DAR ES SALAAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

CSEU 08104: REAL TIME SYSTEM DESIGN

160230220057 Alfred Kondoro

160230220420 Josephat Mlango

160230220370 Suleiman Omar

170230220486 Robert Bruno

Because:
1. Its cost effective.
2. Easier provision of fault tolerance.

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Real time communication: is a type of communication where
applications make specific quality of service demands to the communication
network, and the network once it accepts the connection guarantees the
requested service quality.

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On the contrary,
Traditional network protocols(eg. Ethernet) are designed to deliver best
effort performance, which strives to achieve good average performance but
makes no attempt to meet individual deadlines of tasks.
Such performance is suitable for networks that accept long delays and high
data loss under heavy load conditions.

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Examples of real-time communication in applications
Manufacturing Automation, robots communicate with themselves
and with the controller using real-time protocol implemented on a
wireless medium.
Automated Chemical Factory, LAN setup for controlling and
monitoring parameters whereby controller communicates with
actuators and sensors.
Internet-based Banking Application, apps need to be extremely
secure and reliable due to sensitive nature of financial transactions
involved with stringent delay requirements.
Multimedia multicasting, many receivers located at different
geographical places receive multimedia information from a
multimedia server.
Internet Telephony, VoIP applications and services require firm
real-time data transfer support. 04
Types of Networks
Classification made on the basis of the size of network and communication
technology deployed.
1. Controller Area Network

2. Local Area Network

3. Internet

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Controller Area Network(CAN)
● Very small network, connect different components of embedded
controllers.
● Depended on point-to-point wiring as a conventional method networking.
● It would require several kilometers of wiring, resulting to adding cost of
manufacturing, weight, complexity and reduce reliability.
● While mesh and star networks are used to connect multiple 'things'
to a network, point-to-point topology is used to connect two things
together.
● A special requirement on CAN is to handle noise.
● CAN requires the 12 volt power supply.
● CAN specifies only the physical and dataline layers of ISO/OSI model
with higher layer being left for implementations.
● CAN is an international standard under ISO 11898 and ISO 11519-2.

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Local Area Network
● Group of computers and peripheral devices that share a common
communications line or wireless link to a server within a distinct
geographic area.
● Within a building or a campus and is usually privately owned.
● Used to connect a number of computers within an organization to share
data and other resources.
● Operate at data rates exceeding 10MBps.
● Implemented using broadcast networks.

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Internet
● A worldwide system of computer networks.
● Networks of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they
have permission, get information from any other computers.
● The internet (lowercase i): any collection of separate physical network,
interconnected by a common protocol to form a single logical network.
● The Internet (uppercase I): the worldwide collection of interconnected
networks into a single logical network.

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Quality of Service
● Real-time apps needs guarantees regarding the service quality from
underlying network for satisfactory operations.
● Service quality expected is often expressed in terms of certain Quality of
Service(Qos) parameters.
● Stringent requirements on the following QoS parameters
I. Bandwidth
II. Maximum delay in transmission
III. Delay jitter
IV. Loss rate
V. Blocking probability

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Quality of Service
Methods of implementing Quality of Service(Qos)
● Best-effort—The best-effort model requires no QoS configuration and
mechanisms; therefore, it is easy and scalable, but it provides no
Differentiated Service to different application types.
● IntServ—IntServ provides guaranteed service (Hard QoS). It uses
signaling to reserve and guarantee resources for each traffic flow below
it. RSVP is the common signaling protocol for resource reservation
signaling on IP networks. Per-flow signaling and monitoring escalate the
overhead of the IntServ model and make it non scalable.
● DiffServ—DiffServ is the most modern of the three models. It requires
traffic classification and marking and providing differentiated service to
each traffic class based on its marking. DiffServ is scalable, but its
drawback is that it requires implementation of complex QoS features on
network devices throughout the network.
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Delay
● Time taken for a bit of data to travel across the network from one
communication endpoint to another.
● Successful delivery of a packet depends on receiving the packet intact
and time at which is received.
● If packet exceeds the specified delay bound can result to failure(hard) or
degradation of service quality.

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Delay jitter
● Jitter: maximum variation in delay experience by messages in a single
session.
● For example, if the maximum end-to-end delay experienced by a packet
in a class is 1ms, and maximum delay is 10ms, then the delay jitter of
the call is 9ms.
● Jitter can be caused by queueing delay at different nodes and may travel
in different paths.
● Buffers can be used to control jitter. Requires collecting packets in
buffers and holding them long enough to allow the slowest packet to
arrive in time to be played in correct sequence.
● = peak/rate x delay jitter

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Bandwidth
● Maximum data transfer rate of a network.
● Sufficient bandwidth is required to sustain the required throughput for an
application.

Loss rate
● Percentage of all transmitted packets that may be lost during
transmission.
● Can be caused by:
I. Delay bound violation.
II. Delay jitter-bound violation.
III. Buffer overflow.
IV. Data corruption

Blocking probability
● Probability of a new connection is rejected by the admission control
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mechanism of a network.
Traffic Categorization
The traffic generated by a source can be categorized based on the rate at
which data are generated by the source for transmission on a network.
CBR Traffic: arises due Constant Bit Rate Data generation.
VBR Traffic: consists of different rates of data generation and transmission
at different times.
Sporadic Traffic: variable sized packets are generated in bursts. Occur
under very rare circumstances.

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THANK YOU