise pollution, which affects
both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

Noise Pollution in Marine Environments:

As the impact of noise pollution on marine life became apparent, researchers and
environmentalists began studying its effects on aquatic organisms, particularly those
living near busy waterways and shipping lanes. It was observed that the noise
generated by marine engines, primarily through the release of exhaust gases, had a
disruptive and harmful effect on marine life.

Development of Noise Reduction Solutions:

To address the issue of noise pollution in marine environments, researchers and

engineers started exploring various solutions. One of the developments that emerged
was the concept of an Aqua Silencer, a device designed to reduce the noise generated
by exhaust gases from marine engines.
Design and Functionality:

The Aqua Silencer utilizes principles of sound absorption and attenuation to reduce
noise emissions. It typically incorporates a water chamber within its design, which
acts as a medium for sound absorption. When exhaust gases pass through the Aqua
Silencer, they enter the water chamber, where the sound waves interact with the
water, resulting in their absorption and subsequent reduction in noise levels.

Experimental Prototypes and Testing:

Following the conceptualization of the Aqua Silencer, researchers and engineers

began constructing and testing prototypes to evaluate its effectiveness in reducing
noise pollution. These experimental models were subjected to rigorous testing, both in
controlled environments and real-world marine conditions, to assess their
performance and fine-tune the design.

Refinement and Commercial Applications:

Based on the results of testing and feedback, the Aqua Silencer design underwent
refinement and optimization. Improved versions of the device were developed,
considering factors such as durability, ease of installation, and compatibility with
different types of marine engines. As the technology matured, the Aqua Silencer
started finding potential applications in various marine sectors, including recreational
boating, commercial shipping, and naval operations.

It's important to note that the specific details and milestones of the Aqua Silencer's
history may vary, as it represents a general overview of the development and
progression of noise reduction solutions in marine environments. The actual timeline
and key contributors to the Aqua Silencer's development may vary depending on the
context and specific research or commercial initiatives associated with the
technology.
 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE REVIEW

“Experimental Investigation on Innovative Modification of Aqua Silencer” by Mehta

Nirav, Sachindra Doshi, Mechanical Engineering Department, Government
Engineering College, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, April 2017

One of the major threats to the society and environment is considered as air pollution which
causes ill effects to the human beings as well as environment. The main contributor to the air
pollution is gases releasing from automobiles like carbon dioxide, unburned hydrocarbons
etc. In view of addressing this major contributor, paper focused on modification of
conventional silencer by introducing redesigned Aqua silencer that minimizes generation of
such polluting agent. Aqua silencer is mounted similar to conventional silencer with minor
modifications to the exhaust pipe of the engine. In modified aqua silencer emission is
controlled by the activated charcoal layers. Environment harmful gases are absorbed
efficiently within the silencer and keep automobile environment friendly. Aqua silencer also
addresses the noise pollution concern as sound produced within water is less audible because
of small sprockets in water molecules lower its amplitude and so lowers the sound level.
Aqua silencer is designed and developed at Mechanical Engineering Department,
Government Engineering College, Bhavnagar and experiments were carried out by mounting
aqua silencer on very high load engine like Diesel generator set. Performance indicators are
measured and compared with conventional silencer used in diesel generator. Opacity of
carbon particles is reduced up to 32.7%. However, few barriers and challenges that have been
identified in this article must be addressed carefully before aqua silencer employed by the
automobile industry.

“A Review on Developments in Charcoal Silencer” by Satish Yadav, Shubham

Ravangave, Nisarg Deshmukh, Ajit Jaiswal and Sujata Shenkar Dr DY Patil School of
Engineering and Technology, Pune May 2019

Air pollution is most important from the public health of view, because every
individual person breath approximately 22000 times a day, inhaling about 15 to 22 kg
of air daily. Polluted air causes physical ill effect decides undesirable aesthetic and
physiological effects. Air pollution can be defined as addition to our atmosphere of
any material, which will have a dexterous effect on life upon our planet.
The main pollutants contribute by automobile are carbon monoxide (CO), unburned
hydrocarbon (UBHC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and Lead. Automobiles are not the
only sources of air pollution, other sources such as electric power generating stations,
industrial and domestic fuel consumption, refuse burning, industrial processing etc.
also contribute heavily to contamination of our environment so it is imperative that
serious attempts should be made to conserve of our environment from degradation.
An Aqua Silencer is an attempt in this direction, it is mainly dealing with control of
emission and noise. An Aqua Silencer is fitted to the exhaust pipe of engine. Sound
produced under water is less hearable than it produced in atmosphere. This mainly
because of small sprockets in water molecules, which lowers its amplitude thus
lowers the sound level. Because of this property water is used in this silencer and
hence its name AQUA SILENCER. The noise and smoke level is considerable less
than the conventional silencer, it is cheaper, no need of catalytic converter and easy to
install. It is imperative that serious attempts should be made to conserve earth’s
environment from degradation. An aqua silencer is an attempt in this direction; it is
mainly dealing with control of emission and noise.

“Design and reduction of carbon monoxide and NOx in petrol engine Aqua
silencer” by [Link], [Link], [Link], [Link],
[Link] , Department of Mechanical, S.K.P engineering college,
Thiruvannamalai, India

Purity of air is heart of the living being. Now-a day’s Air pollution is the major
problem occurs in the modern era. The main pollutants which were come from the
exhaust gases are carbon monoxide and oxide of nitrogen (NOx) etc. So it is
necessary to reduce the pollution which is caused by the engine exhaust gas. As
considering the effects Aqua silencer project made to reduce the carbon monoxide and
nitrogen oxides. This Aqua silencer will help to reduce the emission which were
comes out from petrol engine exhaust. Petrol has less density when compared to
diesel engine and lime water can easily react rapidly with petrol thus why we choose
the petrol engine. Perforated tube, lime water and charcoal layer are used in this
technology. Silencer is immersed in the lime water. Due to this water noise also get
reduced. Abusively noise pollution is one of the irritating pollution. Aqua word is
named from which water was used in this technology.

Akhil Anil Kumar [Link] (May 2016) had observed that the aqua silencer is
successfully effective in reducing emission of gases from the engine exhaust. By
using water as a medium, the sound levels have been reduced and by using activated
charcoal in water, it produces almost pollution-free and smokeless emission and is
also cheap considering long term use. The aqua silencer’s performance is almost
equivalent to the conventional silencer. It can be widely used in industrial engines and
with a little improvisation, in heavy weight vehicles. This project analyzed the smoke
content of the exhaust gas before and after treatment and it was found that there is a
considerable reduction in the emission as pointed out by the test results.

Maruthi Prasad Yadav et. al. (April 2015) carried out research for the four stroke
multi cylinder diesel engine with an aqua silencer. In most of application the final
selection of an aqua silencer is based on a arrangement between the predicted
acoustical , aerodynamic , mechanical and structural performance in conjunction with
the cost of the resulting system then have performance and work in the model and get
result. They conclude that load increases the contaminations gradually by using
conventional silencer but by fitting with aqua silencer, the contaminations decreases.
They found comparison of different silencer for sound characteristic of engine. In
conventional silencer is sound level is 83db but in an aqua silencer is 75 db without
any load. Around 50% load in conventional silencer it give 84.5db and in an aqua
silencer give 76.5 db load. In the fully loading condition the conventional silencer
give 86 db and in an aqua silencer is 78 db.

Sarath Raj [Link] (March 2016) had found that it is more effective in the reduction of
emission gases from the engine exhaust using perforated tube and charcoal, by using
perforated tube the backpressure will remain constant and the sound level is reduced.
It is smokeless and pollution free emission and also it is very cheap. It can be also
used both for two wheelers and four wheelers and also can be used in industries.
Keval Patel et. al. (Sep 2014) designs the dimensions of aqua silencer for two stroke
petrol engines. The exhaust pipe connects with shell and inner side of it perforated
tube is arranged. The charcoal layer is pasted over the perforated tube. Bead Activated
carbon is used as a charcoal layer. It is a process by which the carbonized product
develops porous structure of molecular dimensions and extended surface area on heat
treatment in the temperature range of 800 – 1000 C in presence of suitable oxidizing
gases such as steam and carbon dioxide (CO2). Bead activated carbon is made from
petroleum pitch and supplied in diameters from approximately 0.35 to 0.80 mm. It is
also noted for its low pressure drop, high mechanical strength and low dust content,
but with a smaller grain size. Its spherical shape makes it preferred for fluidized
applications. According to operational parameter they conclude that CO is reduced
60-70% compared to ordinary silencer. But it is big in size and more space is
required. It is used in both two-wheeler and four-wheeler.

.
 CHAPTER -3

DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS

Outer shell:

The outer shell contained the whole equipment. Iron or steel make up its composition. The
shell basically had a water inlet, outlet, and exhaust tube.

Fig [Link] shell

PERFORATED TUBE:

 The perforated tube has several holes with various widths.

 High mass bubbles are changed into low mass bubbles utilising it.
 The perforated tube is covered with a layer of charcoal paste.
 On perforated tube, four distinct sets of holes are typically drilled. A plug secures the
tube's opposite end.

[Link] tube
CHARCOAL LAYER:

 Due to its larger area of the surface, the charcoal layer has a greater capability for
absorption.
 Activated charcoal is a term given to this particular type of coal. It is made by
burning charcoal for many hours at temperatures exceeding 1500 °C. It gains more
surface area

[Link] layer

NON RETURN VALVE:

 The non-return valve is a mechanical device that typically only permits one
direction of fluid (liquid or gas) passage through it.
 The engine's exhaust pipe has a direct connection to the water-filled Aqua
silencer, which was filled with water.
 There is a possibility that water will get inside the engine cylinder. Usage of a
non-return valve prevents this.
 It only permits one direction of fluid flow.
[Link] return valve
 CHAPTER-4

WORKING OF AQUA SILENCER

Working Process:

 Basically, an aqua silencer consists of a perforated tube which is installed at

the end of the exhaust pipe.
 The perforated tube -different diameters hole is to break up gas mass to form
smaller gas bubbles
 Generally, numbers of holes are drilled on the perforated tube. The other end
of the perforated tube is closed by plug.
 Around the circumference of the perforated tube a layer of activated charcoal
is provided and further a metallic mesh covers it.
 After passing over the charcoal layer some of the gases may dissolve in to the
water and finally the exhaust gases escape through the opening in to the
atmosphere.
 The whole unit is then placed in a water container.
 A small opening is at the top of the container to remove the exhaust gases & a
drain plug is provided at the bottom of the container for periodically cleaning
of container.

CHARCOAL:

Charcoal may be activated to increase its effectiveness as a filter. Activated charcoal readily
adsorbs a wide range of organic compounds dissolved or suspended in gases and liquids. In
certain industrial processes, such as the purification of sucrose from cane sugar, impurities
cause an undesirable color, which can be removed with activated charcoal. It is also used to
absorb odors and toxins in gases, such as air. Charcoal filters are also used in some types of
gas masks. The medical use of activated charcoal is mainly the adsorption of poisons,
especially in the case of suicide attempts in which the patient has ingested a large amount of a
drug. Activated charcoal is available without a prescription, so it is used for a variety of
health-related applications. For example, it is often used to reduce discomfort (and
embarrassment) due to excessive gas in the digestive tract.
Animal charcoal or bone black is the carbonaceous residue obtained by the dry distillation of
bones. It contains only about 10% carbon, the remainder being calcium and magnesium
phosphates (80%) and other inorganic material originally present in the bones. It is generally
manufactured from the residues obtained in the glue and gelatin industries. Its decolorizing
power was applied in 1812 by Derosne to the clarification of the syrups obtained in sugar
refining; but its use in this direction has now greatly diminished, owing to the introduction of
more active and easily managed reagents. It is still used to some extent in laboratory practice.
The decolorizing power is not permanent, becoming lost after using for some time; it may be
revived, however, by washing and reheating. Wood charcoal also to some extent removes
coloring material from solutions, but animal charcoal is generally more effective.

Absorption Process:

Activated charcoal is available in granular or powdered form. As it is highly porous and

possess free valences. So, it possesses high absorption capacity.

Activated carbon is more widely used for the removal of taste and odorous from the public
water supplies because it has excellent properties of attracting gases, finely divided solid
particles and phenol type impurities.

The activated carbon, usually in the powdered form is added to the water either before or
after the coagulation with sedimentation.

But it is always saddled before filtration. Feeding devices are similar to those used in feeding
the coagulants.

Advantages of Absorption Process

 It increases the coagulation power of the process.

 It increases the coagulation power of the process.
 The excessive dose of activated carbon is not harmful.
 The treatment process is very simple and it requires nearly no skill
 The efficiency of removing color, odor and taste is quite high.
 It can be easily regenerated
 It has excellent properties of attracting gases
The water is a good absorbing medium. In aqua silencer the gases are made to be
dissolved in water. When these gases dissolved in water they form acids, carbonates,
bicarbonates etc.

Action of dissolved SO2: -

When Sox is mixed in water, it forms SO2, SO3, SO4, H2SO4, H2SO, i.e., sulfur
Acid (H2SO3,), it forms Hydrogen Sul hide which causes for l rotten egg smell,
acidify and corrosion of metals.

Action of dissolved CO2: -

The dissolved carbon dioxide forms bicarbonate at lower PH and Carbonates at
higher PH. This levels 40- 400 mg/liter. The form a scale in pipes and boilers. The
carbon dioxide mixes with water to form Carbonic acid. It is corrosive to metals and
causes greenhouse effect.

Effect of dissolved NOx:-

The Nitrogen in water under goes Oxidation to form ammonia, Nitrate, Nitrite, Nitric
acid. This synthesis of protein and amino acids is affected by Nitrogen. Nitrate
usually occurs in trace quantities in surface water. A limit of 10 mg per liters Nitrate
is affordable in drinking water.
 CHAPTER-8
COST ESTIMATION

[Link] PRODUCT SPECIFICATIO MATERIAL QUANTITY COST

N
1. Outer shell Type-Cylindrical Mild steel 1 Rs.370
pipe
Length 500mm
Diameter 100 mm
2. Round plate Diameter 100mm Mild steel 2 Rs.20
3. Perforated Length 350mm Mild steel 1 Rs.100
tube Thickness 1mm
4. charcoal - - 200gm Rs.20
5. Thread pipe Diameter Mild steel 2 Rs.130
100mm,150mm
6. Elbow joint Diameter 1inch Mild steel 4 Rs.160
7. Non return Diameter 25mm Mild steel 1 Rs.525
valve
8. Inlet and Diameter 25mm Mild steel 1 Rs.190
exhaust pipe Length 800mm

9. Mesh sheet Length 350mm Mild sheet 1 Rs.100

10. Water inet Type straight Mild steel 1 Rs.15
valve Diameter ½ inch
11. Water ehaust Type elbow Mild steel 1 Rs.58
valve Diameter ½ inch

12. Reducer joint Type circle Mild steel 1 Rs.170

thread Diameter 25mm
connector
13. Teflon tape - - 2 Rs.20
14. Elbow joint Diameter 25mm Mild steel 1 Rs.60
15. Paint & brush Type aluminium - 500ml Rs.250

16. Welding - - - Rs.1300

process
TOTAL COST Rs.3488
 CHAPTER-5
DESIGN OF AQUA SILENCER

Fig.5.1 2D DESIGN OF OUTER SHELL

Fig.5.2.2D DESIGN OF PERFORATED TUBE

 Fig.5.3.2D MODELLING OF INLET PIPE

Fig.5.4.2D MODELLING OF CLOSE VALVE

 Fig.5.5.2D MODELLING OF EXHAUST PIPE

Fig.5.6.2D MODELLING OF NON RETURN VALVE

Fig.5.7.2D MODELLING OF AQUA SILENCER

Fig.5.8.3D MODELLING OF AQUA SILENCER

 CHAPTER-6
MATERIAL SELECTION
The various factors which determine the choice of material are discussed below.

1. Properties:

The material selected must possess the necessary properties for the proposed
application. The various requirements to be satisfied Can be weight, surface finish,
rigidity, ability to withstand environmental attack from chemicals, service life,
reliability etc.

The following four types of principle properties of materials decisively affect

their selection

a. Physical properties

b. Mechanical properties

Physical properties:

The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal Conductivity,
specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific gravity. electrical
conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.

Mechanical properties:

The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile Compressive

shear, bending, torsional and buckling load, fatigue resistance, impact resistance,
elastic limit, endurance limit, and modulus of elasticity. hardness, wear resistance and
sliding properties.
The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point of view are,

Castability

Weldability

Forgeability

Surface properties

Shrinkage

Deep drawing etc.

2. Ease of Manufacturing:

Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or surface qualities
abtainable by the application of suitable coating substances may demand the use of
special materials.

3. Quality Required:

This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the material. For
example, it would never be desirable to go casting of a smaller number of components
which can be fabricated much more economically by welding or hand forging the
steel

4. Availability of Material:

Some materials may be scarce or in short supply. It then becomes obligatory for the
designer to use some other material which though may not be a perfect substitute for
the material designed, the delivery of materials and the delivery date of product
should also be kept in mind.
[Link] consideration:

Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the forces involved are
high and space limitations are there.

6. Cost:

As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of material plays an

important part and should not be ignored. Sometimes factors like scrap utilization,
appearance, and non- maintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of
proper materials.
 CHAPTER-7
FABRICATION

[Link] of outer shell

[Link] tube after fabricated

[Link] tube coating with charcoal layer

[Link] aqua silencer

[Link] silencer fitted in engine
 CHAPTER-9

CONCLUSION

Conclusion:
• The aqua silencer is more effective in the reduction of emission gases from the engine
reduction of emission gases from the engine

• Exhaust using perforated tube and charcoal, by using perforated tube the backpressure will
remain constant and the sound level is reduced.

• By using perforated tube, the fuel remains same as conventional system.

• By using water as a medium the sound can be lowered and also by using activated charcoal
in water, we can control the exhaust emission to a greater level.

• It is smokeless and pollution free emission and also it is very cheap. This aqua silencer’s
performance is almost equivalent to the conventional silencer. It can be also used both for
two wheelers and four wheelers and also can be used in industries.

Future Enhancement:
There has understandably been an increasing concern in recent years over the increasing rate
of transportation and discharge of industrial waste waters into environment as well as the
release of toxic emission into the atmosphere from automobile and industrial engines.
Technological breakthroughs like the Aqua Silencer can be the answer to the reduction of
toxic emissions into the environment from engines. Currently, the Aqua Silencer is only
suitable for use in industrial engines and heavy weight vehicles. But R&D departments have
taken the subject into consideration and are going into developing and redesigning the Aqua
Silencer to make it possible to be fitted in to automobiles keeping its aerodynamic.
 CHAPTER-10
REFERENCES
[1].Alen. M. A. Akshay, M. Prem sankar. R, Mohammed shafeeque. M (Aug-2015),
“Fabrication and Testing of Aqua silencer”, International Research Journal of Engineering
and Technology, Vol. 2, Issue 5.

[2].Akhil Anil Kumar, Anoop N, Aquib Jawed p.p, Bijoy E, Midhun T.V, Mohammed
shiyas. N.P, Ranjith Krishna P.T (May-2016), “International Journal of Engineering and
Innovative Technology, Vol. 5, Issue 11.

[3].P. Balashanmugam, G. Balasubramanian (Jan-2015), “Design of Emission and Noise

control device (Aqua silencer)”, International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and
Research, Vol. 2, Issue 1.

[4].Sarath Raj, Ajbin K Aniyan, Akshay Aji, Anandhu Raj, Anandu Mohan, Sharon T.R
(Oct-2015), “Fabrication and Testing of Portable Twin filter Aqua silencer”, International
Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Technolog y, Vol. 3, Issue 2.

[5] G Maruthi Prasad Yadav, [Link] , [Link], B. Malli Karjuna Reddy ,

[Link] Reddy, [Link] Kumar, [Link] , [Link], ―Modeling and Experimental
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