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? System Design Basics

The document outlines the basics of system design, highlighting key components such as load balancers, databases, caches, message queues, and API gateways, along with design principles like scalability, availability, latency, and consistency. It also covers fundamental concepts in computer networks, including the OSI model and protocols like TCP and HTTP. Additionally, it delves into data structures, focusing on trees and graphs, their types, and relevant algorithms.

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25 views2 pages

? System Design Basics

The document outlines the basics of system design, highlighting key components such as load balancers, databases, caches, message queues, and API gateways, along with design principles like scalability, availability, latency, and consistency. It also covers fundamental concepts in computer networks, including the OSI model and protocols like TCP and HTTP. Additionally, it delves into data structures, focusing on trees and graphs, their types, and relevant algorithms.

Uploaded by

fowzizinnov
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

🔧 System Design Basics

System Design is how you architect complex systems like apps,


websites, or services to handle scale, reliability, and performance.

🔹 Key Components:

1. Load Balancer – Distributes traffic across multiple servers to avoid


overload.

2. Database – Stores persistent data (SQL for structured, NoSQL for


flexibility).

3. Cache – Stores frequently used data (e.g., Redis, Memcached) to


reduce DB load.

4. Message Queue – (e.g., Kafka, RabbitMQ) used for asynchronous


communication between services.

5. API Gateway – A single entry point for APIs (e.g., authentication,


rate limiting).

🔹 Design Principles:

 Scalability: Can the system handle more users/data? (Horizontal


scaling = adding machines)

 Availability: Is the system always up and running?

 Latency: How fast is the system's response?

 Consistency: Are all parts of the system up-to-date with the same
data?

🔹 Common Questions:

 Design Instagram

 Design a URL shortener like [Link]

 Design YouTube comment system

🌐 Computer Networks

Understanding how devices communicate over the internet is core CS


knowledge.

🔹 OSI Model (7 Layers):

1. Physical – Hardware (cables, switches)

2. Data Link – MAC address, switches


3. Network – IP address, routers

4. Transport – TCP/UDP

5. Session – Connections (authentication)

6. Presentation – Data format (encryption, compression)

7. Application – User interface (HTTP, FTP, DNS)

🔹 Protocols:

 TCP – Reliable connection (used in email, web)

 UDP – Faster, no guarantee (used in video streaming, gaming)

 HTTP/HTTPS – Used by websites

 DNS – Converts domain names to IP addresses

💾 Data Structures in Depth

🔹 Trees:

 Binary Tree: Each node has 2 children max

 Binary Search Tree (BST): Left < Node < Right

 AVL Tree: Self-balancing BST

 Trie: Used for word search/autocomplete

🔹 Graphs:

 Represent networks (social media, maps)

 Can be directed/undirected, weighted/unweighted

 Traversal algorithms: BFS, DFS

 Applications: Shortest path (Dijkstra), Cycle detection, Topological


sort

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