Module 1 – Understanding Linux Concepts

 What is Linux:
Linux is a powerful and flexible family of operating systems that are free to use and share.
It was created by a person named Linus Torvalds in 1991. What’s cool is that anyone can
see how the system works because its source code is open for everyone to explore and
modify. This openness encourages people from all over the world to work together and
make Linux better and better. Since its beginning, Linux has grown into a stable and safe
system used in many different things, like computers, smartphones, and big
supercomputers. It’s known for being efficient, meaning it can do a lot of tasks quickly,
and it’s also cost-effective, which means it doesn’t cost a lot to use. Lots of people love
Linux, and they’re part of a big community where they share ideas and help each other out.
As technology keeps moving forward, Linux will keep evolving and staying important in
the world of computers.

o Originally, Linux was designed for personal computers that were Intel x86
architecture-based, but it has since been moved to more environments than other
operating systems.
o Including Android, Linux has the biggest installed base of every general-purpose
operating system because of the control of the Linux-based Android over smartphones
as of May 2022.
o However, Linux is used by just around 2.6% of desktop computers as of November
2022.
o Also, Linux executes on many embedded systems, i.e., devices whose OS is typically
designed into the firmware and is extremely customized to the system.
o It includes spacecraft (Perseverance rover, Dragon crew capsule, and Falcon 9 rocket),
automobiles (Toyota, Hyundai, Mercedes-Benz, Audi, and Tesla), televisions (LG and
Samsung Smart TVs), video game consoles, smart home devices, automation controls,
and routers.

Linux is one of the most outstanding examples of open-source and free software
collaboration. The source code may be distributed, modified, and used non-commercially or
commercially by everyone under the conditions of its respective licenses, like the GNU GPL
(General Public License). For example, the Linux kernel is licensed upon the GPLv2.
 Linux usage in everyday life:
While it may not be in the headlines, Linux is silently shaping the world around us. From our
smartphones to our homes, it's the quiet enabler of modern technology. Next time you use a
device or access an online service, remember that Linux is working diligently to make it
happen. It's a reminder that even in our digital age, some of the most valuable heroes are the
unsung ones.
The Morning Routine
You start your day with Linux as soon as your alarm goes off on your Android smartphone
or tablet. Globally, billions of devices run on the Linux kernel-based operating system
known as Android. Linux makes sure that everything on your smartphone functions
properly, including the touch screen and Wi-Fi.
Work and Productivity
You might use a computer running Linux when going to work or school. Linux distributions
like Fedora and Ubuntu offer stable environments that are safe for both professionals and
students. They cater to a variety of demands and are jam-packed with productivity software,
browsers, and development tools.
Online Activities
You probably interact with Linux-powered web servers when using the internet. For the
delivery of web content, search results, and online purchasing, platforms like Google,
Facebook, and Amazon significantly rely on Linux servers. These services are now
necessary for carrying out our daily tasks.
Home and IOT Devices
When you get home, Linux might power your smart thermostat, home security system, or
even your refrigerator. The lightweight and effective characteristics of Linux enable these
Internet of Things (IoT) devices to link your home and improve your quality of life.
Behind the Scenes
While these are the most obvious uses of Linux in daily life, there are other things that go on
as well. The massive amounts of data we access every day are stored and sent by servers
running Linux in data centers. Additionally, it supports the framework for online banking,
healthcare systems, and other services, protecting the security of our data.
The Promise of Freedom
One of the most significant aspects of Linux is the spirit of openness and collaboration. It's
not just an operating system but a movement driven by the principles of open source.
Thousands of developers worldwide work collectively to improve Linux, fix bugs, and add
features, making it a continually evolving and innovative system.
In a world dominated by corporate giants, Linux stands as a symbol of the promise of
freedom, customization, and community. It embodies the idea that technology should be
accessible, adaptable, and built for the benefit of everyone.
Difference between Unix and Linux:
Linux is an operating system that was developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991. The name
“Linux” originates from the Linux kernel. It is an open-source software that is completely
free to use. It is used for computer hardware and software, game development, mainframes,
etc. It can run various client programs.

Unix is a portable, multi-tasking, bug-fixing, multi-user operating system developed by