2.4 4.

Article

Highly Efficient Terahertz

Waveguide Using Two-Dimensional
Tellurium Photonic Crystals with
Complete Photonic Bandgaps

Yong Wang, Luyao Feng, Hongwei Huang, Zhifeng Zeng, Yuhan Liu, Xiaotong Liu, Xingquan Li,
Kaiming Yang, Zhijian Zheng, Biaogang Xu et al.

[Link]
 crystals
Article
Highly Efficient Terahertz Waveguide Using Two-Dimensional
Tellurium Photonic Crystals with Complete Photonic Bandgaps
Yong Wang 1 , Luyao Feng 2 , Hongwei Huang 1 , Zhifeng Zeng 1 , Yuhan Liu 1 , Xiaotong Liu 1 , Xingquan Li 1 ,
Kaiming Yang 1 , Zhijian Zheng 1 , Biaogang Xu 3 , Wenlong He 4 , Shaobin Zhan 2, * and Wenli Wang 1,5, *

1 College of Microelectronics, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518100, China

2 College of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology,
Shenzhen 518100, China
3 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518000, China
4 College of Electronics and Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
5 Shenzhen Research Institute, Xidian University, Shenzhen 518000, China
* Correspondence: zhansb@[Link] (S.Z.); wangwenli888@[Link] (W.W.)

Abstract: A novel, highly efficient terahertz fully polarized transmission line is designed by two-
dimensional tellurium photonic crystals consisting of square lattice rod arrays with a complete
photonic bandgap. The TE and TM photonic bandgaps of the tellurium photonic crystals, which
are computed by plane wave expansion, happen to coincide, and the complete photonic bandgap
covers from 2.894 to 3.025 THz. The function of the designed waveguide is simulated by the finite
element method, and the transmission characteristics are optimized by accurately adjusting its
structural parameters. The transmission efficiency of the waveguide for TE mode achieves a peak
value of −0.34 dB at a central frequency of 2.950 THz and keeps above −3 dB from 2.82 THz to
3.02 THz, obtaining a broad relative bandwidth of about 6.84 percent. The operating bandwidth of
the tellurium photonic crystals’ waveguide for TM mode is narrower than that of TE mode, whose
relative bandwidth is about 4.39 percent or around 2.936 THz above −5 dB. The designed terahertz
photonic crystals’ waveguide can transmit both TE and TM waves, and not only can it be used as a
high-efficiency transmission line, but it also provides a promising approach for implementing fully
Citation: Wang, Y.; Feng, L.; Huang,
polarized THz devices for future 6G communication systems.
H.; Zeng, Z.; Liu, Y.; Liu, X.; Li, X.;
Yang, K.; Zheng, Z.; Xu, B.; et al.
Highly Efficient Terahertz Waveguide Keywords: terahertz; fully polarized waveguide; tellurium; photonic crystals; 6G
Using Two-Dimensional Tellurium
Photonic Crystals with Complete
Photonic Bandgaps. Crystals 2024, 14,
518. [Link] 1. Introduction
cryst14060518 Future 6G communication systems will require fully polarized devices in the terahertz
Academic Editor: Tullio Scopigno (THz) domain from 0.3 to 3 THz [1]. With the increasing demands of modern communica-
tions, more and more highly efficient, broadband, low-loss, and fully polarized devices are
Received: 30 April 2024 needed. In order to increase the bandwidth and speed of communication devices, they will
Revised: 20 May 2024
inevitably need to operate in higher-frequency bands, such as the THz band, usually located
Accepted: 27 May 2024
between 30 µm and 3 mm, which has many superior features and has been widely applied
Published: 29 May 2024
in resonators, intensity modulators, absorbers, and polarization conversion devices [2–5].
An AlGaAs micro-resonator has been demonstrated at the THz band for generating an
ultra-efficient frequency comb [2]. Dye-doped liquid crystal cells with metasurfaces have
Copyright: © 2024 by the authors.
been used to fabricate an optically tunable and thermally erasable intensity modulator,
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. which has potential in developing intensity attenuators for THz imaging [3]. A novel
This article is an open access article graphene-based absorber with a simple, low-cost integration method that can be directly
distributed under the terms and integrated in THz systems has been investigated [3]. VO2 -based metamaterials have been
conditions of the Creative Commons designed for obtaining excellent polarization conversion at frequencies of 2.4 THz and
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// 7.4 THz [4]. THz waves have attracted much attention due to their unique advantages in
[Link]/licenses/by/ high-speed communications, especially their potential applications in future 6G communi-
4.0/). cation systems. The transmission for 6G communication has a smaller range, and devices

Crystals 2024, 14, 518. [Link] [Link]

Crystals 2024, 14, 518 2 of 11

are required to have a greater degree of integration. PhCs have incomparable advantages
in device integration, and PhC devices made of ultra-high refractive index materials will be
smaller and capable of a greater degree of integration.
In order to meet future communication requirements, some devices with full polariza-
tions urgently need to be developed. Numerous research has shown that photonic crystals
(PhCs) have attracted great attention due to their unique response to phases, frequen-
cies, and polarizations of incident electromagnetic waves. Complete photonic bandgaps
(PBGs) have been systematically calculated for two-dimensional (2D) PhCs in centered
rectangular lattices with elliptical patterns for both transverse electric (TE) and transverse
magnetic (TM) polarizations [6], in which the maximum overlapped PBGs for both TE
and TM polarizations occur in the infinitely thick 2D hexagonal lattice PhCs. A dual-band
meta-atom has been proposed which can generate multiple orbital angular momentum
beams independently in full polarizations [7]. By using high-refractive-index thin silicon
slabs, large complete PBGs have been obtained with a relative bandwidth of more than
10% between the first and second photon bands [8]. Recently, the complete PBG of 2D
PhCs was used in deep learning [9]. It can be seen that PhCs with large PBGs can not
only be used to design flexible THz communication devices, such as waveguides [10], fiber
lasers [11], and detectors [12], but also have great potential for making fully polarized
devices with high performance [13–16]. At the same time, it is predictable that fully po-
larized transmission lines with high efficiency appear to be particularly important and
most basic for full polarization in future systems that can transmit electromagnetic waves
with different polarization states. In our previous work, a 5G magneto-optical isolator was
designed using an ultrawideband PhC waveguide in millimeter waveband [17]. Although
the 5G millimeter transmission line has an ultrawide operating bandwidth from 23.45 to
31.25 GHz (relative bandwidth of 28.71%) only for TE mode, electromagnetic waves are
allowed to transmit in the waveguide due to the Al2 O3 PhCs without PBGs for TM mode.
Based on the extraordinary sunflower-graded PhCs, a large, curved waveguide has been
envisaged [18]. A plasmonic waveguide has been designed by placing a graphene nanorib-
bon between two dielectric layers, which achieved a loss of 0.029 dB/µm and a coupling
length of 187.9 µm [19]. The TE and TM band structures have been simulated by plane
wave expansion, and a self-collimation-based waveguide has also been investigated using
a finite difference time domain method [20]. A feasible fabrication of a waveguide has been
reported [21] based on an Ag grating structure on an indium–tin oxide slab, which enables
strong photon–plasmon interaction to obtain waveguide–plasmon polaritons. To sum
up, the waveguides have a variety of flexible design methods and also achieve excellent
performance.
In this work, we focus on developing a novel fully polarized transmission line using 2D
tellurium PhCs in the THz waveband, which can transmit electromagnetic waves for both
TE and TM modes. The PBGs of the square lattice tellurium PhCs for TE and TM modes
happen to coincide, are computed by the plane wave expansion method (PWEM), and the
complete PBG covers from 2.894 to 3.025 THz. The function and transmission characteristics
of the PhCs waveguide are simulated by finite element method (FEM). The effect of the
waveguide’s width on its transmission performance is also numerically investigated in this
paper. The transmission efficiency of the waveguide for TE mode achieves a peak value
of −0.34 dB at a central frequency of 2.950 THz and keeps above −3 dB from 2.82 THz
to 3.02 THz, obtaining a broad relative bandwidth of about 6.84 percent. The operating
bandwidth of the tellurium PhCs waveguide for TM mode is narrower than that of TE
mode, whose relative bandwidth is about 4.39 percent around 2.936 THz above −5 dB.
The designed PhCs waveguide with unique function and high performance provides a
promising approach for implementing fully polarized THz devices.
Crystals 2024, 14, 518 ff 3 of 11

tt
2. Materials and Methods tt
2.1. Materials tt
In order to realize the fullyffpolarized PhCs tt transmission lines, the first thing to find
is PhC materials with complete PBGs. As we know, 2D isotropic triangular lattice rod
PhCs have complete PBGs, but some additional small bands appear in the complete PBG
because of the tooth arrangement of the boundary region in the line defect waveguide [22].
These small bands will affect the transmission quality of the waveguide, so it is more
appropriate to use the square lattice PhC line defects as waveguides. Existing research has
shown that 2D square lattice isotropic cylindrical PhCs have no complete PBGs, but studies
on anisotropic square lattice tellurium PhCs show that large complete bandgaps can be
adjusted due to the different permittivity in the Z direction and the X-Y plane [23].
One of the two allotropes of tellurium is an orthorhombic silver-white crystal and
similar to antimony, which belongs to an anisotropic medium. The other is an amorphous
powder and is dark gray. It is a nonmetallic element, but it has excellent thermal and
electrical conductivity. Of all its nonmetallic companions, its metallic properties are the
strongest. Industrially, tellurium is extracted from the anode slime of electrolytic copper
during copper smelting. Anode slime containing tellurium of about three percent can
be dried and roasted by sulfation at 523.15 K; the selenium dioxide will be volatilized
at 973.15 K, and the tellurium remains in the slag. The solution of sodium tellurite can
be obtained by leaching copper sulfate with water and sodium hydroxide solution. tt The
leaching solution is neutralized with sulfuric acid to produce a crude tellurium oxide
precipitate. Tellurium with a purity of 98 to 99 percent can be obtained by the twice-
repeated precipitation of oxide and then electrolysis in the aqueous solution above. If the
tellurium rods are oxidized, tt the result is that the deviation of relative permittivity will
slightly affect the band structure of the PhCs.
Here, our PhC materials select and use tellurium crystal. Two-dimensional PhCs
consist of a 7 × 7 square lattice tellurium rod array, as shown in Figure 1. The feasible
approach to the structure’s fabrication can be divided into two steps: the first step is making
tt mold; the second step is fixing the polished rods on the mold to form an array
the precise
structure. The radius and height of the tellurium rods are marked as r0 and h, respectively.
The lattice constant of the PhCs is a, which is the distance between the centers of the two
tt
rods. The bandgap structure of the PhCs depends on the proportional relationship between
the radius of the dielectric rods and the lattice constant. In the next section, the complete
PBG of tellurium PhCs for both TE and TM modes will be numerically investigated by
PWEM. In theory, when electromagnetic waves with frequencies in complete PBGs are
vertically incident towards these types of PhCs along the direction of the orange arrow in
Figure 1, ideally both TE and TM modes will be completely reflected.

Figure 1. Two-dimensional square lattice PhCs tt

with 7 × 7 tellurium rods array.
Crystals 2024, 14, 518 4 of 11

tt
2.2. Complete PBGs of Tellurium PhCs
For easier identification of the presentation layer and refractivett index between the
PhCs structure and the air, the plane graph of the 7 × 7 square lattice tellurium rods array
and the details of the Brillouin zone are shown in Figure 2. In Figure 2a, the solid circle array
in red represents tellurium rods, which have the same radius r0 and lattice constant a above.
tt
The other region in pink represents air, with a refractive index of 1, which is significantly
lower than the 4.8 of the tellurium rods (red). The Brillouin region corresponding to
the smallest cell of square lattice PhCs in the k-space is shown in Figure 2b, also called
the reduced Brillouin zone. In-band theory states that the various electronic states of a
solid are classified according to their wave vectors. Similarly, the motion state of the THz
photon here is according to a wave vector, which can represent the energy (frequency)
of the particle, satisfying the Schrodinger equation. This meanstt that the THz wave with
this frequency can exist in PhCs. Instead, we focus more attention on electromagnetic
waves with certain frequencies, which cannot exist in the designed PhCs. The domain
of these frequencies corresponds precisely to the PBG. Many ff photonic devices have been
developed based on PBGs [24–33] and the optical local effect, but most of them only work
in a single polarization state. In the section below, the complete PBG will be calculated
by PWEM based on the designed tellurium PhCs. Then, the THz transmission line will
be accomplished by introducing a line defect into the PhCs, in which the electromagnetic
waves can transmit stably for both TE and TM modes.

(a) (b)
Figure 2. (a) The plane graph of thett7 × 7 square lattice tellurium rods array; (b) the details of the
Brillouin zone and Kpath.

The PBGs of TE and TM modes are computed by using the Bandsolve of Rsoftwave
with the increasing rods’ radii, as shown in Figure 3. It can be seen that there are three
TE bandgaps marked in blue distributed in the normalized frequency range of about
0.1 (ωa/2πc) to 0.7 (ωa/2πc), and they both change regularly with an increasing radius r0
ω π ω of π
about 0.05 a to 0.45 a, as shown in Figure 3a. Overall, the three PBGs are first widening
and then narrowing; in addition, the first PBG with a smaller radius is the widest one. The
other two narrower gaps are according to lager radii. Compared with the large PBGs of TE
mode, the TM bandgaps are relatively narrow, marked in red, distributed in the normalized
frequency range of about 0.2 (ωa/2πc) to 0.5 (ωa/2πc) in Figure 3b. Similarly, the two PBGs
of TM mode undergo the same changes as those of TE mode.
ω π ω π
Crystals 2024, 14, 518 5 of 11

Figure 3. The PBGs of TE and TM modes for tellurium PhCs with increasing r0 : (a) the PBG of TE
mode; (b) the PBG of TM mode.

The numerical results suggest that the normalized frequency ranges of the tellurium
PhCs’ PBGs for TE and TM modes are from 0.3730(ωa/2πc) to 0.4036(ωa/2πc) and from
ω π when the tellurium
0.3862(ωa/2πc) to 0.4053 (ωa/2πc), respectively, ω π rods’ radius is 0.4 a
ω π ω constant
with lattice π a. Through careful observation, it is obvious that two of the TE and TM
tt gaps appear overlapped, and the overlapping area is exactly the complete PBG. The data
show that the normalized frequency range of the complete PBG is from 0.3862(ωa/2πc)
to 0.4036(ωa/2πc), corresponding to the frequency domain from 2.894 to 3.025 THz. The
width of the complete PBG is decided by the relationship between the radius r0 of the rods
ω π ωlattice
and the π constant a. A complete PBG can be as wide as possible by precisely adjusting
the ratio of r0 /a in order to adapt to the requirements of the increasing frequency band for
future communication systems.
tt
3. Numerical Results for the Designed THz PhCs Full-Polarized Transmission Line
3.1. Design of PhCs Full-Polarized Transmission Line
The full-polarized transmission line is realized by using the PhCs waveguide, which
is formed by two 7 × 16 square lattice tellurium rod arrays; the plane graph is shown
in Figure 4. A lattice constant of 40 µm and radius of 0.4a of the rods are still the same
as that in the previous section. The width w of the THz transmission line needs to be
optimized in order to achieve high transmission efficiency. The optimization method relies
on precisely adjusting the distance w between the two arrays, which is reported in our
previous work [33]tt and not repeated here. The optimal height h of the rods is 50 percent
tt less than the width w of the waveguide. When h deviates from a value of 50 percent of
w, the transmission efficiency of the waveguide will reduce. There are two ports for the
fully polarized waveguide, called Port 1 and Port 2. Port 1 is the input port that THz waves
ffi
incident in for both TE and TM modes. Port 2 is the output port that signals also with
two polarized states incident in.

ffi
Crystals 2024, 14, 518 6 of 11

Figure 4. The plane graph of the PhCs fully polarized waveguide.

3.2. The Functions of PhCs Waveguide

Based on the Maxwell equations, the function of the designed THz PhCs waveguide is
numerically simulated by FEM (Comsol Multiphysics). The number of degrees of freedom
is 1,050,953, which means that the computational domain is divided into about 1.05 million
units. When an electromagnetic wave with a frequency of 2.950 THz incidents from Port 1,
it can transmit stably to Port 2, as shown in Figure 5. The distributions of the amplitude Ez
and Hz for TE mode and TM mode are shown in Figure 5a,b. The numerical results show
that the designed THz waveguide has a unique function, which can transmit TE and TM
waves from the input port to the output port simultaneously.

Figure 5. (a) The distribution of the amplitude Ez for TE mode at 2.950 THz; (b) the distribution of
the amplitude Hz for TM mode at 2.950 THz.

3.3. The Transmission Characteristics of the PhCs Waveguide

The transmission characteristics of the designed PhCs waveguide will be numerically
investigated with the increasing frequency for both TE and TM modes in this section, as
shown in Figures 6 and 7. As we know, the S parameters are generally used to measure
the external characteristics of communication devices. When a THz wave with the power
of 1 W is incident at Port 1, the output power of Port 2 is checked. The transmission and
reflection efficiencies
ffi of the PhCs waveguide correspond to S21 and S11, respectively, which
ffi
are calculated by increasing the frequency from 2.70 to 3.08 THz, as shown in Figure 6.
Crystals 2024, 14, 518 7 of 11

ffi
Figure 6. (a) The transmission efficiency of the PhCs waveguide with the frequency for TE mode;
ffi
(b) the transmission efficiency of the PhCs waveguide with the frequency for TM mode.

ffi
−
−
ffi
−

− ffi
−
ffi
ffi ff
−

ff frequencies for TE and TM modes:

Figure 7. The power distributions of the THz signals with different
(a) TE mode at 2.850 THz; (b) TE mode at 2.90 THz; (c) TE mode at 2.950 THz; (d) TE mode at 3.0 THz;
(e) TE mode at 3.050 THz; (f) TM mode at 2.850 THz; (g) TM mode at 2.90 THz; (h) TM mode at
2.950 THz; (i) TM mode at 3.0 THz; (j) TM mode at 3.050 THz.

The numerical results show that the transmission efficiency of the transmission line
for TE mode achieves a maximum value of −0.34 dB at a central frequency of 2.950 THz
and keeps above −3 dB from 2.82 THz to 3.02 THz, obtaining a broad relative bandwidth
ff
of 6.84 percent, as shown in Figure 6a. Meanwhile, the lowest reflection efficiency of the
designed waveguide for TE mode is −50.45 dB, also at a central frequency of 2.950 ff THz.
The operating bandwidth of the tellurium PhCs waveguide for TM mode is narrower than
ff
that of TE mode, whose relative bandwidth ffi is about 4.39 percent around 2.936 THz above
−5 dB, as shown in Figure 6b. The reflection efficiency of the designed waveguide for TM
ff
mode is −28.48 dB at a frequency of 2.936 THz. It is observed that there is a co-ownership
operating frequency domain from the transmission efficiencies of TE and TM modes. A
comparison ff
ffi of transmission efficiencies andffinsertion loss for the waveguides with different
wavelengths between our results and the literature [18–20] is shown ffi in Table 1 below.−
−
ff 1. The comparison table on the following parameters between our results and the literature.
Table
ffi
Literature Wavelength Transmission Insertion Loss
ffi
[18] 0.85, 1.31, 1.55 µm above 90 percent − percent
Less than 10
− [19]
− 6 to 9.4 µm ff
above 93.5 percent 0.029 dB/µm
[20] 1.55 µm above 90 percent Less than 10 percent
ff
Our data 101.7 µm above 92.5 percent 0.34 dB

When the incident

ffi THz waves are incoming along the direction of the central axis of
the PhCs waveguide, the power distributions of the THz
ffi signals in PhCs with different

ffi −
ffi
Crystals 2024, 14, 518 8 of 11

frequencies are shown as height expressions in Figure 7. In Figure 7a,b, both TE and TM
modes mostly diffuse out of the PhCs waveguide because of this frequency below the lower
boundary of the complete PBG; thus, the PhCs waveguide loses the optical local effect at
2.850 THz. Based on Bragg’s theory, electromagnetic waves are confined in the waveguide
when line defects occur in PhCs. At 2.90 THz, TE mode can be perfectly confined within
the waveguide, shown in Figure 7b, but TM mode still has significant diffusion in Figure 7g.
The transmission line has excellent transmission efficiency above −1 dB for TE mode and
a worse value below −5 dB for TM mode, as shown in Figure 6 in detail. In Figure 7c,h,
both TE and TM modes have perfect transmission characteristics at a central frequency
of 2.950 THz, and the power of the THz signals is completely confined in the waveguide.
Figure 7d,i show a similar situation to Figure 7c,h because of both 2.950 and 3.0 THz in the
co-ownership operating frequency range above. When the frequency increases to 3.05 THz,
TE mode appears to show obvious diffusion, and TM mode still has a good optical local
effect, which is the opposite to that situation in Figure 7b,g.
Through the analysis of the above numerical results in Figures 6 and 7, it can be
demonstrated that (1) tellurium PhCs have a complete PBG for both TE and TM modes;
(2) the fully polarized PhCs waveguide simultaneously allows THz waves to transmit
in it for both TE and TM modes; (3) and there is an excellent optical local effect in the
co-ownership operating frequency range. As we know, the transmission performance of
the transmission line is also related to its size [33]. We will discuss the influence of the PhCs
waveguide width on its transmission efficiency in the next section.

4. Discussion
To optimize the external performance of the tellurium PhCs waveguide, the trans-
mission efficiencies for TE mode with different widths are numerically investigated at
some interesting certain frequencies of 2.90, 2.95, and 3.0 THz. When the width w of the
waveguide increases from 78 to 98 µm, the curves of the S parameters for THz waves with
different frequencies have a similar trend in Figure 8.

ffi
Figure 8. The transmission and reflection efficiencies of the tellurium PhCs waveguide with increasing
width w at frequencies of 2.90, 2.95, and 3.0 THz.

In Figure 8, both of the three curves for reflection efficiencies (S11) are first decreasing
and then increasing with the changing width w, and the optimal reflection efficiency is
always achieved at a certain width value. In ffi detail, the minimum
− values of −44.05 dB,
−50.45 dB, and −62.28 dB in the three solid-line curves with colors of yellow, cyan, and
green are the lowest reflections for the THz transmission line at frequencies of 2.90 THz,
2.95 THz, and 3.00 THz, respectively.

ffi
tt
Crystals 2024, 14, 518 9 of 11

The numerical results simultaneously indicate that the designed transmission line
keeps fairly high efficiency for TE mode, with all the values of the width in the horizontal
axis of Figure 8. The three curves for transmission efficiencies (S21) with the changing width
w are close to coincidence. In the detailed diagram in Figure 8, the optimal transmission
efficiencies of the tellurium PhCs waveguide remain above −0.368 dB. The three solid-line
curves with colors of blue, red, and purple are the transmission efficiencies for the THz
transmission line at frequencies of 2.90 THz, 2.95 THz, and 3.00 THz, respectively.
Through the above discussion, it is evident that tellurium PhCs not only have a
doubtless complete PBG but that the THz transmission line consisting of the two tellurium
rod arrays also has excellent transmission efficiency above −0.368 dB. The designed THz
waveguide with its unique function and high performance provides a promising approach
for implementing fully polarized THz devices like circulators [34] and isolators [35] for
future communication systems.

5. Conclusions
In conclusion, a novel highly efficient THz fully polarized transmission line is designed
by 2D tellurium PhCs consisting of two square lattice rod arrays with complete PBGs in this
paper. The TE and TM PBGs of tellurium PhCs happen to coincide, which are calculated
by PWEM, and the complete PBG covers from 2.894 to 3.025 THz. The function and
transmission characteristics of the PhCs waveguide are simulated by FEM. The transmission
efficiency of the transmission line is optimized by accurately adjusting its width. The
transmission efficiency of the waveguide for TE mode achieves a maximum value of −0.34
dB at a central frequency of 2.950 THz and keeps above −3 dB from 2.82 THz to 3.02 THz,
obtaining a broad relative bandwidth of about 6.84 percent. The operating bandwidth of
the tellurium PhCs waveguide for TM mode is narrower than that of TE mode, whose
relative bandwidth is about 4.39 percent around 2.936 THz above −5 dB. The designed
terahertz photonic crystals waveguide can transmit both TE and TM waves, which can not
only be used as a high-efficiency transmission line but also provides a promising approach
for implementing fully polarized THz devices for future 6G communication systems.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, W.H., S.Z. and W.W.; methodology, Y.W., L.F. and B.X.;
software, Y.W., H.H. and X.L. (Xiaotong Liu); validation, Y.W., H.H., Z.Z. (Zhifeng Zeng), Y.L. and Z.Z.
(Zhijian Zheng); formal analysis, Y.W., Z.Z. (Zhifeng Zeng), and K.Y.; investigation, Y.W., Y.L., K.Y.
and W.W.; resources, W.H. and W.W.; data curation, Y.W., H.H., Z.Z. (Zhifeng Zeng), X.L. (Xingquan
Li), and B.X.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.W., Y.L., L.F. and X.L. (Xingquan Li); writing—
review and editing, Y.W., L.F. and Z.Z. (Zhijian Zheng); visualization, Y.W., X.L. (Xingquan Li), and
B.X.; supervision, Y.W., Z.Z. (Zhijian Zheng), and W.W.; project administration, Y.W., X.L. (Xiaotong
Liu), K.Y. and S.Z.; funding acquisition, Y.W., X.L. (Xiaotong Liu), W.H. and W.W. All authors have
read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This work was supported in part by the Foundation of the Shenzhen Institute of Information
Technology (HX-0766, HX-0800, HX-0801) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(61901277).
Data Availability Statement: Data is contained within the article.
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to acknowledge the Shenzhen Institute of Information
Technology, Shenzhen Research Institute of Xidian University, and the College of Electronics and
Information Technology of Shenzhen University. The authors also acknowledge the four students of
Huifeng Su, Xinyu Fu, Shuochun Cai and Zhuozi Xu for their contributions to this work.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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