One Variable Integral Calculus
Lecture 3
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Volumes by Single Integration
Definite integrals have been used to produce
areas. We now show that they can be used to
produce volumes as well.
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Topics to be covered
Volume by Slicing
Volume by Revolution
(Methods of Disk)
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Volume by Slicing
Volume = length x width x height
Volume of a slice = Area of a slice x Thickness of a slice
A t
Total volume = (A x t)
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Volume by Slicing
Total volume = (A x t)
But as we let the slices get infinitely thin,
Volume = lim
t 0
(A x t)
VOLUME = A dt
Recall: A = area of a slice
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Suppose that a solid extends along the x-axis and is
bounded on the left and right by planes
perpendicular to the x-axis at x = a and x = b.
A(x)
a x - axis b
Suppose that at each point x between a and b,
we know the cross sectional area A(x) of the
solid.
If V is the volume of the solid, then
b
V = A( x)dx
a
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We can proceed in a similar way if a volume is divided
into vertical infinitesimal volumes.
d
A(y)
y - axis
d
V = A( y )dy
c
7
Example 1 Find the volume of a cylinder of radius r and
height h.
Solution
Now, as we mentioned before starting this example we really
don’t need to use an integral to find this volume, but it is a good
example to illustrate the method we’ll need to use for these
types of problems.
We’ll start off with the sketch of the cylinder below.
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What we need here is to get a formula for the cross-sectional area at
any x. In this case the cross-sectional area is constant and will be a disk
of radius r. Therefore, for any x we’ll have the following cross-sectional
area,
Next the limits for the integral will be
Since that is the range of x in which the cylinder lives. Here is the
integral for the volume,
So, to work these problems we’ll first need to get a sketch of the solid with a set
of x and y axes to help us see what’s going on. At the very least we’ll need the
sketch to get the limits of the integral, but we will often need it to see just what
the cross-sectional area is. Once we have the sketch we’ll need to determine a
formula for the cross-sectional area and then do the integral.
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Volume by Revolution
The Method of Disks
Suppose f (x) ≥ 0 and f is continuous on the interval
[a, b]. The region bounded by the curve y = f (x) and
the x-axis, for a ≤ x ≤ b, and revolved about the
x-axis, generate a solid called the solid of
revolution.
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The volume of this solid is given by slicing it
perpendicular to the x-axis and recognizing that each
cross section is a circular disk of radius r = f (x). Thus
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Integration with Respect to y
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EXAMPLE 2
Revolve the region under the curve y = x on the interval
[0, 4] about the x-axis and find the volume of the resulting
solid of revolution.
Solution
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Example 3
x2
Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving y = 2 −
about the y-axis from x = 0 to x = 2. 2
Solution
Let's begin by plotting y(x). We graph... and revolve.
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We note that when x = 0, y = 0 and when x = 2, y = 2.
Moreover, solving for x gives x = 4 − 2 y .
Thus,
2 2
VolumeV = [ f ( y )] dy
0
2 2
= ( 4 − 2 y ) dy
0
2
= ( 4 − 2 y )dy
0
= 4
2
= (4 y − y ) 2
0
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Example 4 Consider the region in the plane bounded by , y = x 2
x = 0, and y = 1. Find the volume of the solid generated if we
revolve this region about the y-axis.
Solution. Let's start by plotting y(x)... and then
revolve about x = 0.
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Writing x in terms of y gives x = y on [0, 1]. Thus
1 1
VolumeV = ( y ) dy = ydy =
2
0 0
2
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Example 5 Let R be the region bounded by y = 4 − x
2
and y = 0. Find the volume of the solid obtained
when we revolve R about the y-axis.
Solution:Again, we plot y(x)... and revolve about x = 0
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Solving for x gives x = 4 − y on [0, 4]. Thus
4 4 2 4
y
V = ( 4 − y ) 2 dy = (4 − y )dy = (4 y − ) = 8
0 0
2 0
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