DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of the course is to
● Introduce database management systems and to give a good formal foundation on the
relational model of data and usage of Relational Algebra
● Introduce the concepts of basic SQL as a universal Database language
1. Demonstrate the principles relational calculus to perform database queries.
2. Implement grouping, aggregation, ordering in queries, different types of joins, and define both
updatable and non-updatable views.
3. Apply the concept of functional dependency and different normal forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF).
4. Understand the concept of transactions, ACID properties, and serializability. They will also
learn about concurrent execution, recoverability, and isolation, alongside advanced concepts like
deadlocks and recovery algorithms.
UNIT I:Introduction: Database system, Characteristics (Database Vs File System), Database
Users, Advantages of Database systems, Database applications. Brief introduction of different Data
Models; Concepts of Schema, Instance and data independence; Three tier schema architecture for
data independence; Database system structure, environment, Centralized and Client Server
architecture for the database.
Entity Relationship Model: Introduction, Representation of entities, attributes, entity set,
relationship, relationship set, constraints, sub classes, super class, inheritance, specialization,
generalization using ER Diagrams.
Unit II: Relational Model: Introduction to relational model, concepts of domain, attribute, tuple,
relation, importance of null values, constraints (Domain, Key constraints, integrity constraints) and
their importance, Relational Algebra, Relational Calculus. BASIC SQL:Simple Database schema,
data types, table definitions (create, alter), different DML operations (insert, delete, update).
UNIT III: SQL:Basic SQL querying (select and project) using where clause, arithmetic & logical
operations, SQL functions(Date and Time, Numeric, String conversion).Creating tables with
relationship, implementation of key and integrity constraints, nested queries, sub queries, grouping,
aggregation, ordering, implementation of different types of joins, view(updatable and non-
updatable), relational set operations.
UNIT IV: Schema Refinement (Normalization):Purpose of Normalization or schema refinement,
concept of functional dependency, normal forms based on functional dependency Lossless join and
dependency preserving decomposition, (1NF, 2NF and 3 NF), concept of surrogate key, Boyce-
Codd normal form(BCNF), MVD, Fourth normal form(4NF), Fifth Normal Form (5NF).
UNIT V:Transaction Concept: Transaction State, ACID properties, Concurrent Executions,
Serializability, Recoverability, Implementation of Isolation, Testing for Serializability, lock based,
time stamp based, optimistic, concurrency protocols, Deadlocks, Failure Classification, Storage,
Recovery and Atomicity, Recovery algorithm.
Introduction to Indexing Techniques: B+ Trees, operations on B+Trees, Hash Based Indexing:
Text Books:
1. Database Management Systems, 3rd edition, Raghurama Krishnan, Johannes Gehrke, TMH
(For Chapters 2, 3, 4)
2. Database System Concepts,5th edition, Silberschatz, Korth, Sudarsan,TMH (For Chapter 1
and Chapter 5)
Reference Books:
1. Introduction to Database Systems, 8thedition, C J Date, Pearson.
2. Database Management System, 6th edition, RamezElmasri, Shamkant B. Navathe, Pearson
Database Principles Fundamentals of Design Implementation and Management, Corlos Coronel, Steven
Morris, Peter Robb, Cengage Learning
