Heimler U6
Uploaded by
Thomas Edward PatrickHeimler U6
Uploaded by
Thomas Edward Patrick6.
1 Ideas that Justified Imperialism
● Maritime exploration focused on Indian Ocean Trade and colonizing the Americas.
● Nationalism: sense of commonality among a people based on their shared language,
religion, social customs, and desire for self-rule within a territory
● Scientific racism: humans can be hierarchically ranked in distinct biological capacities
based on race
○ Prior to this, Europeans viewed the world through Christianity v. non-Christianity
○ Scientific racism took this idea into the secular realm.
○ Phrenology: size and shape of human skull
■ Skulls of White people are larger
■ Justified European invasion of lands of “child races”
● Social Darwinism
● Civilizing Mission
○ Christian missionaries
6.2 How Imperial States Expanded
● Shifting geographic focus: 1450-1750
○ Americas
○ Asia
○ SE Asia
● Change in Imperial States
○ 1450-1750: Spain Portugal
○ 1750-1900: Spain and Portugal declining
● State Takeovers
○ Belgian Congo in Africa: King Leopold said he wanted to convert, give them
access to western education; rubber exploitation
● Diplomacy: Berlin Conference scrambling for Africa
● Warfare: France conquered Algeria, despite the French owing Algeria money
● Settler Colonies: imperial power claims an already inhabited territory and sends its own
people to set up an outpost of their own society
● Conquering neighboring territories:
○ America
○ Russia: Pan-Slavism – unite all Russian people, including Ottomans, under
Russian rule
■ Trading posts
○ Japan: railroads
6.3 Indigenous Resistance
● Many imperial powers introduced western style education to some folks under imperial
thumb
● Nationalism
● Direct resistance: fighting back with weapons; Indian Rebellion of 1857
○ Ya Asantewa War
■ British sat on golden stool, Yaa Asantewa refused to be ruled under them
● Religious Rebellion:
○ Ghost Dance Movement
○ Khosa Cattle-killilng Movement
■ British attempted to take over Khosa territory
■ Khosa cattle were dying from diseases that came from Europeans
■ If Khosa people killed cattle, new healthy cattle will rise up and British will
go away
6.4 Global Economic Changes
● Raw materials
○ Copper
○ Cotton
○ Rubber
○ Gold
○ Diamonds
● Export economies: economies based on exporting goods to distant markets
● Subsistence farming → Imperialism → Cash Crops
● Imperial powers fundamentally transformed colonial economies to serve their own
interests, namely, the extraction of natural resources or production of industrial crops
● Imperial powers needed raw materials for industrialization
○ Palm Oil
○ India/Egypt cotton
● Imperial powers needed food for growing urban centers
● Profits from exports were used to purchase finished manufactured goods
○ Britain focused on integrating into a network of trade
○ Industrial states made way more goods than they could consume →
needs markets
● Imperialism served only the powers, not the indigenous people
○ Indigenous people more dependent on powers
6.5 Economic Imperialism
● Economic imperialism: the act of one state extending control over another via economic
means
● For awhile, China restricted British trade to the Port of Canton, leading to trade
imbalance
● To combat the above problem, the British illegally manufactured opium in India and
exported it to China
● Chinese banned opium → Opium War
● Britain beat China in the war → industrialized might wins every time
○ Forced China to sign an unfair treaty (Treaty of Nanjing), which forced China to
open new trading posts for Britain
● Taiping Rebellion: religious movement among ethnic Han that wanted to get rid of the
Manchu rulers of the Qing Dynasty
○ Qing Dynasty suffered economic/population losses, contributed to decline
● The British and the French (in the Second Opium War) exploited this weakness
● Countries carved China up in Spheres of Influence
● British businesses and banks invested heavily in Argentinian infrastructure, including
railroad constructure
○ Export raw materials from Argentina
■ Funded by Britain, close to British factories
● Commodity Trade
○ Palm Oil in Africa
○ Cotton in India and Egypt
6.6 Causes of Migration
● Populations in Europe grew fast due to new medicines and increasingly varied diets
● Poverty in rural areas motivated people to move to industrial areas for industrial jobs
● Famine (Irish potato famine)
● New transportation technologies facilitated migration
○ Railroad
○ Steamship
● Most migrants took advantage of these opportunities and never returned home, while
others did return home
○ Lebanese diaspora: motivated to South America; returned home
● Migration for Work (Voluntary)
○ Irish, Italian, German to American east coast
○ Chinese in west coast – mining, railroads
● Coerce and Semi-coerced slavery
○ Atlantic slave trade was still booming at the beginning of this period
○ Convict labor: penal colonies
○ Indentured servitude
■ British govt
■ Tin mines for Chinese workers
SIX-SEVEN: Effects of Migration
● Since the majority of people who seek economic opportunity and migrate were men, this
led to a gender imbalance – more women in home society
○ Women took traditionally male roles
○ Subsistence farming is an instance
● Household roles also changed → in South Africa, where men were often not
present, 60 percent of households were led by women.
○ Women took leadership roles by engaging in the marketplace, selling cassava
○ Popular saying: “What is man, I have my own money”
● Increasing presence of ethnic enclaves
○ Provided remnants of their culture
○ Cultural diffusion: Irish motivated Catholicism in the US
● Nativism
○ Chinese Exclusion Act
○ White Australia Policy: removed Chinese in Britain
