MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083

MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083

 Contents
1. Letters 2
2. Vowels and Consonants 2
3. Words 2
4. Sentences 3
5. Parts of Speech 3
6. Nouns 4
7. Kinds of Noun 6
8. Modern Classification of Nouns 9
9. Pronouns 10
10. Adjectives 12
11. Verbs 13
12. Adverbs 18
13. Prepositions 19
14. Conjunctions 20
15. Interjections 21
16. Articles 21
17. Number 26
18. Gender 32
19. Person 32
20. Kinds of Sentences 33
21. Punctuation Marks 34
22. The Use of Capital Letters 36
23. Degree of Comparison 37
24. Verb Forms 40
25. Tenses 42
26. Changing into Negative 54
27. Changing into Interrogative 56

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1. Letters
Letter: A letter is the smallest unit of a word. We use letters to write English words.
There are 26 letters in English. We write them in two ways ‒

1. Capital Letters 2. Small Letters

A B C D E F G a b c d e f g
H I J K L M N h i j k l m n
O P Q R S T U o p q r s t u
V W X Y Z v w x y z

2. Vowels and Consonants

1. Vowels: a, e, i, o and u are called vowels.
2. Consonants: All the letters except a, e, i, o and u are called consonants.
3. Semivowels: W and y are called semivowels. When they are in the beginning of a
word, they are called consonants. But, when they are not in the beginning of a word,
they are called vowels. Like ‒
 Woman ('w' ‒ Consonant sound) How ('w' ‒ Vowel sound)
 You ('y' ‒ Consonant sound) My ('y' ‒ Vowel sound)

3. Words
Words: A group of letters which has a useful meaning is called a word. For example
cow, dog, cat, boy, girl, book. school, read, laugh, eat, good, better etc are words. But
woc, odg, tca, ybo, irlg, kobo are not words because they don't have any meaning.
Exercise 1
Rearrange the letters to form correct words ‒
odg ocw eta atr xo
pne ybo tma koob lulb
scholo mothre irlg ikn atm
tpo godo sas watre opne
acr kieb gtoa kilm cclye
opt ligr buc gba kibe
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4. Sentences
Sentence: A word or a group of words which makes complete sense is called a
sentence. For example ‒
 Go.
 Come.
 Come here.
 I eat a mango.
 What is your name?
 What are you doing?
Note 1: All the words in a sentence need to be in a correct sequence. Like ‒
"go to I school." Not correct "I go to school." Correct
Note 2: The first letter of every sentence is a capital letter.
Exercise 2
Rearrange the words to form correct sentences ‒
1. I, a, am, boy. 8. laughing, are, they.
2. you, girl, a, are. 9. mother, my, good. is.
3. this, a, cat, is. 10. pen, the, red, is.
4. I, ready, am. 11. there, go.
5. I, going. am. 12. very, good, she, is.
6. eat, I. a, mango. 13. to go, school.
7. you, I. love. 14. those, boys. are.

5. Parts of Speech
All the words in English are divided into eight groups according to their role in a
sentence. Each group is called part of speech.
 Noun
 Pronoun
 Adjective
 Verb
 Adverb
MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
 Preposition
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 Conjunction
 Interjection
 Let us understand them by definitions:
1. Noun: A noun is the name of a person, place, thing or an animal as; Zaid, Saleem, Sahal,
Sara, Zainab, Patna, Delhi, cat, dog, pen, table, bench, army, love etc.
2. Pronoun1: A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun as; I, we, you, he, she, it, they
etc.
3. Adjective: An adjective is a word that qualifies a noun or a pronoun; as good, bad,
ugly, beautiful, healthy, unhealthy, big, small, thin, fat, red, white, one, two, first, second
etc.
4. Verb: A verb is a word which shows an action, a state or a possession; as, eat, play,
come, go, am, is, are, have, has had, shall, should, will, would, can, could etc.
5. Adverb: An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb as;
slowly, carefully, very, fast etc.
6. Preposition: A preposition is a word usually placed before a noun or a pronoun to
show its relation to some other word/words in the sentence as; in, into, at, on, by, to,
from, of, with, without etc.
7. Conjunction: A conjunction is a word which joins two words or two sentences
together as; and, but, or etc.
8. Interjection: An interjection is a word which expresses a sudden feeling or an
emotion as; Alas, Ah, Oh, Hello, Hurrah etc.

6. Nouns
Nouns: A noun is a naming word. In other words it is a name of a person, place, animal
or thing.
Examples:
Special Names of People
Zaid Sara Aamir Ali Saleem
Zainab Maryam Kareem Sahal Fatima
Naaz Raziya Sabir Samsu Parvez
Yusuf Rafeeq Rabiya Saif Aabid
Common Names of People MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
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boy son man girl daughter woman

brother uncle child sister aunt doctor
father friend teacher mother student farmer
Special Names of Places
India Nepal China Bangladesh
Bihar Kashmir Gujarat Karnataka
Patna Delhi Ranchi Mumbai
Common Names of Places
country capital state district
city town village area
Common Names of animals, birds and insects
cow donkey crow ox fox
ant cat tiger snake dog
lion fly horse camel bee
Common Names of flowers, fruits, vegetables and materials
apple rice box mango orange rose
milk meat oil book bench lotus
fan ring sky potato salt pot
Exercise 3
Find out the nouns in the following sentences and underline them -
Examples: a. This is Zaid. I live in Bihar.
b. That is a cat. My school is good.
c. Sara is a girl. Mr. Shaikh is a teacher.
1. This is Sara. 11. This is a pen.
2. That is Sabir. 12. That is a box.
3. Zaid is poor. 13. My village is good.
4. Sara is a girl. 14. I have a cow.
5. Zaid is a boy. 15. My shirt is new.
6. He is a teacher. 16. I live in India.
7. She is my mother. 17. This is a mango.
8. This is an ox. 18.MAKTAB
These are books.
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9. My father is a teacher. 19. Saema is a nurse.

10. Mr Khan is a doctor. 20. The rose is red.
Hints: There are 25 Nouns in Exercise 3.

7. Kinds of the Noun

Kinds of Noun: There are five kinds of Nouns ‒
 Proper Noun
 Common Noun
 Collective Noun
 Material Noun
 Abstract Noun
1. Proper Noun: A proper noun is the name of a particular person, animal, place or a
thing; as: Saleem, Zaid, Sara, Tommy, Kitty, Patna, India, The Ganga, March, May,
Sunday, The Red Fort, The India Gate etc.
2. Common Noun: A common noun is a name given in common to every person or
thing of the same class or kind; as: boy, girl, man, woman, cow, dog, cat, pen, book, ball,
table, school, village, capital, river, day etc.
Note: When we say Zaid, Bakr and Aamir, it means that, they are specific names of
boys, so they are Proper Nouns. But when we say boy, girl, man and woman it means
they are not specific names and can be taken for anybody, so they are Common
Nouns.
Read and Understand ‒
Proper Noun Common Noun
Saif, Aamir, Ali boy
Zainab, Maryam, Salma girl
Tommy, Moti dog
Pussy, Kitty cat
Agra, Ranchi, Patna city
Umarkot, Dayadra, village
India, Nepal, Sri Lanka country
Bihar, Uttar Pradesh state
Patna, Delhi, Chennai capital MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
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Ganga, Yamuna river

Sunday, Monday, Juma day
December, Moharram month
Exercise 4
Separate the common nouns and proper nouns from the following words ‒
Mahfooz, Boy, Girl, Sara, Tom, Moti, Dog, Cat, Rat, Ass, Village, Ranchi, Town, Student,
Teacher, Salma, India, Box, Bench, Room, Table, School, Delhi, Ring. Bihar, Doll.
Exercise 5
Find out Proper and Common Nouns in the following sentence and underline
them ‒
Examples:
a. Zaid is a boy.
Proper Noun Common Noun

b. They have a pen.

Common Noun

c. My father is a teacher.
Common Noun Common Noun

d. Tom is my dog.
Proper Noun Common Noun

1. This is Saleem. 9. This is a dog.

2. That is Zainab. 10. That is a book.
3. Saleem is a boy. 11. I live in India.
4. Sara is a girl. 12. Tahir has a car.
5. He has a pen. 13. He is a doctor.
6. Patna is a town. 14. My shirt is new.
7. This is my school. 15. My school is good.
8. Mr. Shaikh is a teacher. 16. The Ganga is a river.
3. Collective Noun: A collective noun denotes the name of a group of persons or things
taken together and spoken of as one whole; as,
class crowd army team family bunch
flock mob flight stock dozen committee
Note: When we say "army", it means that, it is a group of soldiers, similarly when we
say "class", it means that it is a group of students. So these words like 'army', 'class' are
collective nouns.
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4. Material Noun: A material noun denotes the name of a material or a substance which
is measured or weighed but not counted; as,
water wheat wood milk flour gold
oil bread silver ghee pulse iron
butter rice brass ink meat wool
tea sugar paper coffee paddy sand
Note 1: 'Wood' is a material noun but chair, table, bench, pencil etc are not material
nouns but they are common nouns.
Note 2: 'Bread' is also a material noun.
Note 3: 'Paper' is also a material noun, but book is a common noun.
5. Abstract Noun: An abstract noun is the name of something that we can only think of
or feel but cannot see or touch; as,
goodness kindness beauty greatness truth
honesty darkness death sleep weakness
heat love foolishness childhood youth
sweetness boyhood friendship hunger anger
Exercise 6
Answer the following questions ‒
1. Which type of noun is 'water'?
2. Which type of noun is 'team'?
3. Which type of noun is 'truth?
4. Can we say 'oil' is a material noun?
5. Which type of noun is 'honesty'?
6. Why do we say 'boy' is a common and 'Gulam Rasool' is a proper noun?
Exercise 7
Find out collective nouns from the following words ‒
cat, boy, Zaid, rice, class, water, oil, team, family, flock, milk, bread, bunch, banana,
crowd, crow.
Exercise 8
Find out material nouns from the following words ‒

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book, ink, pen, chair, wood, tree, mango, egg, rice, bread, water, oil, gold, coffee, apple,
butter, tea, cup.
Exercise 9
Find out abstract nouns from the following words ‒
good, goodness, darkness, child, childhood, honest, honesty, gold, oil, milk, fox, truth,
kindness, family, sugar, sweetness, sweet.

8. Modern Classification of Nouns

According to the modern classification of Nouns they are classified into three types:
 Proper Noun
 Countable Noun
 Uncountable Noun
1. Proper Noun: We have studied proper nouns in the previous lesson.
2. Countable Noun: The noun which can be counted is called a countable noun; as cow,
dog, man, boy, girl, apple, pen, table, box, tree. room, village, road, class, family, team,
army etc.
3. Uncountable Noun: The noun which cannot be counted is called an uncountable
noun; as water, oil, milk, honey, gold, silver, rice, love, truth, honesty, childhood,
goodness, physics, chemistry etc.
Note:
Common Noun
Countable Noun
Collective Noun
Material Noun
Uncountable Noun
Abstract Noun
Exercise 10
Pick out countable nouns from the following words ‒
cat, dog, cow, book, class, gold, apple, love, oil, honey, milk, table, wood, tree, bread,
rice, village, ink, inkwell, coat, teacher, salt, boyhood.
Exercise 11
Pick out uncountable nouns from the following words ‒
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ink, pen, water, cow, chair, bird, book, ghee, tea, milk, table, sugar, coffee, salt, butter,
tiger, bag, fan, bus, ass, egg, elephant, student, teacher, team, class, oil.

9. Pronouns
Pronoun: A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.
Read these sentences carefully ‒
 Zaid is a boy. He is honest.
 Sara is a girl. She is beautiful.
 I have a pen. It is red.
 Cows are useful. They give us milk.
In the above sentences, 'He, 'She', 'It', and 'They' are pronouns.
In the above examples 'He' is used in place of Zaid, 'She' is used in place of Sara, 'It' is
used in place of pen, and 'They' is used in place of cows. So they are pronouns.
Some Important Pronouns
Person Singular Plural
First Person I, me, my, mine we, us, our, ours
Second Person you, yours you, yours
Third Person he, she, it, his, him, her, hers, its they, them, their, theirs

Exercise 12
Pick out the pronouns from the given sentences ‒
Examples: a. I am a girl. b. She is a nurse.
1. I am a boy. 11. I am coming to you.
2. We are students. 12. I know them.
3. You are a teacher. 13. Look at him.
4. He is a poet. 14. Are you ill?
5. She is a nurse. 15. Help him.
6. They are farmers. 16. This is ours.
7. I love you. 17. That is yours.
8. You love me. 18. It is strong.
9. It is mine. 19. Please help us.
10. Help me. 20. Zaid loves me.
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Notes:
 'He' and 'She' are used for masculine and feminine gender. And used only for human
beings.
 'It ' is always used for non‒human being and non‒living things.
Exercise 13
Write the suitable pronoun for the following names:
Examples:
Zaid ‒ 'He' Sara ‒ 'She' The Dog ‒ 'It' boys ‒ 'They'
boy ‒ 'He' girl ‒ 'She' water ‒ 'It' books ‒ 'They'
Zaid and Bakr ‒ 'They' Zaid and Sara ‒ 'They' Sara and Zainab ‒ 'They'
1. Raziya and Fatima 11. Saleem and Sahal 21. Rabiya
2. cow 12. cows 22. ox
3. oxen 13. girl 23. Zaid
4. girls 14. book 24. books
5. egg 15. eggs 25. father
6. sister 16. box 26. boxes
7. tree 17. trees 27. mother
8. pen 18. pens 28. milk
9. rice 19. brother 29. love
10. brothers 20. ant 30. sisters
Exercise 14
Fill in the blanks with suitable pronouns:
Examples:
a. Zaid is a boy. _________ is kind. Ans. Zaid is a boy. He is kind.
b. Sara is a girl. _________ reads in class III. Ans. Sara is a girl. She reads in class III.
c. Zaid and Ali are boys. _________ are kind. Ans. Zaid and Ali are boys. They are kind.
d. This is my table. _________ is strong. Ans. This is my table. It is strong.
1. Sabir is my brother. _________ is gentle.
2. Sara is there. _________ is my friend.
3. My father is good. _________ loves me.
4. My mother is kind. _________ loves me.
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5. Sabir and Sahal are friends. _________ are gentle.

6. This is my school. _________ is small.
7. This is an ant. _________ is small.
8. I have a chair. _________ is made of wood.
9. Help Zaid. _________ is poor.
10. Your friends are there. _________ are playing.
11. My friend is here. _________ is playing.
12. These are cows. _________ are black.
13. I have a pen. _________ is red.
14. His book is here. _________ is new.
15. Sabir has a ball. _________ is red.

10. Adjectives
Adjective: An adjective is a word that qualifies a noun or a pronoun; as red, good, bad,
strong, sweet, big, tall, short, kind etc.
Read these sentences ‒
 Saleem is tall. This car is red.
 Zaid is a good boy. He is kind.
In the above sentences the words 'tall', 'good', 'red' and 'kind' are adjectives. We
express the quality of 'Saleem', 'Zaid', 'The car' and 'He' by these adjectives.
Read and Learn the given adjectives ‒
good bad big small smart
tall short beautiful ugly long
happy sad rich poor black
cold hot fat thin easy
honest dishonest young new sour
old kind cruel sweet lazy
bitter soft hard strong fast
weak dirty clean quick white
Exercise 15
Pick out the adjectives from the following sentence:
Examples: a. I have a red pen. MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
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b. Saniya is poor
c. It is cold water.
1. Sara is good. 9. He is young.
2. Zaid is bad. 10. I love good boys.
3. He is a good boy. 11. The tea is hot.
4. Saleem is fat. 12. She is poor.
5. He is a kind boy. 13.1 was sad.
6. It is a big ball. 14. He is a good man.
7. I have an old coat. 15. Are you poor?
8. The shirt is white. 16. Honest men are happy.

11. Verbs
Verb: A verb is a word which shows an action, a state or a possession.
Read the following sentences carefully ‒
 Salma reads.
 Zaid is ill.
 Aamir has a pen.
In the above sentences the words 'plays', 'is' and 'has' are verbs. The verb 'plays' shows
an action, the verb 'is' shows a condition and the verb 'has' shows a possession.
Here are some verbs given, read them carefully -
I
eat drink do read give sell
go jump run come take love
play shout weep teach laugh buy
study die see write walk talk
take sleep know work sit beat
help get up show stand live laugh

II
am is are was were have
has had can could shall should
will would may might must
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Exercise 16
Underline the verbs in the sentences given below -
Examples: a. I read. You can do.
b. She laughed. Are you ready?
c. He is ready. I shall go there.
d. She is reading. My mother loves me.
1. I read. 11. Will you go?
2. She reads. 12. Who are you?
3. He is playing. 13. She had a car.
4. I have eaten. 14. She should come.
5. I am ready. 15. I love you.
6. You can go. 16. She could swim.
7. She will do. 17. I can't read.
8. I lived there. 18. You must go.
9. Zaid was playing. 19. They did it.
10. They were poor. 20. I am not ill.
Main Verbs and Helping Verbs
There are two types of verbs according to their use in the sentence:
 Main Verb/Principal Verb
 Helping Verb
1. Main Verb: The verb which is of main importance in the sentence is called the main
verb.
The underlined verbs in the sentences given below are main verbs:
 I read.
 She went.
 I am reading.
 He will do.
 I am ready.
 They were absent.

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2. Helping Verb: A helping verb is one which helps the main verb to form a tense, voice,
mood, etc.
The underlined verbs in the sentences given below are helping verbs:
 I am reading.
 She can do.
 He is playing.
 They should come.
am is are was were do
does did have has had shall
should can could may must might
will would ought need dare used to
Note 1: If there is only one helping verb in a sentence and no main verb then the
helping verb will become the main verb.
 I am a boy. (am ‒ main verb)
 She is ill. (is ‒ main verb)
 He has a car. (has ‒ main verb)
 He went. (went ‒ main verb)
 I did it. (did ‒ main verb)
Note 2: Some of the helping verbs can be used as both Main Verb as well as Helping
Verb. Like -
 I am a boy. (am ‒ main verb)
 I am reading. (am ‒ helping verb)
 She has a car. (has main verb)
 She has eaten. (has helping verb)
 I did it. (did ‒ main verb)
 I did not go there. (did ‒ helping verb)
Note 3: If there are two or more verbs used in a sentence then the main verb will
come at last after all helping verbs.
 I have been reading. (have ‒ helping verb, been ‒ helping verb, reading ‒ main verb)
 I have been a teacher. (have ‒ helping verb, been ‒ main verb)
 I have a car. (have main verb)
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Exercise 17
Pick out the verbs in the sentences given below, underline them and write their
type. (MV = Main Verb, HV = Helping Verb)
Examples:
a. He is a boy. b. He is eating.
MV HV MV

1. I am happy. 11. You must go.

2. I am a boy. 12. He will come.
3. I am playing. 13. I was sad.
4. He is ready. 14. I was eating.
5. He is working. 15. He laughed.
6. Zaid has a car. 16. He did.
7. Zaid has eaten. 17. He did not go.
8. I had a car. 18. I have been eating.
9. I had eaten. 19. I have been ill.
10. She can do. 20. I have a car.
Transitive & Intransitive Verbs
There are two types of main verbs:
 Transitive Verb
 Intransitive Verb
1. Transitive Verb: The verb which requires an object is called a transitive verb.
Read these sentences carefully -
 I eat a mango.
 I read a book.
 I trust you.
 They help us.
 He knows this.
 I like red pens.
In the above sentences the verbs 'eat', 'read', 'help' and 'like' require objects and the
words 'mango', 'book', 'you', 'red pens' etc are Objects. Thus the verbs 'eat', 'read',
'help', 'like' etc are transitive verbs.
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2. Intransitive Verb: The verb which does not require an object is called an intransitive
verb.
Read these sentences carefully -
 I eat.
 I am laughing.
 We go to school.
 He runs fast.
In the above sentences, the verbs do not require any object. Thus the verbs 'eat', 'am
laughing', 'go', 'runs' etc are intransitive verbs.
Note 1: The verbs 'eat', 'beat', 'read' etc are not always transitive, sometimes they act
as intransitive verb. So a verb will be transitive only if an object is used with it.
Object: An object receives the action of the verb. Like;
 I read a book.
 I like red pens.
Complement: A complement completes the sense of the sentence. Like;
 They are happy.
 Today's homework is easy.
Note 2: There is difference between Object and Complement. For a Transitive verb
object is necessary instead of complement.
Read and Understand -
Intransitive Verb Transitive Verb
1. I eat. I eat a mango.
I eat an egg.
I eat rice.
2. He reads. He reads a book.
He reads newspaper.
He is reading comics.
Exercise 18
Pick out the transitive and intransitive verbs and underline them-
Tran. Verb = Transitive Verb
Intran. Verb = Intransitive Verb
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Examples:
a. I drink. b. I drink milk.
Intran. Verb Trans. Verb

1. I eat. 7. They drink.

2. I eat rice. 8. They drink milk.
3. I love. 9. I am laughing.
4. I love you. 10. She goes.
5. He reads. 11. She goes to school.
6. He reads a book. 12. The baby runs slowly.

12. Adverbs
Adverb: An adverb is a word that qualifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
Read these sentences carefully -
 Saleem walks slowly.
 The tea is very hot.
 He walks very slowly.
In the above sentences the words 'slowly' and 'very' are adverbs.
1. In the first sentence the word 'slowly' qualifies the verb 'walks'.
Ask the question: How Saleem walks? Ans: Slowly.
2. In the second sentence the word 'very' qualifies the adjective 'hot'.
Ask the question: How much is the tea hot? Ans: Very
3. In the third sentence the word 'very' qualifies the adverb 'slowly'.
Ask the question: How much slowly He walks? Ans: Very.
Here are some adverbs given, read them carefully -
beautifully happily badly quickly
carefully very kindly fast
Exercise 19
Pick out the adverbs from the sentences given below and underline them -
Examples:
a. He runs quickly. c. The boy reads slowly.
b. Rose is a very beautiful. d. Write carefully.
1. He writes carefully. 9. Saleem is very kind.
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2. I live happily. 10. She is very beautiful.

3. She walks slowly. 11. It is very strong.
4. She sings beautifully. 12. My book is very good.
5. She works badly. 13. You are very gentle.
6. Saleem runs quickly. 14. She danced very slowly.
7. Do it carefully. 15. He writes very carefully.
8. Kindly help me. 16. This is very sweet.

13. Prepositions
Prepositions: A preposition is a word usually placed before a noun or a pronoun to
show its relation to some other word/words in the sentence.
Read these sentences carefully -
 She is in the room.
 The cat is on the table.
 I am going to school.
 This is for you.
Some Important Prepositions
in into on at of among between
under after before for up to over
from with below by without near about
Exercise 20
Pick out the prepositions from the sentences given below and underline them -
Examples:
 He is in the room.
 I am going to school.
 The cat is on the table.
 It is under the table.
1. She is in the room. 9. He came from Patna.
2. Look at the blackboard. 10. I live in India.
3. What is on the table? 11. She came by car.
4. I am going to Patna. 12. It is under the table.
5. She is with me. 13.MAKTAB
It was over the river.
FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
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6. I am without a pen. 14.I was behind the tree.

7. It is for you. 15. She knows about me.
8. The brother of Zaid is kind. 16. He is between Zaid and Bakr.

14. Conjunctions
Conjunction: A conjunction is a word which joins words or sentences together.
Read the sentences carefully -
 Sara and Zainab are going.
 I was reading but he was playing.
 Give me a pen or a pencil.
In the above sentences 'and', 'but' and 'or' are conjunctions.
Some Important Conjunctions
and but or because if since
so then as also still yet
after although though unless until while
otherwise therefore however that in case thus
Exercise 21
Pick out the conjunctions from the given sentences and underline them -
Examples:
 Sara and Zainab are coming.
 He is poor but honest.
 Are you Zaid or Saleem?
 I was reading but he was playing.
1. Danish and Kashif are friends.
2. He is honest and kind.
3. You are a boy and I am a girl.
4. She is playing but I am reading.
5. He is poor but happy.
6. Zaid or Tahir can do it.
7. Are you a girl or a boy?
8. Give me a pen or a pencil.
MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
9. Zaid and Saleem have a dog and a cat.
 21

10. Are you playing or reading?

11. Is this a pen or a pencil?
12. I came but he did not.

15. Interjections
Interjection: An interjection is a word which expresses a sudden feeling or an
emotion.
Examples: Oh, Ah, Alas Hurrah etc.
Read the sentences carefully -
 Alas! My dog is dead.
 Ah! I have lost my watch.
 Oh! You are here.
 Hurrah! We have won the match.
In the above sentences Alas Oh, Ah and Hurrah are Interjections.
Exercise 22
Pick out the Interjections from the given sentences and Underline them -
Examples:
a. Alas! My cat is dead. c. Hurrah! We have won the match.
b. Ah! I have cut my finger. d. Bravo! Go on.
1. Alas! My cat, Pussy is dead.
2. Hurrah! We have won the match.
3. Ah! I have lost my book.
4. Oh! She has come.
5. Hello! How are you?
6. Oh! What a beautiful flower!
7. Hurrah! I have got the medal.

16. Articles
Articles: 'A', 'An' and 'The' are called articles.
'A' is used before a word starting with a consonant sound, whereas 'An' is used before a
word starting with a vowel sound. Such as;
 This is a cow. MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
22

 She is a nurse.
 That is an ox.
 He is an engineer.
Exercise 23
Fill up the blanks with a/an ‒
1. This is _____ cat. 11. He is _____ postman.
2. That is _____ dog. 12. I am _____ doctor.
3. This is _____ rat. 13. Saleem is _____ artist.
4. That is _____ ox. 14. I have _____ elephant.
5. I have _____ ass. 15. This is _____ apple.
6. This is _____ ant. 16. That is _____ orange.
7. That is _____ bird. 17. This is _____ mango.
8. I have _____ pen. 18. That is _____ inkwell.
9. I have _____ box. 19. This is _____ umbrella.
10. She is _____ girl. 20. Zaid is _____ student.
Remember this -
For the nouns which are uncountable, 'A/An' will not be used before it. Thus milk,
water, oil, ink, rice, wheat, gold etc are uncountable, so 'A/An' will not be used here.
Also 'A/An' is never used before a plural noun. Thus eggs, books, cities, pens, cats,
horses etc are plural nouns, so 'A/An' will not be used here.
Exercise 24
Fill in the blanks with a/an where necessary ‒
1. This is _____ cow. 9. This is _____ ink.
2. These are _____ oxen. 10. That is _____ oil.
3. This is _____ ox. 11. I have _____ milk.
4. These are oxen. 12. You have _____ water.
5. This is _____ egg. 13. I have _____ gold.
6. These are _____ books. 14. We have _____ box.
7. She is _____ girl. 15. She has _____ toy.
8. They are _____ men. 16. This is _____ ant.
If there is an adjective before a noun then the article will be placed before the adjective.
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And if before an adjective there is an adverb then the article will be placed before the adverb.
Like;
I am a boy. I am a good boy. I am a very good boy.
Noun Adj Adv
Exercise 25
Use a / an where necessary ‒
1. This is _____ ox. 8. This is _____ good ox.
2. This is _____ very good ox. 9. This is _____ horse.
3. This is _____ intelligent horse. 10. This is _____ very intelligent horse.
4. This is _____ ant. 11. This is _____ small ant.
5. He is _____ teacher. 12. He is _____ ideal teacher.
6. This is _____ ink. 13. This is _____ good ink.
7. I have _____ eggs. 14. I have _____ good eggs.
Use of Article 'The'
The conditions where 'The' is used are as follows:
 'The' is used before a particular/specific noun. As;
◦ Where is the book? [a particular book]
Note: Here a particular book means that the speaker and the listener already know
about the book.
◦ The boy is playing. [a particular boy]
◦ A boy is playing. [any boy]
◦ Bring the pen. [a particular pen]
◦ Bring a pen. [any pen]
 'The' is used before a Singular Common Noun to indicate a whole class. As;
◦ The cow gives milk.
◦ The camel is the 'Ship of desert'.
 We use 'The' before the names of rivers, oceans, Gulfs, mountain ranges etc. As;
◦ The Himalayas The Ganga, The Indian Ocean, The Gulf of Cambay etc
 'The' is also used before the names of Newspapers and Sacred Books. As;
◦ The Taurah, The Quran, The Indian Express, The Economic Times etc.
 It is also used to indicate the things which exists only one in the world. As;
◦ The earth, The sun, The moon etc. MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
24

 'The' is also used before adjectives in Superlative degree, and before the Ordinal
Numbers. As;
◦ the best boy, the most intelligent student, the first child, the tenth shop.
Omission of The Article
Articles are omitted (deleted) before Uncountable Nouns and Proper Nouns. It is also
omitted before the names of Months, Days of the week, Seasons, Festivals, Sports, Diseases,
Languages etc. Like;
◦ Gold is costly. (Gold ‒ Uncountable Noun)
◦ Cholera is a fatal disease. (Cholera ‒ Name of a disease)
◦ Eid-E-Milad is a lovely festival. Eid-E-Milad ‒ Name of a festival)
◦ It is Monday today. (Monday ‒ Name of a day)
◦ March is the third month. (March ‒ Name of a month)
◦ I play football. (Football ‒ Name of a sport)
◦ I know English. (Name of a language)
Exercise 26
Use a/an/the where necessary ‒
1. _____ cow is an animal.
2. _____ cat kills _____ rat.
3. _____ horse has four feet.
4. _____ dog barks at night.
5. _____ Ganges is a river.
6. I read _____ Quran.
7. _____ Himalayas is a range of mountains.
8. I read _____ Times of India.
9. _____ moon is bright.
10. _____ earth is round.
11. _____ sky is blue.
12. He is _____ best boy of my class.
13. _____ milk is white.
14. _____ gold is yellow.
15. I have _____ pen.
MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
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16. I drink _____ milk.

17. I take _____ tea.
18. I read _____ book.
19. I play _____ cricket.
20. January has thirty ‒ one days.
21. I eat _____ rice.
22. I have _____ ass.
Exercise 27
Use a/an/the where necessary ‒
1. _____ dog is _____ animal.
2. _____ cow has two eyes.
3. _____ cat eats meat.
4. _____ tiger is _____ very strong animal.
5. Where is _____ pen?
6. _____ Yamuna is _____ river.
7. _____ Everest is _____ very high mountain.
8. I read _____ Quran everyday.
9. I read _____ Hindustan Times.
10. _____ earth is bigger than moon.
11. She is _____ best girl of my class.
12. I _____ drink milk.
13. _____ milk is white.
14. I know _____ Urdu.
15. He plays _____ cricket and football.
16. _____ April has thirty days.
17. _____ Monday is _____ first day of _____ week.
18. _____ iron is cheap.
19. I have _____ gold.
20. I have _____ ball.
21. She has _____ umbrella.
22. We have _____ toys.
MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
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Exercise 28
Write the parts of speech of the given sentences -
Note: a / an / the = Article = Art
Examples:
 He is a very good boy.
Pro V Art Adv Adj N
 Hurrah! We have won the match.
Inter Pro V Art N
1. Sara is a girl. 8. She was happy.
2. I am going to Patna. 9. Ah! She has come.
3. The mango is very sweet. 10. The baby runs fast.
4. I know you. 11. Do or die.
5. She came from Patna. 12. She was reading and writing.
6. A stitch in time, saves nine. 14. Prevention is better than cure.
7. An apple a day keeps doctors away. 15. Where there is a will, there is a way.

17. Number
Number: There are two types of Numbers in English -
 Singular Number
 Plural Number
1. Singular denotes one person or one thing; as cow, dog, boy, cat, fox, pen, book etc.
2. Plural denotes more than one person or thing; as cows, dogs, boys, cats, pens, books
etc.
Rules for converting singular to plural
 Most often plural is made by adding 's' in the last of singular words.
boy ‒ boys book ‒ books school ‒ schools pen ‒ pens
girl ‒ girls animal ‒ animals cat ‒ cats chair ‒ chairs
dog ‒ dogs friend ‒ friends table ‒ tables brother brothers
rat ‒ rats horse ‒ horses apple ‒ apples cow ‒ cows
sister sisters pencil ‒ pencils ant ‒ ants house ‒ houses
tree ‒ trees egg ‒ eggs name ‒ names month ‒ months
leg ‒ legs kite ‒ kites teacher teachers
MAKTAB eye ‒ eyes
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king ‒ kings leader ‒ leaders ear ‒ ears hand ‒ hands

 If the singular word ends with 's', 'ss', 'ch', 'sh', or 'x', then to make its plural 'es' is added
to it.
bench ‒ benches dish dishes ass ‒ asses
inch ‒ inches bush bushes church ‒ churches
gas ‒ gases bus ‒ buses fish ‒ fishes/fish
watch ‒ watches brush ‒ brushes branch ‒ branches
tax ‒ taxes class classes box ‒ boxes
Note: When 'ch' is pronounced as 'k' then 's' is added at the end instead of 'es'.
stomach ‒ stomachs monarch ‒ monarchs
Exercise 29
Make plural of the following words -
cow, cat, dog, ant, boy, pen, book, brother, name, tree, bench, inch, watch, ass, fish, bus,
box, dish, class, name, table.
 If the singular word ends with 'y' and before it if there is a vowel, then to make its plural
's' is added to it.
boy ‒ boys key ‒ keys monkey ‒ monkeys
toy ‒ toys way ‒ ways donkey ‒ donkeys
day ‒ days essay essays holiday ‒ holidays
 If the singular word ends with 'y' and before it, if there is a consonant, then to make its
plural 'y' is removed and 'ies' is added to it.
baby ‒ babies city ‒ cities family ‒ families
fly ‒ flies body ‒ bodies country countries
story ‒ stories diary ‒ diaries army ‒ armies
Exercise 30
Make plural of the following words -
boy, toy, day, ray, bay, way, key, monkey, baby, city, fly, story, cry, army, family, country
 If the singular word ends with 'f' / 'fe' then to make its plural 'f' / 'fe' is replaced with
'ves'.
calf ‒ calves wolf ‒ wolves knife ‒ knives
life ‒ lives leaf ‒ leaves shelf shelves
MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
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wife ‒ wives thief ‒ thieves loaf ‒ loaves

 In some cases this rule is not followed. Like roof ‒ roofs
proof ‒ proofs hoof hoofs chief ‒ chiefs
dwarf ‒ dwarfs safe ‒ safes handkerchief ‒ handkerchiefs.
 If the singular word ends with 'o', then to make its plural 'es' is added to it.
hero ‒ heroes potato ‒ potatoes mango ‒ mangoes
tomato ‒ tomatoes buffalo ‒ buffaloes zero ‒ zeroes
 But in some cases this rule is not followed. Like photo ‒ photos
combo ‒ combos auto ‒ autos kilo ‒ kilos
 If the singular word ends with 'o', and before it if there is vowel, then to make its plural
's' is added to it.
radio ‒ radios bamboo ‒ bamboos cuckoo ‒ cuckoos.
ratio ‒ ratios video ‒ videos audio ‒ audios
Exercise 31
Make plural of the following words -
wife, calf, life, leaf, thief, roof, hero, mango, radio, photo, bamboo, tomato.
 Plurals of some words are made against these rule.
man ‒ men foot ‒ feet ox ‒ oxen
woman ‒ women tooth ‒ teeth mouse ‒ mice
child ‒children goose ‒ geese louse ‒ lice
 Some words have their both singular and plural the same.
sheep ‒ sheep deer ‒ deer series ‒ series
◦ We can write numbers before them. For example two sheep, three deer etc.
 Plurals of some compound nouns are made by making plural of their main word.
son‒in‒law sons‒in‒law granddaughter granddaughters
father‒in‒law fathers‒in‒law grandfather grandfathers
daughter‒in‒law daughters‒in‒law grandmother grandmothers
brother‒in‒law brothers‒in‒law grandson grandsons
 Plurals of some compound nouns are made by making plural of both words.
manservant ‒ menservants woman-doctor women-doctors
woman-student women-students
MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
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Exercise 32
Make plural of the following words -
ox, child, tooth, woman, sheep, mother‒in‒law, grand ‒ father, son‒in‒law, boyfriend,
manservant.
 Proper, Abstract and Material nouns have no plural forms. But when their plurals are
made they are used as Common Nouns.
 Uncountable nouns are very rarely or not used in plural forms, like; water, rice, milk,
gold, salt, iron, poetry, love, beauty, ghee, oil, honesty etc.
Exercise 33
Pick out the words which do not have their plural form -
tea, cow, milk, coffee, money, gold, rice, love, beauty. Hindi, India, Bihar, Zaid, ox, radio,
hero, dog, Tom, wood, oil, grandfather.
Exercise 34
Make plural of the following words -
cow, dog. watch, fish, ass, bus, box, toy, day. fly, baby. story, hero, radio, calf, thief, leaf,
man, child, ox, woman, tooth, sheep, deer, friend, brother‒in‒law, manservant, woman ‒
student, goose.

18. Gender
There are four types of gender:
 Masculine Gender
 Feminine Gender
 Common Gender
 Neuter Gender
1. The masculine gender denotes a male; as boy, dog, man, father, brother, uncle, king
etc.
2. The feminine gender denotes a female; as girl, daughter, woman, mother, cow, cat
etc.
3. The common gender denotes that the given noun is either a male or a female; as
teacher, baby, student, child, thief, parent, singer, person, writer, guest.
4. The neuter gender denotes that the given noun is neither a male nor a female; as
wood, ant, book, pen, tree, table, chair, ink, gold, iron, school etc.
MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
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Note: Non-living things, insects and other small creatures are counted as Neuter. Also
collective nouns, abstract nouns and material nouns are counted as Neuter Gender.
Masculine Gender to Feminine Gender Conversion
1. To make feminine gender 'ess' is added to the masculine words.
Masculine Feminine
lion lioness
Mister Mistress
poet poetess
priest priestess
giant giantess
host hostess
shepherd shepherdess
2. Some masculine words have a totally different feminine words.
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
boy girl son daughter
brother sister father mother
uncle aunt man woman
papa mama nephew niece
lad lass husband wife
bridegroom bride widower widow
gentleman gentlewoman bachelor maid
Sir Madam hero heroine
king queen Sultan Sultana
bull buffalo Czar Czarina
ox cow horse mare
dog bitch ram ewe
fox vixen boar sow
cock hen goat buck
3. Feminine of some words are made by removing last vowel and adding 'ess' to the
masculine word.
Masculine Feminine
MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
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actor actress
tiger tigress
prince princess
hunter huntress
4. In some words, their few letters are changed or replaced by other letters and then 'ess'
is added to it to make feminine.
Masculine Feminine
master mistress
emperor empress
5. Some feminine words are formed in the following way:
Masculine Feminine
grandfather grandmother
grandson granddaughter
father‒in‒law mother‒in‒law
son‒in‒law daughter‒in‒law
brother‒in‒law sister‒in‒law
washer man washerwoman
milkman milkmaid
manservant maidservant
Exercise 35
Differentiate the nouns between Masculine, Feminine, Common and Neuter
Gender ‒
boy, girl, teacher, man, woman, horse, cat, tree, ant, father, mother, child, dog. cow,
baby, hero, student, pen, school, book, parent, hen, she ‒ goat, uncle, oil, gold, thief.
Exercise 36
Write the Feminine Forms of the following words ‒
boy, man, king, son, horse, dog, bull, brother, god, poet, lion, actor, tiger, master,
grandfather, he ‒ goat.
Exercise 37
Write the Masculine Forms of the following words ‒

MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083

32

mother, bitch, bride. sister, hen, woman, priestess, tigress, mistress, sister‒in‒law, she ‒
goat, heroine.
Exercise 38
Write down the opposite gender of the following nouns ‒
washer man, stepmother, prince, poet, giantess, hero, nephew, aunt, cock, bride, dog,
bull, mistress, husband.

19. Person
Person: A person is the one who is either a speaker or a listener or some one who is
spoken about. There are three types of persons:
 First Person
 Second Person
 Third Person
1. First Person: The first person is the person speaking.
2. Second Person: The second person is the person who is listening.
3. Third Person: The third person is the person spoken about.
As: Aamir said to Saleem, "Zaid is sick today."
In the above sentence Aamir is First Person, Saleem is Second Person and Zaid is Third
Person.
Remember this:
The one who is Person
Speaker First
Listener Second
Spoken about Third

Examples:
Person Examples
First Person I, me, mine, my, myself, we, us, our, ours, ourselves
Second Person you, your, yours, yourself, yourselves
he, him, his, himself, she, her, hers, herself, it, its,
itself, they, them, their, theirs, themselves, this,
that, these, those, somebody, anybody, each,
Third Person
either, all, none, many, both, Zaid, Sara, mother,
father, teacher, cow, dog, cat, school, sun, star,
river, pen, book MAKTAB
etc. FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
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Exercise 39
1. Give some examples of First Person.
2. Give some examples of Second Person.
3. Give some examples of Third Person.
4. Differentiate the following words according to their persons.
I, me, you, we, your, us, he, she, it, they, Zaid, cat, this girl, dog, school, boy, tree, river,
water, sun, star, book, The Himalayas, that men, all students, my self.
5. Write definitions of first, second and third person.
6. Draw the first table of this chapter and learn it.
7. Draw the second table and learn it.

20. Kinds of Sentences

There are mainly five kinds of sentences according to their meaning.
 Declarative Sentence
 Interrogative Sentence
 Imperative Sentence
 Optative Sentence
 Exclamatory Sentence
1. Declarative Sentence: A sentence that makes a statement is called a declarative or
an assertive sentence; as,
 I eat a mango.
 He is a boy.
 I do not eat.
 I am a girl.
2. Interrogative Sentence: A sentence that asks a question is called an interrogative
sentence; as,
 Who are you?
 What is your name?
 What is this?
 Are you going?
MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
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3. Imperative Sentence: A sentence that expresses an order, a request or a piece of

advice is called an imperative sentence; as,
 Go there.
 Help me.
 Come here.
 Please give me money.
4. Optative Sentence: A sentence that denotes some curse, blessing, prayer or wish is
called an Optative sentence; as,
 May Allah help you!
 May you live long!
 May you die!
 May he succeed!
Note: Optative Sentences mostly start with 'May' and end with exclamation mark (!).
5. Exclamatory Sentence: A sentence that denotes a sudden or a strong feeling of the
mind or an emotion is called an exclamatory sentence; as,
 Alas! My cat is dead.
 What a beautiful scene it is!
 What a fall!
 How dark the night it is!
Exercise 40
Differentiate the sentences according to their type -
1. Zaid is a good boy. 11. Don't beat him.
2. He is reading. 12. Please help me.
3. I can sing. 13. Kindly help me.
4. I do not know. 14. May you die!
5. He is not ready. 15. May you live long!
6. Are you ready? 16. May Allah help you!
7. What is your name? 17. Alas! He is dead.
8. Am I foolish? 18. Oh! You are here.
9. How are you? 19. What a good boy!
10. Go to market. 20. How beautiful it is!
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21. Punctuation Marks

Punctuation Marks: Punctuation marks are the symbols due to which reading of the
sentence, speaking and understanding it becomes easy.
Some Important Punctuation Marks ‒
 Full Stop (.)
 Comma(,)
 Question Mark (?)
 Exclamation Mark (!)
 Apostrophe (')
 Inverted Commas (" ")
 Full Stop (.) ‒ A full stop (.) is mainly used at the end of Declarative and Imperative
sentence.
 I eat.
 I am not ready.
 Do your work.
 Please help me.
It is also used in making short forms.
Μ.Α. B.D.O. I.Sc. B.Sc.
I.A.S. Β.Α. C.O. I.P.S.
Full stop is also used after Dr, Mr, Pr, Prof. Such as;
Dr. Tahir Mr. Khan Pr. Khalid Shaikh Prof. Tajuddin Malik
 Comma (,) ‒ A comma is used to separate two or more parts of speech, sentences.
Comma denotes a short pause in the sentence.
 I have a cat, a dog and an ox.
 Zaid, Saleem and Aamir are playing.
 Question Mark (?) ‒ A question mark is placed at the end of an Interrogative
Sentence.
 Are you going?
 What is your name?
 Who are you?
MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
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 Where do you live?

 Exclamation Mark (!) ‒ An exclamation Mark is placed after an Interjections,
Exclamatory Sentences/Phrases, or an Optative Sentences.
 May the almighty bless you!
 What a beautiful scene it is!
 Alas! My dog is dead.
 Hurrah! We have won the match.
 Apostrophe (') ‒ Apostrophe is used form possessive case of a noun. And to shorten
any word, also in place of hidden words.
Aamir's book cow's milk cows' milk
aren't isn't can't
 Inverted Commas (" ") ‒ Inverted commas are used to mark exact words of the
speaker or a quotation.
 He said, "I am ready."
 Zaid said to me, "What is your name?"

22. The Use of Capital Letters

 Every sentence starts with a capital. as;
 Zaid is a boy.
 Come here.
 Are you ill?
 Alas! My cat is dead.
 First letter of every of a poem's stanza is capital. as;
All things bright and beautiful,
All creatures great and small,
All things wise and wonderful,
The excellent creator made them all.
 Pronoun 'I' is always written in capital.
 I am ready.
 You know that I am honest.
 Capital letters are used in Abbreviations
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Μ.Α. Β.Α. S.D.O.

 Proper Nouns always start with a capital letter.
Salman, Gujarat, India, April, Saturday, Qutub Minar etc.
Exercise 41
Punctuate these sentences using capital letters where necessary ‒
Examples: a. i know zaid very well. Ans. I know Zaid very well.
b. zaid and tahir are good Ans. Zaid and Tahir are good.
c. are you ill Ans. Are you ill?
1. my name is tahir 8. he is going to patna
2. i live in bihar 9. it was march
3. it was sunday 10. are you ready
4. zaid, ali and shifa are playing 11. what is your name
5. shareef bhai is an mp 12. i am abdo
6. saleem s cow is ill 13. this is sahal s pen
7. alas my cat is dead 14. is this zaid

23. Degrees of Comparison

To understand Degrees of Comparison, read the following sentences -
 Zaid is a tall boy.
 Saleem is taller than Zaid.
 Sahal is the tallest boy in the class.
In the above sentences 'tall', 'taller' and 'tallest' are different forms of the adjective tall.
In the first sentence 'tall' is used simply as an adjective. In the second sentence 'taller' shows
the comparison of heights of two boys. And in the third sentence 'tallest' shows the
superiority in height in his class. It is clear that, adjectives change in the forms (tall, taller,
tallest) to show comparison. They are called the three Degree of Comparison. They are
 Positive Degree
 Comparative Degree
 Superlative Degree
1. Positive Degree: When an adjective is in its simple form, it is said to be in the positive
degree.
Examples: good, old, fat, strong, slowly,MAKTAB
tall etc.FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
38

 Zainab is a good girl.

 My brother is strong.
 He is an old man.
 He runs slowly.
 Zaid is very fat.
 She is tall.
2. Comparative Degree: When an adjective is used to compare the same quality of two
persons, places, animals or things together, it is said to be in the comparative degree.
Examples: better, older, bigger, sweeter, stronger, more slowly etc.
 Sahal runs more slowly than Zaid. [person]
 My village is smaller than his village. [place]
 The white cat is older than the black cat. [animal]
 This pen is better than that pen. [thing]
3. Superlative Degree: When an adjective or adverb is used for a particular person,
place, animal or thing, to express its superiority in its class it is said to be in the
superlative degree.
Examples: best, oldest, strongest, most slowly etc.
 Zaid is the best boy in the class. [person]
 Uttar Pradesh is the biggest state of India. [place]
 The elephant is the strongest animal. [animal]
 This is the oldest tree in my garden. [thing]
Formation of Comparative and Superlative Degrees
A. Positive Comparative (+er) Superlative (+est)
small smaller smallest
tall taller tallest
old older oldest
clever cleverer cleverest
poor poorer poorest
rich richer richest
strong stronger strongest
high higher highest
MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
 39

fast faster fastest

weak weaker weakest
sweet sweeter sweetest
kind kinder kindest
dark darker darkest
great greater greatest
young younger youngest
bright brighter brightest
cold colder coldest
B. Positive Comparative (+ r) Superlative (+ st)
wise wiser wisest
brave braver bravest
large larger largest
white whiter whitest
fine finer finest
C. When positive ends in a consonant and before it there is a vowel, then the final
consonant is doubled and 'er' or 'est' is added to to form comparative and superlative.
Positive Comparative (+ er) Superlative (+ est)
red redder reddest
big bigger biggest
hot hotter hottest
fat fatter fattest
sad sadder saddest
D. When positive ends in a consonant and before it there is 'y', then 'y' is replaced with 'i'
and 'er' or 'est' is added to to form comparative and superlative respectively.
Positive Comparative Superlative
happy happier happiest
easy easier easiest
heavy heavier heaviest
dirty dirtier dirtiest

MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083

40

E. All adjectives of two or more than two syllables form their Comparative and Superlative
by adding 'more' and 'most' respectively.
Positive Comparative Superlative
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
useful more useful most useful
intelligent more intelligent most intelligent
laborious more laborious most laborious
careful more careful most careful

F. There are some adjectives which have new complete new words for their Comparative
and Superlative degree.
Positive Comparative (+ er) Superlative (+ est)
good better best
bad worse worst
much more most
many more most
little less least
Exercise 42
Make Comparative and Superlative Degrees of the following words -
old, poor, rich, strong, fast, wise, brave, hot, red, fat, happy, careful, good, many.

24. Verb Forms

There are mainly five types of verb forms.
Verb Form (Verb = V) Examples
Infinitive V1 go, eat, laugh, take, break etc.
Past Tense V2 went, ate, laughed, took, broke etc.
Past Participle V3 gone, eaten, laughed, taken, broken etc.
Present Participle V4 going, eating, laughing, taking, breaking etc.
with 's'/'es' V5 goes, eats, laughs, takes, breaks etc.

Study the verb forms of some verbs:

V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
 41

go went gone going goes

eat ate eaten eating eats

laugh laughed laughed laughing laughs
take took taken taking takes
sleep slept slept sleeping sleeps
cut cut cut cutting cuts
put put put putting puts
 By studying the above forms of verb it is clear that the root form of any the verb is V1,
by adding '-ing' we get V4 and by adding '-s/-es' we get V5.
VI V4 V5

go going goes
eat eating eats
laugh laughing laughs
read reading reads
cut cutting cuts
put putting puts
 There are some verbs which have their V1, V2 and V3 same.
V1 V2 V3
cut cut cut
put put put
shut shut shut
hurt hurt hurt
hit hit hit
 There are some verbs which have their V2 and V3 same.
V1 V2 V3
bring brought brought
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
make made made
pay paid paid
sell sold soldMAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
42

sleep slept slept

 Many of the verbs are such that, their V2 and V3 are made by adding 'd/ed' at their
ends.
V1 V2 V3
laugh laughed laughed
work worked worked
clean cleaned cleaned
advise advised advised
call called called
walk walked walked
jump jumped jumped
help helped helped
love loved loved
want wanted wanted
 There are many verbs which have their V2 and V3 totally different. We can't remember
them without memorizing.
V1 V2 V3
eat ate eaten
go went gone
break broke broken
know knew known
see saw seen
write wrote written

Exercise 43
Draw a table and write V1, V2, V3, V4, and V5 of the following verbs
go, eat, read, cut, sleep, laugh, love, see, write, take, advise, cook, drink, give, talk, walk,
run, fight, know, study

25. Tenses
Tense: Tense is correlated with time, status and the degree of an action. They are of
three types:
MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
 43

 Present Tense
 Past Tense
 Future Tense
 Then every tense has its four sub-types.
a. Simple/Indefinite
b. Continuous/Imperfect/Progressive
c. Perfect/Definite
d. Perfect Continuous
We will study all the types in this chapter.

PRESENT TENSE
 It expresses that the action is done at the present time. Its sub-types are given below.
 Simple/Indefinite Present Tense
 Present Continuous/Imperfect/Progressive Tense
 Present Perfect/Definite Tense
 Present Perfect Continuous Tense
1. Simple Present Tense
It is used to express what is actually happening at present moment or habits or a
universal truth.
Examples -
 The cow eats grass.
 The students study in the class.
 My mother loves me.
 He goes to school.
In the above sentences the verbs 'eats', 'study', 'loves' and 'goes' denote Simple Present
Tense.
Formula of Simple Present Tense = Sub. + V1 / V5
(Sub. = Subject)
Person Singular Plural
First Person I eat an apple. We eat apples.
Second Person You eat an apple. You eat apples.
Third Person He/She/It/Zaid eatsMAKTAB
an apple.FAIZAN-E-ATTAR
They/The boys eatJBP
apples.
8120192083
44

Note 1: If the subject is I / We/ You / They / Plural nouns then verb for V1 is used.
Note 2: If the subject is He / She / It / Singular nouns then verb for V5 is used.
Exercise 44
Choose the correct verb form from the brackets and fill in the blanks -
1. I ________. (laugh, laughs)
2. We ________. (play, plays)
3. You ________. (loves, love)
4. He ________ English. (read, reads)
5. She ________ me. (helps, help)
6. They ________ to Patna. (go, goes)
7. The Lion ________ meat. (eat, eats)
8. Cows ________ grass. (eat, eats)
9. Zaid ________ a book. (reads, read)
10. Zaid and Sara ________ a book. (reads, read)
11. My mother ________ food. (cook, cooks)
12. My cats ________. (jump, jumps)
13. The rabbit ________. (jump, jumps)
2. Present Continuous Tense
It is used to express that the action is going on and not yet completed.
Examples:
 I am eating.
 She is laughing.
 They are reading.
 The boys are playing.
In the above sentences the verbs 'am eating', 'is laughing' and 'are reading' denote
Present Continuous Tense.
Formula of Present Continuous Tense = Sub. + am / is / are + V4.
Person Singular Plural
First Person I am eating an apple. We are eating apples.
Second Person You are eating an apple. You are eating apples.
Third Person He/She/It/Zaid is eating an apple. FAIZAN-E-ATTAR
MAKTAB They/The boys areJBP
eating apples.
8120192083
 45

Note 1: If the subject is 'I' then 'am' helping verb is used with the verb form V4. And if
the subject is He / She / It / Singular nouns then 'is' helping verb is used with the verb
form V4.
Note 2: If the subject is We / You / They / Plural nouns then 'are' helping verb is used
with the verb form V4.
Exercise 45
Choose the correct verb form from the brackets and fill in the blanks -
1. I ________ playing. (is, am, are) 9. We ________ reading. (is, are)
2. You ________ eating. (is, are) 10. She ________ working. (is, are)
3. He ________ laughing. (is, are) 11. It ________ crying. (is, are)
4. Zaid ________ running. (is, are) 12. They ________ walking. (is, are)
5. My dogs ________ running. (is, are) 13. The cow ________ eating. (is, are)
6. The cows ________ eating. (is, are) 14. My dog ________ running. (is, are)
7. We ________ going to Bombay. 15. They ________ coming now.
8. Zaid and his brother ________ running. (is, are)
3. Present Perfect Tense
It is used to express that an action has started in the past and completed just before the
present time.
 I have eaten.
 You have read.
 Rabiya has cooked food.
 They have gone.
In the above sentences the verbs 'have eaten', 'have read', has cooked' and 'have gone'
denote Present Perfect Tense.
Formula of Present Perfect Tense = Sub. + has / have + V3.
Person Singular Plural
First Person I have eaten an apple. We have eaten apples.
Second Person You have eaten an apple. You have eaten apples.
Third Person He/She/It/Zaid has eaten an apple. They/The boys have eaten apples.

Note: If the subject is He / She / It / Singular nouns then 'has' helping verb is used with
the verb form V3. And if, the subject I / We / You / They
MAKTAB / Plural nouns
FAIZAN-E-ATTAR then
JBP 'have' helping
8120192083
46

verb is used with the verb form V3.

Exercise 46
Choose the correct verb form from the brackets and fill in the blanks -
1. I ________ eaten. (have, has) 9. We ________ played. (have, has)
2. You ________ worked. (have, has) 10. He ________ gone. (have, has)
3. She ________ come. (have, has) 11. It ________ eaten. (have, has)
4. Sara ________ slept. (have, has) 12. They ________ worked. (have, has)
5. The boy ________ written. (have, has) 13. The boys ________ gone. (have, has)
6. Your dog ________ slept. (have, has) 14. Your dogs ________ slept. (have, has)
7. The dogs ________ slept. (have, has) 15. The dog ________ slept. (have, has)
8. Sara and Raziya ________ slept. (have, has)
Note: When two nouns come with a conjunction, they are treated as plural. And we
will use 'have' helping verb for them. Such as; Zaid and Saleem have slept.
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
It is used to express that and action started in the past and is still going on at present
time.
Examples:
 I have been eating.
 We have been reading.
 You have been working.
 He has been saying.
In the above sentences the verbs 'have been eating', 'have been reading', 'have been
working' and 'has been saying' denote Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
Formula of Present Perfect Continuous Tense = Sub. + has / have + been + V4.
Person Singular Plural
First Person I have been reading a book. We have been reading books.
Second Person You have been reading a book. You have been reading books.
Third Person He/She/It/Zaid has been reading a book. They/The boys have been reading books.

Exercise 47
Fill in the blanks with have been / has been -
1. I ________ playing. 7. MAKTAB
Mariya ________ walking.
FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
 47

2. We ________ reading. 8. Mariya and Saniya ________ doing.

3. You ________ sleeping. 9. The teacher ________ teaching.
4. He ________ working. 10. The teachers ________ teaching.
5. She ________ singing. 11. The boy ________ playing.
6. It ________ working. 12. The boys ________ playing.
Note: Sometimes we use 'for' and 'since' in perfect continuous tense. You
will study their difference in higher classes.
PAST TENSE
 It expresses that the action is done in the past time. Its sub-types are given below.
 Simple Past Tense
 Past Continuous Tense
 Past Perfect Tense
 Past Perfect Continuous Tense
5. Simple Past Tense
It is used to express an action that happened in the past. The time for this action in the
past is not fixed.
Examples:
 I went.
 They worked.
 Zaid wrote a letter.
 She came.
 Father came.
In the above sentences the verbs 'went', 'worked', 'wrote' and 'came' denote Simple Past
Tense.
Formula of Simple Past Tense = Sub. + V2 / was + V2.
Person Singular Plural
First Person I ate an apple. We ate apples.
Second Person You ate an apple. You ate apples.
Third Person He/She/It/Zaid ate an apple. They/The boys ate apples.

Exercise 48
Choose the correct verb form of V2 fromMAKTAB
the brackets and fillJBP
FAIZAN-E-ATTAR in8120192083
the blanks -
48

1. I ________ to school. (go, goes, went)

2. She ________ yesterday. (come, comes, came)
3. You ________ the glass. (break, broke, breaks)
4. We ________ a lion. (see, saw)
5. Zaid ________ a snake. (kill, killed)
6. I ________ there. (am, was have)
7. He ________ a lot. (cry, cried, cries)
Note: You will study the use of 'was' in Simple Past Tense in higher classes.
6. Past Continuous Tense
It is used to express that an action was in progress in the past. In other words, an
action was going on in the past.
Examples:
 I was eating.
 We were running.
 You were doing your work.
 It was raining.
In the above sentences the verbs 'was eating', 'were running', 'were doing' and 'was
raining' are in Past Continuous Tense.
Formula of Past Continuous Tense = Sub. + was/were + V4
Person Singular Plural
First Person I was eating an apple. We were eating apples.
Second Person You were eating an apple. You were eating apples.
Third Person He/She/It/Zaid was eating an apple. They/The boys were eating apples.

Note 1: If the subject I/ He / She / It / Singular nouns then 'was' helping verb is used
with the verb form V4.

Note 2: If the subject is We / You / They / Plural nouns then 'were' helping verb is
used with the verb form V4.
Exercise 49
Fill in the Blanks with was and were -
1. I ________ playing. 9. Zaid and Moin ________ sleeping.
2. We ________ singing. 10.MAKTAB
The bird ________ flying.
FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
 49

3. You ________ walking. 11. The birds ________ flying.

4. He ________ running. 12. They ________ swimming.
5. She ________ cooking. 13. Two boys ________ going.
6. It ________ crying. 14. Four boys ________ going.
7. Saleem ________ doing. 15. A boy ________ going.
8. They ________ talking. 16. This boy ________ taking rest.
7. Past Perfect Tense
It is used to express that an action had been completed before another action started.
This is the only tense that carries two past verbs. Some times there may be only one verb in a
sentence, it is not always necessary to have two verbs.
For example, If we say ‒ The patient had died before the doctor came. It means that
two actions happened in the past. First the death of patient and second the arrival of Doctor.
But the death of patient was completed first. Hence the verb 'had died' will be called Past
Perfect Tense.
Examples:
 The train had departed before I reached the station.
 He had gone before I came.
 I had reached the school before the bell rang.
In the above sentences the verbs 'had departed', 'had gone' and 'had reached' denote
Past Perfect Tense.
Formula of Past Perfect Tense = Sub. + had + V3
Person Singular Plural
First Person I had eaten an apple. We had eaten apples.
Second Person You had eaten an apple. You had eaten apples.
Third Person He/She/It/Zaid had eaten an apple. They/The boys had eaten apples.

Exercise 50

Make the past perfect form of the verbs given in the brackets -
Example: I ________. (eat) Ans. I had eaten.
1. I ________. (read) 6. We ________. (go)
2. You ________. (work) 7. He ________. (play)
3. She ________. (know) 8. They ________. (teach)
MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
50

4. The cow ________. (eat) 9. The cows ________. (eat)

5. It ________. (eat) 10. My father ________. (write).
8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
It is used to express that an action was continued in the past for a known period of
time.
Examples:
 It had been raining for two days.
 They had been teaching for two years.
 She had been sleeping since morning
In the above sentences the verbs 'had been playing', 'had been teaching' and 'had been
sleeping' denote Past Perfect Continuous Tense.
Formula of Past Perfect Continuous Tense = Sub. + had + been + V4.
Person Singular Plural
First Person I had been reading a book. We had been reading books.
Second Person You had been reading a book. You had been reading books.
Third Person He/She/It/Zaid had been reading a book. They/The boys had been reading books.

Exercise 51
Make the past perfect form of the verbs given in the brackets -
Examples: a. I ________. (eat) Ans. I had been eating.
b. I ________ here for two years. (live) Ans. I had been living here for two years.
1. I ________. (play)
2. He ________. (read)
3. Sara ________. (cook)
4. They ________. (work)
5. Zaid ________ there for two years. (live)
6. We ________ for two hours. (play)
7. Rashid ________ since 2019. (study)
FUTURE TENSE
 It is used to express that an action will be done in future. Its sub-types are given below.
 Future Past Tense
 Future Continuous Tense MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
 51

 Future Perfect Tense

 Future Perfect Continuous Tense
9. Simple Future Tense
It is used to express that an action will be simply carried out in future.
Examples:
 I shall go.
 We shall work.
 You will read.
 She will come.
In the above sentences the verbs 'shall go', 'shall work', 'will read' and 'will come' denote
Simple Future Tense.
Formula of Simple Future Tense = Sub. + will / shall + V1
Person Singular Plural
First Person I will eat an apple. We will eat apples.
Second Person You will eat an apple. You will eat apples.
Third Person He/She/It/Zaid will eat an apple. They/The boys will eat apples.

Note: You will study the difference between will and shall in higher classes.
Exercise 52
Choose the correct verb form from the brackets and fill in the blanks -
1. I will ________. (do, does)
2. We shall ________. (come, came,)
3. You will ________ to school. (going, go)
4. He shall ________ tomorrow. (left, leave)
5. They will ________ us. (helps, help)
6. The cow will ________. (graze, grazed)
7. The cows will ________ milk. (given, give)
8. I shall ________ my cake. (have, had)
9. You will ________. (go, gone)
10. He will ________. (cry, cries)
11. We shall ________. (work, works)
12. My father shall ________. (came, come) MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
52

10. Future Continuous Tense

It is used to express that an action will be going on in future at some point in future.
 I shall be reading.
 We shall be coming.
 You will be sleeping.
 They will be working.
In the above sentences the verbs 'shall be reading', 'shall be coming', 'will be sleeping'
and 'will be working' denote Future Continuous Tense.
Formula of Future Continuous Tense = Sub. + shall / will + be + V4
Person Singular Plural
First Person I will be eating an apple. We will be eating apples.
Second Person You will be eating an apple. You will be eating apples.
Third Person He/She/It/Zaid will be eating an apple. They/The boys will be eating apples.

Exercise 53
Make the future continuous form of the verbs given in the brackets -
Examples: a. I ________. (sleep) Ans. I shall be sleeping.
b. He ________. (go) Ans. He will be going.
c. They ________. (play) Ans. They will be playing.
1. I ________. (cook) 5. She ________. (wait)
2. We ________. (play) 6. Zaid ________. (sleep)
3. You ________. (read) 7. The boy ________. (walk)
4. He ________. (write) 8. The teachers ________. (teach)
11. Future Perfect Tense
It is used to express that an action will be completed at some point in future.
Examples:
 I shall have read.
 You will have slept.
 Zaid will have written.
 He will have gone.
In the above sentences the verbs 'shall have read', 'will have slept', 'will have written' and
'will have gone' denote Future Perfect Tense. MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
 53

Formula of Future Perfect Tense = Sub. + will / shall + have + V3

Person Singular Plural
First Person I will have eaten an apple. We will have eaten apples.
Second Person You will have eaten an apple. You will have eaten apples.
Third Person He/She/It/Zaid will have eaten an apple. They/The boys will have eaten apples.

Exercise 54
Change the verbs given in the bracket into Future Perfect Tense and complete
the sentences -
Examples: a. I ________. (go) Ans. I shall have gone.
b. She ________. (write) Ans. She will have written.
1. I ________. (read) 6. The boy ________. (come)
2. We ________. (play) 7. The boys ________. (run)
3. Yo ________. (do) 8. Saleem ________. (work)
4. She ________. (speak) 9. Zaid ________. (write)
5. They ________. (travel) 10. The girls ________. (cook)
12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
It is used to express that an action will start from a fixed point in future, and will be
continuing to some point.
Examples:
 I shall have been studying from morning.
 He will have been playing from tomorrow.
 They will have been traveling for three days.
Formula of Future Perfect Continuous Tense = Sub. + will / shall + have + been + V4
Person Singular Plural
First Person I will have been reading a book. We will have been reading books.
Second You will have been reading a book. You will have been reading books.
Person
Third Person He/She/It/Zaid will have been reading a book. They/The boys will have been reading books.

Exercise 55
Change the verbs given in the bracket into Future Perfect Continuous Tense and
complete the sentences -
MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
54

1. I ________. (sleep) 6. Zaid ________. (wait)

2. We ________. (work) 7. They ________. (travel)
3. You ________. (play) 8. The cat ________ milk. (drink)
4. He ________. (write) 9. The boy ________ for two hours. (read)
5. She ________. (walk) 10. I ________ from Monday. (teach)

26. Changing into Negative

Affirmative Sentence: The sentence which does not have 'no', 'not', 'never' etc are
called affirmative sentences.
Negative Sentence: The sentence which have 'no', 'not', 'never' etc are called
negative sentences.
The rules to convert the sentence from affirmative to negative are as follows:
 Usually 'not' is placed after am, is, are, was were, shall, will, can, may, should, must to
make negative sentence.
Affirmative Negative
I am ready. I am not ready.
He is coming. He is not coming.
I shall go. I shall not go.
 'No' and 'not' both are used after 'has', 'have' and 'had'. If there is an article, a verb or a
number after have / has / had then we use 'not'. And if there is a noun after have / has /
had then we use 'no'.
Affirmative Negative
I have eaten. I have not eaten.
He has a car. He has not a car.
I have four cars. I have not four cars.
He had cars. He had no cars.
I have black ink. I have no black ink.
Exercise 56
Change the verbs into negative ‒
1. I am poor. 16. He has gone.
2. I am a boy. 17. I have eaten.
3. I am reading. 18.MAKTAB
Zaid had played.
FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
 55

4. You are rich. 19. They have walked.

5. You are students. 20. I have a car.
6. She is a girl. 21. We have a cow.
7. Zaid is reading. 22. He has a bicycle.
8. He was happy. 23. Zaid had a horse.
9. They were playing. 24. I have milk.
10. We shall play. 25. We had gold.
11. Zaid will read. 27. He has books.
12. He should go. 28.1 have red pens.
13. You must work. 29. He had red ink.
14. The boys should play. 30. She has a red pen.
 When the verb is in V1 form like eat, go, laugh etc, then we use 'do not' / 'don't'.
Affirmative Negative
I eat. I do not eat.
You read a book. You do not read a book.
Cats kill rats. Cats don't kill rats.
 When the verb is in V5 form like eats, goes, laughs etc, then we use 'does not' /
'doesn't'.
Affirmative Negative
Zaid laughs. Zaid does not laugh.
She reads a book. She doesn't read a book.
Note: When 'do/does' is used then s/es is never added to the verb.
 When the verb is in V2 form like ate, went, laughed etc, then we use 'did not' / 'didn't'.
Affirmative Negative
I went I did not go.
She laughed. She did not laugh.
Mohan went. Mohan did not go.
Exercise 57
Change the verbs into the negative ‒
1. I eat. 11. He eats.
2. We go. 12. She sings.
MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083
56

3. You read. 13. Zaid plays.

4. They play. 14. The cow eats.
5. The boys dance. 15. The boy laughs.
6. Cows graze. 16. He reads a book.
7. They laugh. 17. She goes to market.
8. I go to market. 18. My father teaches.
9. You eat rice. 19. He helps me.
10. Cats eat meat. 20. Zaid knows me.
Exercise 58
Change into negative sentences ‒
1. I played. 7. They worked.
2. We worked. 8. The boys played.
3. You laughed. 9. The boy helped.
4. He went. 10. I went to school.
5. She ate. 11. He read a book.
6. Zaid played. 12. I helped him.

27. Changing into Interrogative

Assertive Sentences: Declarative sentences that make a statement, which can be
either positive or negative, are called assertive sentences.
Interrogative Sentences: The sentences that ask questions are called Interrogative
sentences.
Auxiliary Verbs: Auxiliary verbs help us to form an expression or a tense. They are;
am, is, are, was were, have, has had, shall, will, can, could, may, should, would, must, do, does,
did.
 Auxiliaries are placed in the beginning of sentences to make the sentence interrogative.
Assertive Interrogative
I am late. Am I late?
I have a car. Have I a car?
He was absent. Was he absent?
She will not come. Will she not come?
He does not know. Does he not know?
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Exercise 59
Change the verbs into the interrogative ‒
1. I am rich. 14. You will answer.
2. I am reading. 15. He can do.
3. I am a thief. 16. I should laugh.
4. He is a student. 17. She must go.
5. You are playing. 18. I am not reading.
6. They are ready. 19. He is not playing.
7. You are students. 20. We have not eaten.
8. I have a car. 21. He was not absent.
9. You have eaten. 22. The boy was not playing.
10. He was absent. 23. I shall not do.
11. She was sleeping. 24. He should not come.
12. They had gone. 25. You cannot run.
13. Zaid will come. 26. He must not go.
 If the auxiliary verb is not there in the sentence and the verb is in V1 form, then 'Do' is
placed in the beginning of the sentence.
Assertive Interrogative
I eat. Do I eat?
They laugh. Do they laugh?
Boys play. Do boys play?
My cows eat. Do my cows eat?
 If the auxiliary verb is not there in the sentence and the verb is in V5 form, then 'Does'
is placed in the beginning of the sentence.
Assertive Interrogative
She reads. Does she read?
Zaid laughs. Does Zaid laugh?
The cow eats grass. Does the cow eat grass?
 If the auxiliary verb is not there in the sentence and the verb is in V2 form, then 'Did' is
placed in the beginning of the sentence.
Assertive Interrogative
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He laughed. Did he laugh?

They killed a tiger. Did they kill a tiger?
The boys went there. Did the boys go there?
Exercise 60
Change the verbs into the interrogative ‒
1. I play. 9. Cows graze.
2. We sing. 10. You go to school.
3. You read. 11. They live here.
4. They dance. 12. They went.
5. She dances. 13. We danced.
6. The cow eats. 14. He worked.
7. Zaid goes to school. 15. Sara laughed.
8. He plays. 16. They killed a snake.

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MAKTAB FAIZAN-E-ATTAR JBP 8120192083