C++ Programming
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Introduction to C++
C++ is a general-purpose programming language that was developed as an
enhancement of the C language to include object-oriented paradigm. It is an
imperative and a compiled language.
C++ is a high-level, general-purpose programming language designed for
system and application
programming.
One of the key features of
C++ is its ability to support
low-level, system-level
programming, making it
suitable for developing
operating systems, device
drivers, and other system
software.
C++ has a large, active community of developers and users, and a wealth
of resources and tools available for learning and using the language.
Applications of C++:
C++ finds varied usage in applications such as:
Operating Systems & Systems Programming. e.g. Linux-based OS
(Ubuntu etc.)
Browsers (Chrome & Firefox)
Graphics & Game engines (Photoshop, Blender, Unreal-Engine)
Database Engines (MySQL, MongoDB, Redis etc.)
Cloud/Distributed Systems
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C++ Programming
Features of C++
Simple
C++ is a simple language because it provides a structured approach (to break
the problem into parts), a rich set of library functions, data types, etc.
Abstract Data types
In C++, complex data types called Abstract Data Types (ADT) can be created
using classes.
Portable
C++ is a portable language and programs made in it can be run on different
machines.
Mid-level / Intermediate programming language
C++ includes both low-level programming and high-level language so it is
known as a mid-level and intermediate programming language. It is used to
develop system applications such as kernel, driver, etc.
Structured programming language
C++ is a structured programming language. In this we can divide the program
into several parts using functions.
Rich Library
C++ provides a lot of inbuilt functions that make the development fast.
Following are the libraries used in C++ programming are:
o <iostream>
o <cmath>
o <cstdlib>
o <fstream>
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C++ Programming
Memory Management
C++ provides very efficient management techniques. The various memory
management operators help save the memory and improve the program's
efficiency. These operators allocate and deallocate memory at run time.
Some common memory management operators available C++ are new,
delete etc.
Pointer
C++ provides the feature of pointers. We can use pointers for memory,
structures, functions, array, etc. We can directly interact with the memory
by using the pointers.
Object-Oriented
In C++, object-oriented concepts like data hiding, encapsulation, and data
abstraction can easily be implemented using keyword class, private, public,
and protected access specifiers. Object-oriented makes development and
maintenance easier.
Compiler based
C++ is a compiler-based programming language, which means no C++
program can be executed without compilation. C++ compiler is easily
available, and it requires very little space for storage. First, we need to
compile our program using a compiler, and then we can execute our
program.
Reusability
With the use of inheritance of functions programs written in C++ can be
reused in any other program of C++. You can save program parts into library
files and invoke them in your next programming projects simply by including
the library files.
Errors are easily detected
It is easier to maintain a C++ programs as errors can be easily located and
rectified. It also provides a feature called exception handling to support error
handling in your program.
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C++ Programming
The list of arguments of every function call is typed checked during
compilation. If there is a type mismatch between actual and formal
arguments, implicit conversion is applied if possible.
History of C++
C++ programming language was developed in 1980 by Bjarne Stroustrup
at bell laboratories of AT&T (American Telephone & Telegraph), located
in U.S.A.
Bjarne Stroustrup is known as the founder of C++ language.
It was develop for adding a feature of OOP (Object Oriented
Programming) in C without significantly changing the C component.
C++ programming is "relative" (called a superset) of C, it means any valid
C program is also a valid C++ program
Let's see the programming languages that were developed before C++ language.
Language Year Developed By
Algol 1960 International Group
BCPL 1967 Martin Richard
B 1970 Ken Thompson
Traditional C 1972 Dennis Ritchie
K&RC 1978 Kernighan & Dennis Ritchie
C++ 1980 Bjarne Stroustrup
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C++ Programming
Difference between C and C++
No. C C++
1) C follows the procedural style C++ is multi-paradigm. It supports
programming. both procedural and object oriented.
2) Data is less secured in C. In C++, you can use modifiers for class
members to make it inaccessible for
outside users.
3) C follows the top-down C++ follows the bottom-up approach.
approach.
4) C does not support function C++ supports function overloading.
overloading.
5) In C, you can't use functions in In C++, you can use functions in
structure. structure.
6) C does not support reference C++ supports reference variables.
variables.
7) In C, scanf() and printf() are C++ mainly uses stream cin and
mainly used for input/output. cout to perform input and output
operations.
8) Operator overloading is not Operator overloading is possible in
possible in C. C++.
9) C programs are divided C++ programs are divided
into procedures and modules into functions and classes.
10) C does not provide the feature of C++ supports the feature of
namespace. namespace.
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C++ Programming
11) Exception handling is not easy in C++ provides exception handling
C. It has to perform using other using Try and Catch block.
functions.
12) C does not support the C++ supports inheritance.
inheritance.
Let’s see the First Program of C++
#include <iostream>
int main() {
std::cout << "Topper World!" << std::endl;
return 0;
}
Output:
Topper World
Advantages of C++:
Performance: C++ is a compiled language, which means that its code is
compiled into machine-readable code, making it one of the fastest
programming languages.
Object-Oriented Programming: C++ supports object-oriented
programming, which makes it easier to write and maintain large, complex
applications.
Standard Template Library (STL): The STL provides a wide range of
algorithms and data structures for working with data, making it easier to
write efficient and effective code.
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C++ Programming
Machine Independent: C++ is not tied to any hardware or processor. If the
compiler compiles the program in the system, it will be able to run no
matter what the hardware is.
Large Community: C++ has a large, active community of developers and
users, providing a wealth of resources and support for learning and using
the language.
Disadvantages of C++:
Steep Learning Curve: C++ can be challenging to learn, especially for
beginners, due to its complexity and the number of concepts that need to
be understood.
Verbose Syntax: C++ has a verbose syntax, which can make code longer
and more difficult to read and maintain.
Error-Prone: C++ provides low-level access to system resources, which can
lead to subtle errors that are difficult to detect and fix.
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