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12th edition
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Criminal
Investigation
CHARLES MIKE R. SWANSON
University of Georgia
NEIL C. CHAMELIN
Assistant State Attorney, Leon County,
Florida (Retired) and Attorney at Law
LEONARD TERRITO
Saint Leo University
ROBERT W. TAYLOR
The University of Texas at Dallas
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CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION, TWELFTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2019 by McGraw-Hill
Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2012, 2009, and
2006. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in
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limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the
United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 21 20 19 18
ISBN 978-0-07-802657-7 (bound edition)
MHID 0-07-802657-1 (bound edition)
ISBN 978-1-259-86794-1 (loose-leaf edition)
MHID 1-259-86794-3 (loose-leaf edition)
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All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright
page.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Swanson, Charles R., 1942- author.
Criminal investigation / Charles R. Swanson [and three others].
12th edition. | New York, NY : McGraw-Hill Education, [2019] |
Includes index.
LCCN 2017050892 | ISBN 9780078026577 (alk. paper)
LCSH: Criminal investigation. | Criminal investigation--United
States.
LCC HV8073 .S84 2019 | DDC 363.25--dc23 LC record available
at [Link]
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does
not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not
guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.
[Link]/highered
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From Charles Mike R. Swanson: For my siblings, Chris, Randy, and the oldest, Pat, who
has gone ahead. Thank you for a lifetime of love, friendship, laughter, and wise counsel.
From Neil C. Chamelin: For my wife, Vicki, sons, Chris and Todd, daughter-in-law, Heidi
and granddaughters, Tally, Casey, Laney, and Jessy.
From Leonard Territo: For my wife, Elena, the kindest and sweetest woman I have ever
known, and our children, Lorraine, Kseniya, and Ilia, and my grandchildren,
Matthew, Branden, and Alexander.
From Robert W. Taylor: For my beautiful wife Mary and parents, Rosemary and Harvey
Taylor, and Elizabeth and R.H. Perez.
| ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Charles R. “Mike” Swanson has extensive experience in to law enforcement agencies and has written more than 200
designing promotional systems and tests for state, county, and technical reports for them.
municipal public safety agencies, including the Kentucky State In addition to this book, Mike has coauthored four others,
Police, the Georgia Bureau of Investigation, the Alabama State including Police Administration: Structures, Processes, and Behavior,
Troopers, and the Georgia State Patrol. He has conducted over (9th edition 2017), and Terrorism, Intelligence, and Homeland
60 job-analysis studies and written more than 125 promotional Security (2nd edition, 2018). He has authored or coauthored a
tests. He has designed and implemented at least 75 assessment number of monographs, articles, and conference papers pertaining
centers, as well as written their exercises. Mike has trained to policing. In 2003 he received the O. W. Wilson Award for
assessors from 18 different states and has testified in federal Outstanding Police Scholarship. Mike has received multiple awards
court as an expert witness on police promotional matters. from the governors of three states and from the Georgia Associa-
Mike enlisted in the Marine Corps when he was 17 years old tion of Chiefs of Police, who recognized his 20 years of service to
and then joined the Tampa Police Department, working as a their association by making him the first Honorary Chief of Police.
uniformed officer in the highest crime areas of the city before The University of Georgia twice recognized Mike for “extraordi-
being promoted to detective. Subsequently, he worked as the nary work with law enforcement agencies.” In 2017, he was selected
senior police planner and later as the acting deputy director of as a Distinguished Alumnus of Florida State University.
the Council on Law Enforcement in the Office of the Florida
Governor. While working in Florida, Mike earned his bachelor’s Neil C. Chamelin retired as an assistant state attorney, Second
and master’s degrees in criminology from Florida State Univer- Judicial Circuit, Leon County, Florida. Previously he served as the
sity. After a teaching stint at East Carolina University, Mike hearing officer for the Florida Division of Motor Vehicles, Depart-
accepted a faculty position at the University of Georgia’s Insti- ment of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles; director of Criminal
tute of Government, where he received a Ph.D. with an empha- Justice Programs for Troy State University, European Region;
sis on public administration and rose through the administrative director of the Florida Police Standards and Training Commission;
ranks, retiring as the interim director in late 2001. While at the and division director for the Standards and Training Division,
Institute Mike trained over 10,000 law enforcement officers from Florida Department of Law Enforcement. He also served as a
42 states in advanced courses such as homicide investigation police officer in Sarasota, Florida. Neil is a co-author of Essentials
and police agency leadership. He remains active as a consultant of Criminal Law, formerly, Criminal Law for Police Officers;
iv ABOUT THE AUTHORS
and the Tampa Police Academy for his years of teaching and
Introduction to Criminal Justice; and Police Personnel Selection Pro-
This Book is Available on [Link]
meritorious services; he was given an award for Distinguished
cess. He is currently retired and now lives in Deland, Florida.
Scholarly Publications by Saint Leo University; he has been
Leonard Territo is presently a distinguished professor in the selected for inclusion in Who’s Who in American Law Enforce-
Department of Criminal Justice at Saint Leo University, Saint ment; and he has recently been given a Lifetime Achievement
Leo, Florida, and professor emeritus in the Department of Award from the Department of Criminology at the University
Criminology, at the University of South Florida, Tampa, of South Florida.
Florida. He was previously the chief deputy (undersheriff) of
the Leon County Sheriff’s Office in Tallahassee, Florida. He also Robert W. Taylor is currently a full professor in the Crim-
served for almost nine years with the Tampa, Florida Police inology Program at The University of Texas at Dallas. Before
Department as a patrol officer, motorcycle officer, and homicide that he was the founding Executive Director of the W. W.
detective. He is the former chairperson of the Department of Caruth, Jr., Police Institute, an executive training and police
Police Administration and director of the Florida Institute for research center funded through a $9.5 million grant embedded
Law Enforcement at St. Petersburg Junior College, St. Peters- in the Dallas Police Department. For the past 30 years, Bob
burg, Florida. has studied police responses to crime and terrorism. He has
In addition to writing nearly 50 articles, book chapters, and traveled extensively throughout the Middle East, Europe, and
technical reports, he has authored, co-authored, and edited twelve Far East Asia. He currently serves as a consultant to numerous
books, including Police Administration (9th edition); International federal, state, and local agencies on policing issues and prac-
Sex Trafficking of Women and Children: Understanding the Global tices, intelligence analysis, police use-of-force, and terrorism.
Epidemic (2nd edition); Criminal Investigation of Sex Trafficking Bob has been a retained expert witness relating to the quality
in America; The International Trafficking of Human Organs: A of police processes and investigative techniques on a number
Multi-Disciplinary Perspective; Crime and Justice in America (6th of high profile murder cases including the JonBenet Ramsey
edition); Stress Management in Law Enforcement (3rd edition); murder and several Innocence Project cases. In 2008 the Acad-
Police Civil Liability; College Crime and Prevention and Personal emy of Criminal Justice Sciences presented him with the
Safety Awareness; Stress and Police Personnel; The Police Personnel O. W. Wilson Award “in recognition for his outstanding con-
Selection Process; Hospital and College Security Liability; and a tribution to police education, research and practice,” and in
crime novel, Ivory Tower Cop, which was inspired by a true story. 2003 the University of North Texas presented him with the
His books have been used in more than a thousand colleges and Regent’s Lecture Award for his outstanding work on terrorism
universities in 50 states, and his writings have been used and in the Middle East.
referenced by both academic and police departments in 15 coun- Bob also has written extensively in the area of law enforcement
tries including Australia, Barbados, Canada, Chile, China, the management and administration, community policing, and pub-
former Czechoslovakia, England, France, Germany, Israel, the lic policy. He served as a sworn police officer in Portland,
Netherlands, Poland, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, and Spain. Oregon, for six years, three of which were as a major crimes
His teaching awards include being selected by the Florida detective. Aside from this work, Bob has coauthored five addi-
Criminal Justice Educators Association from among 200 Flor- tional books: Police Administration: Structures, Processes, and
ida criminal justice educators as the Outstanding Criminal Jus- Behavior (Pearson, 2017); Terrorism, Intelligence, and Home-
tice Educator of the Year. He was also selected as the land Security (Pearson, 2018); Juvenile Justice: Policies, Pro-
Outstanding Teacher of the Year by the College of Social and grams, and Practices (McGraw-Hill, 2015); Cyber Crime and
Behavioral Sciences at the University of South Florida. He has Cyber Terrorism (Pearson, 2018); and Police Patrol Allocation
been given awards by both the Florida Police Chiefs Association and Design (Pearson, 2009).
BRIEF
This Book is Available on [Link]| CONTENTS
Dedication iii
About the Authors iii
13
Robbery 381
Preface xvii
1 14
Burglary 403
The Evolution of Criminal Investigation
and Forensic Science 1 15
Larceny/Theft and White-Collar
2 Crime 435
Legal Aspects of Investigation 21
3 16
Vehicle Thefts and Related Offenses 469
Investigators, the Investigative Process,
and the Crime Scene 42 17
Cybercrime 506
4
Physical Evidence 93 18
Agricultural, Wildlife, and
5 Environmental Crimes 533
Interviewing and Interrogation 134
6 19
Arson and Explosives Investigations 561
Field Notes and Reporting 166
7 20
Recognition, Control, and Investigation
The Follow-Up Investigation and of Drug Abuse 592
Investigative Resources 187
8 21
Terrorism 636
The Crime Laboratory 222
9 22
The Trial Process and the Investigator as
Injury and Death Investigations 252 a Witness 676
10 Glossary 697
Sex-Related Offenses 289 Notes 716
Index 750
11
Crimes against Children 318
12
Human Trafficking 360
v
CONTENTS
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Dedication iii Arrest Procedures 27
About the Authors iii The Arrest Warrant 27
Preface xvii Probable Cause 29
Search and Seizure 30
1 Legal Searches and Seizures 31
The Evolution of Criminal Investigation Search with a Warrant 31
and Forensic Science 1 Search with Consent 33
Introduction 2 Search Incident to Arrest 33
Search of a Motor Vehicle 34
Jurisdiction 2
Emergency (Exigent Circumstances) 37
Criminal Investigation and Forensic Science 2 Plain View Seizures 38
The Evolution of Criminal Investigation 3 Stop and Frisk 39
The Impact of the Agricultural and Industrial Fruits of the Poisonous Tree 40
Revolutions 3 Key Terms 40
The Fieldings: Crime Information and the Bow Street
Review Questions 40
Runners 3
The Metropolitan Police Act of 1829 3 Internet Activities 41
American Initiatives 4
Pinkerton’s National Detective Agency 5
The Emergence of Municipal Detectives 7
3
Investigators, the Investigative Process,
Federal and State Developments 8 and the Crime Scene 42
The Police and the U.S. Supreme Court 9
Introduction 43
Historical Milestones of Forensic
Types of Offenses 43
Science 10
Three Historical Biometric Methods of Personal The Investigator and the Importance of Investigation 43
Identification 10 Essential Qualities of the Investigator 44
DNA 14 Organization of the Investigative Process 44
Firearms Identification 15 The Preliminary Investigation Mindset of Officers
Other Early Contributors 16 Assigned Calls 45
The Preliminary Investigation 46
The Continuing Evolution of Criminal Investigation and
1. Receipt of Information, Initial Response, and Officer
Forensic Science 16
Safety Procedures 46
Touch DNA at 20 16
2. Emergency Care 49
The Perils of Touch DNA 17
3. Secure Scene and Control Persons and Evidence 50
The New Biometrics 17
4. Issue a Be-on-the-Lookout 51
Forensic Phenotyping 18
5. Conduct Neighborhood and Vehicle Canvass 54
Microbial Communities 18
6. Administrative Procedures for Processing Crime
Key Terms 19 Scenes 57
Review Questions 20 7. The Incident/Offense Report 57
Internet Activities 20 Types of Crime Scenes 57
Organization of the Crime Scene Investigation 59
2 Overall Coordination 60
Legal Aspects of Investigation 21 Forensic Services 61
Introduction 22 Investigative Services 66
The Bill of Rights and the States 22 Types of Evidence 67
Evolution of the Fourteenth Amendment 24 Corpus Delicti Evidence 67
The Fourth Amendment 25 Associative Evidence 67
Tracing Evidence 67
Arrest 25
Ingredients of Arrest 25 Typical Crime Scene Problems 67
Arrest Distinguished from Detention 26 Rules for the Crime Scene Investigator 67
Arrest Distinguished from Charging 27 Maintain Control 67
vi
CONTENTS vii
Collecting and Preserving Latent Prints 113
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Examples of Impermissible Releases 68
Marking and Identifying Print Lifts 114
Examples of Permissible Releases 69
Conceptualize Events 69 Forensic Odontology 114
Proceed with Caution 71 Identification of Missing and Unidentified Remains 115
Apply Inclusiveness 71 Bite Marks 115
Maintain Documentation 71 Cheiloscopy and Reconstructed Identification 117
Infectious Disease Risks and Precautions for Reconstructed Identification 117
Investigators 72 Hair 117
Hepatitis A, B, and C 76 Blood 118
The Crime Scene Search 79 The Appearance of Bloodstains 119
1. Boundary Determination 79 Using Bloodstains to Reconstruct the Crime 120
2. Choice of Search Patterns 79 Locating Blood Evidence 120
3. Instruction of Personnel 80 Laboratory Determinations 123
4. Coordination 81 Cosmetics Applicators and DNA 123
Suspended Searches, Debriefing, and Release of the Firearms 123
Scene 81 Laboratory Determinations 124
Collection and Care of Evidence 81 Collecting Firearm Evidence 127
Visual Documentation of the Crime Scene 82 Marking and Packaging
Digital Still Photography 82 Firearm Evidence 128
Digital Videography 83 Tool Marks 128
Crime Scene Sketching and Forensic Mapping 84 Questioned Documents 129
Types of Sketching and Methods of Forensic Mapping 84 Handwriting Samples and Examinations 130
Submission of Evidence to the Crime Laboratory 90 Laboratory Determinations 132
FBI Forensic Services: Case Acceptance Policy 90 Collecting and Packaging Evidence 132
Investigative Success 91 Key Terms 132
Key Terms 92 Review Questions 133
Review Questions 92 Internet Activities 133
Internet Activities 92
5
4 Interviewing and Interrogation 134
Physical Evidence 93 Introduction 135
Introduction 94 The Similarities and Differences Between Interviews and
Class versus Individual Characteristics 94 Interrogations 135
Comparison Samples 95 Objectives of Interviewing 136
Soil and Pollen 96 Objectives of Interrogation 137
Locating and Handling Soil Evidence 96 Qualifications of Interviewers and Interrogators 137
Impression Evidence: Footwear and Tires 97 Time, Place, and Setting of Interviews and
Categories of Impression Evidence 98 Interrogation 137
Preserving Three-Dimensional Impressions 98
The Interrogation Room 139
Casting in Snow with Dental Stone 100
Paint 101
(©[Link]/PhotoEdit)
Glass 103
Handling Glass Evidence 105
Fibers, Cloth Fragments, and Impressions 105
String, Cord, Rope, and Tape 107
Fingerprints 107
Basis For Identification 108
Plastic, Latent, and Patent Fingerprints 109
Conditions Affecting the Quality of Latent
Fingerprints 110
Locating Latent Prints 112
DNA Swabbing and Developing Latent Fingerprints On
Bodies 112
viii CONTENTS
Establishing a Comfort Zone for Detecting Deception 158
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Preparation for the Interviews or Interrogations
140
Defining Signs of Comfort 158
The Witness 140
The Offense 140 Signs of Discomfort in an Interaction 159
The Victim 140 Pacifying Behaviors 160
The Suspect 140 Specific Behaviors to Consider in Detecting
Deception 161
Witnesses’ Motivations, Perceptions, and Barriers 141
Use of Technological Instruments to Detect
Interviewing People with Disabilities 141
Deception 163
Interviewing Individuals Who Are Blind or Visually
Polygraph 163
Impaired 142
Computer Voice Stress Analysis 164
Interviewing Individuals Who Are Deaf or Hard of
Hearing 142 Key Terms 164
Interviewing Individuals with Mobility Impairments 142 Review Questions 165
Interviewing Individuals with Speech Impairments 143 Internet Activities 165
Interviewing Individuals with Cognitive Disabilities 143
Establishing the Competency of a Witness 143 6
The Reliability of Eyewitness Identification 143 Field Notes and Reporting 166
Witness Intimidation 145 Introduction 167
Forms of Witness Intimidation 145 The Importance of Field Notes 167
Response Strategies for Addressing Witness Guidelines for Note-Taking 170
Intimidation 145 Note-Taking and Incident Reports: Body-Worn Cameras,
Deterring Intimidators 146 Audio Recorders, and Public Online Reporting
Documenting Interviews 146 Systems 172
Documenting Interrogations 146 Body-Worn Cameras 172
The Use of Electronic Recordings for Interrogations 147 Audio Recorders 173
Benefits of Recording for Police Officers and Six Basic Investigative Questions 175
Prosecutors 148 Incident Reports 175
The Written Statement 148 Formats for Incident Reports 176
Why People Confess 149 NIBRS 176
False Confessions 150 Generating Reports 176
Voluntary False Confessions 150 Common Elements of Incident Reports 177
Coerced–Compliant False Confessions 150 Writing Effective Reports: The Narrative 181
Coerced–Internalized False Confessions 151 The Narrative 181
Recommendations to Reduce the Possibility of False Supervisory Review and Disposition
Confessions 151 of Incident Reports 184
Admissibility of Confessions and Admissions 151 Supervisory Reviews as a Quality Control Measure 184
The Free-and-Voluntary Rule 151 Supervisory Review of Incident Reports 184
The Delay-in-Arraignment Rule 152 Supervisory Disposition of Incident Reports 185
Supplemental Reports and Follow-up Investigations 185
Interviewing and Interrogation Legal Requirements 152
Preinterrogation Legal Requirements 152 Key Terms 185
Miranda v. Arizona 152 Review Questions 186
Suspect’s Response: Waiver and Alternatives 153 Internet Activities 186
In-Custody Interrogation 155
Miranda and Misdemeanors 156 7
Interrogation as Defined by the U.S. Supreme Court 156 The Follow-Up Investigation and
Recent U.S. Supreme Court Decisions on the Right to Investigative Resources 187
Remain Silent 156 Introduction 188
Court Proceedings 157 The Decision to Initiate a Follow-Up Investigation 188
Right to Remain Silent—Invocation 157
The Follow-Up Investigation Process 189
Right to Remain Silent—Waiver 157
Salinas v. Texas 157 Reviewing the Incident and Supplemental Reports 191
Detection of Deception 158 The Jail Booking Report 192
The Critical Role of the Comfort/Discomfort Equation in The Vehicle Impoundment Report 192
Detecting Deception 158 Field Contacts and Interviews 192
CONTENTS ix
This Book
Traffic Citations
194 is Available on [Link]
Proximity 227
Examining Physical Evidence 194 Timeliness 229
Responding to the National Academies of Science (NAS)
ReInterviewing Victims and Witnesses 194
Report 229
Leads 194 Admissibility of Examination Results 229
Using Databases 195 Technologies 231
International 195 DNA Analysis 231
National 195 The Innocence Project 235
Regional Information Sharing Systems (RISS) 197 National Integrated Ballistic Information Network
State and Local Systems 198 Program 239
Nonprofit and Private Sources 198
Handling Evidence in the Laboratory 240
Informants 199 Human Factors 240
Surveillance 200 Instrumental Analysis 240
The Purposes of Surveillance 200 ATF Forensic Science Laboratories 240
Types and Levels of Surveillance 200
The FBI Crime Laboratory 242
Planning for Surveillance 200
Reference Files 244
Guidelines for Conducting Show-Ups, Photo Arrays/
Problems in Crime Laboratories 244
Lineups, and Live Lineups 201
Lack of Training 245
The Show-up 201
Lack of Accreditation 245
Choosing Between the Photo Array and a Live
DNA Contamination 246
Lineup 202
Sentencing Mistakes and Poor Training 246
Photo Array Lineups: Step by Step 203
Backlog of Cases 247
Live Lineups 204
Scandals and Mistakes within the FBI Crime Lab: The
Staged Crime Scenes 207 Madrid Bombing Case 247
Cold Case Investigation 208 Code of Ethics 249
Fusion Centers 209 Key Terms 250
Intelligence Analysis and Crime Analysis 210 Review Questions 250
The Intelligence/Analytical Cycle 211 Internet Activities 251
1. Planning and Direction 212
2. Collection 212
3. Processing/Collation 212
9
Injury and Death Investigations 252
4. Analysis and Production 212
Introduction 253
5. Dissemination 212
6. Reevaluation 212 The Law 254
Crime Analysis 212 The Medico-Legal Examination 254
Crime Scene Reconstruction 213 The Autopsy 254
Criminal Investigative Analysis 216 Dead body Evidence Checklist 254
Geographic Profiling 217
Postmortem Changes and Time of Death 255
Remote Sensing 218
Estimating Time of Death 255
Time-Event Charting and Link Analysis 218
Algor Mortis (Body Cooling) 255
The Internet 220
Ocular Changes 256
Key Terms 220
Review Questions 221 (©Steve Kohls/BrainerdDaily Dispatch/AP Images)
Internet Activities 221
8
The Crime Laboratory 222
Introduction 223
Crime Laboratories 224
The Morgue 224
Digital Crime Labs 225
Expectations 226
Measures of Crime Laboratory Effectiveness 226
Quality 227
