Microprocessor
and
Computer Evolution
By
Dr. Mohammad Shidujaman
Lecture 2
[email protected]
ENIAC - background
⚫Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
⚫Designed by Eckert and Mauchly
⚫University of Pennsylvania
⚫Mainly used for Trajectory tables for weapons
⚫Started 1943
⚫Finished 1946
• Too late for war effort
⚫Used until 1955
ENIAC - details
⚫Decimal Number Based System (not binary)
⚫20 accumulators of 10 digits
⚫Programmed manually by switches
⚫18,000 vacuum tubes
⚫30 tons
⚫15,000 square feet
⚫140 kW power consumption
⚫5,000 additions per second
Vacuum tubes
ENIAC
John Von Neumann / Alan Turing
(Pronounced as John Van Noiman)
Von Neumann with the first Institute computer
von Neumann/Turing
⚫Stored Program concept
⚫Main memory storing programs and data
⚫ALU operating on binary data
⚫Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing
⚫Input and output equipment operated by control unit
⚫Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies
• IAS
⚫Completed 1952
Von Neumann Architecture
Transistors
⚫Replaced vacuum tubes
⚫Smaller Size
⚫Cheaper than earlier vacuum tube
⚫Less heat dissipation
⚫Solid State device
⚫Made from Silicon (Sand)
⚫Invented 1947 at Bell Labs
⚫William Shockley et al.
Structure of IAS –
detail
IAS - details
• 1000 x 40 bit words
• Binary number
• 2 x 20 bit instructions
• Set of registers (storage in CPU)
• Memory Buffer Register: Contains a word to be stored in memory or is used to
receive a word from memory.
• Memory Address Register: holds the address of a word that moves to/from
MBR.
• Instruction Register: Contains the 8-bit opcode instruction being executed.
• Instruction Buffer Register: Holds temporarily the right hand instruction from a
word in memory.
• Program Counter: Contains address of the next instruction pair to be fetched
from memory.
• Accumulator: Holds one of the operands and results of ALU operations.
• Multiplier Quotient: Hold the least significant 40 bits of multiplying result
Von Neumann – 4 Step Instruction Cycle
Commercial Computers
⚫1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation
⚫UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer)
⚫US Bureau of Census 1950 calculations
⚫Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation
⚫Late 1950s - UNIVAC II
• Faster
• More memory
UNIVAC I
UNIVAC II
IBM
⚫Punched-card processing equipment
⚫1953 - the 701
• IBM’s first stored program computer
• Scientific calculations
⚫1955 - the 702
• Business applications
⚫Lead to 700/7000 series that established IBM as the dominant
computer manufacturer.
IBM 701
Transistor Based Computers
⚫Second generation machines
• Electronic equipment was discrete components: transistors,
resistors, capacitors and so on.
• NCR & RCA produced small transistor machines
• IBM 7000
• DEC - 1957
• Produced PDP-1
⚫The second generation saw the introduction of more
complex arithmetic and logic units and control units,
the use of high level programming languages and the
provision of system software with the computer.
IBM 7030 (1961)
Microelectronics & digital computer
⚫Small electronics and consistent trend towards the reduction in size
of electronic circuits.
⚫The basic elements of digital computer must perform storage,
movement, processing and control functions.
⚫Two fundamental types of components are required: gates and
memory cells. By interconnecting large number of fundamental
devices we get a computer.
• Data storage: provided by memory cells
• Data processing: Provided by gates
• Data movement: The path between components are used to move data form memory to
memory and from memory through gates to memory
• Control: The path between carry control signal
Generations of Computer
⚫ Vacuum tube - 1946-1957
⚫ Transistor - 1958-1964
⚫ Small scale integration - 1965 on
• Up to 100 devices on a chip
⚫ Medium scale integration - to 1971
• 100-3,000 devices on a chip
⚫ Large scale integration - 1971-1977
• 3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip
⚫ Very large scale integration - 1978 to date
• 100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip
⚫ Ultra large scale integration
• Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip
Moore’s Law
• The law states: Number of transistors on a chip will double every year.
• Introduced by Gordon Moore - cofounder of Intel
• Increased density of components on chip
• Note: Since 1970’s development has slowed a little (Number of transistors
doubles every 18 months)
Results from Moore’s law:
⚫ Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged
⚫ Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving higher
performance
⚫ Smaller size gives increased flexibility
⚫ Reduced power and cooling requirements
⚫ Fewer interconnections increases reliability
Growth in CPU Transistor Count
Intel
• 1971 - 4004
• First microprocessor
• All CPU components on a single chip
• 4 bit
• Followed in 1972 by 8008
• 8 bit
• Both designed for specific applications
• 1974 - 8080
• Intel’s first general purpose microprocessor
Speeding it up
⚫Pipelining
⚫On board cache
⚫On board L1 & L2 cache
⚫Branch prediction
⚫Data flow analysis
⚫Speculative execution
Performance Mismatch
⚫Processor speed increased
⚫Memory capacity increased
⚫Memory speed lags behind processor speed
Pentium Evolution (1)
• 8080
• first general purpose microprocessor
• 8 bit data path
• Used in first personal computer – Altair
• 8086
• much more powerful
• 16 bit
• instruction cache, prefetch few instructions
• 8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC
• 80286
• 16 Mbyte memory addressable
• up from 1Mb
• 80386
• 32 bit
• Support for multitasking
Pentium Evolution (2)
• 80486
• sophisticated powerful cache and instruction pipelining
• built in maths co-processor
• Pentium
• Superscalar
• Multiple instructions executed in parallel
• Pentium Pro
• Increased superscalar organization
• Aggressive register renaming
• branch prediction
• data flow analysis
• speculative execution
Pentium Evolution (3) III
• Pentium II
• MMX technology
• graphics, video & audio processing
IV
• Pentium III
• Additional floating point instructions for 3D graphics
• Pentium 4
• Note Arabic rather than Roman numerals
• Further floating point and multimedia enhancements
Itanium
• Itanium
• 64 bit
• See Intel web pages for detailed information on processors
Microprocessors
• 8085
• 8086
• … 186
• … 286
• … 386
• … 486
• … 586 … P1, P2, P3, P4 … C2D …. Ci7
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