PDF&Rendition 1
PDF&Rendition 1
I)
(Central Technological Institute, Maharashtra State, INDIA)
Actual
Based on
Total Contact Theory Based on LL & Self
IKS Hrs./Week TL Learning
Sr Course Course Self-Learning Notional Paper Total
No Type Code Hrs for (Term Work + Learning Duration Practical Marks
Course Title Abbreviation Sem. Assignment) Hrs. /Week Credits (hrs.)
FA-TH SA-TH
CL TL LL (MST) (ESE) Total FA-PR SA-PR SLA
Max Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min
3 - 3 - 3 3 30 70 28 100 40 25 10 25 10 - - 150
SECTION - II
Unit & R U A
Topics/Sub-topics Hrs Marks CO
Sub-Unit Level Level Level
4 Digital Modulation Techniques 8 12 30 30 40
ASK, FSK, PSK definition & waveforms, their
4.1 transmitter and receiver block diagram and 1 1, 2 40 40 20
working.
4.2 M-ary encoding. 1 2, 3 30 30 40
QPSK, QAM, DPSK block diagram of transmitter
4.3 3 2, 3 20 20 60
and receiver and working.
Bandwidth for each modulation technique and
4.4 3 2, 3 25 25 50
their comparison
V. LIST OF PRACTICALS/ASSIGNBMENTS/TUTORIALS
Sr. Practical/Assignment/Tutorial Title No. of Relevant
No. Hours COS
1 Observe waveforms of Pulse Amplitude modulation (using natural 2 1
sampling & flat top sampling).
2 Observe waveforms of Pulse width modulation (using natural sampling 2 1,2
& flat top sampling)
3 Observe waveforms of Pulse Position modulation (using natural 2 1,2,3
sampling.
4 Observe waveforms of Pulse code modulation and demodulation. 2 1,2,3
5 Observe waveforms of Delta modulation. 2 1,2,3
6 Observe waveforms of ASK modulation & demodulation. 2 1,2,3
7 Observe waveforms of FSK modulation & demodulation. 2 2,3
8 Observe waveforms of PSK modulation & demodulation. 2 2,3
9 Observe waveforms of QPSK modulation & demodulation. 2 2,3
10 Observe waveforms of QAM modulation & demodulation. 2 1,2,3
11 Any one of the following: 2 1,2,3
1. Error detection & correction using parity bits.
2. Error detection & correction using hamming codes
3. To generate following different line codes and decode them.
1. NRZ (Unipolar) 2. Bipolar NRZ 3. RZ (Unipolar)
4. Bipolar RZ
12 Any one of the following: 2 1,2,3
1. Time division multiplexing/ de multiplexing system
2. Frequency division multiplexing/ de multiplexing system
Programme
Specific
Programme Outcomes (POs)
Outcomes*
(PSOs)
Course PO-5
Outcome PO-1 PO-2 PO-3 Engineering PO-7
s (COs) Basic and Proble PO-6
Design/ PO-4 Practices for Life
Discipline Project PSO PSO PSO
m Developmen Engineerin Society, Long
Specific Managemen -1 -2 -3
Analysi t of g Tools Sustainabilit Learnin
Knowledg t
s Solutions y and g
e
Environment
CO1 3 1 1 1 - 2 3 2 1 1
CO2 2 3 3 1 - 1 3 1 2 1
CO3 3 2 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 2
II. RATIONALE
Power electronics plays an important role in the efficient use of electrical energy and environmental
control. The power electronic circuits are used in industrial automation and in manufacturing sector of
control circuits. This course is developed to empower the students to apply their knowledge to solve
broad power electronics based industrial application problems
Students will be able to achieve the following COs on completion of course based learning
● CO2-Select different devices as a switch based on their characteristics and turn-on turn-
off methods.
SECTION - I
Unit & R U A
Topics/Sub-topics Hours Marks CO
Sub-Unit Level Level Level
1 Thyristor Family Device 8 12 1 40% 40% 20%
Construction, working principle, V-I
characteristics and applications of
1.1
Power diode, Power MOSFET and
IGBT
SCR: Construction, working principle,
V-I characteristics and applications, two
1.2
transistor analogies, latching and
holding current for SCR.
Triggering devices: UJT, PUT,
Devices such as SUS, SBS, DIAC,
1.3 TRIAC -Construction, working
principle, turn on methods, V-I
characteristics and applications
2 Turn On and Turn Off methods of SCR 8 11 2 30% 30% 40%
Concept of turn ON mechanism for
given SCR: High voltage, thermal
triggering, dv/dt triggering, gate
triggering of SCR.
Gate trigger circuits: resistance
2.1 triggering circuit, resistance,
capacitance triggering circuit
SCR triggering Method: UJT/ PUT-
relaxation oscillator circuit,
synchronized UJT triggering circuit,
pulse transformer and optocoupler.
Turn OFF methods: Class A-series
2.2
resonant commutation circuit, class B-
Shunt resonant commutation circuit,
class C-Complimentary Symmetry
commutation circuit
Protection circuits of SCR: over
2.3 voltage, over current, snubber circuit
and crowbar
Programme
Specific
Programme Outcomes (POs)
Outcomes*
(PSOs)
Course PO-5
Outcomes PO-1 Basic Engineering
(COs) PO-6 PO-7
and PO-2 PO-3 Design/ PO-4 Practices for
Life PSO- PSO- PSO-
Discipline Problem Development Engineering Society, Project Long 1 2 3
Specific Analysis of Solutions Tools Sustainability Management
Learning
Knowledge and
Environment
CO1 3 3 3 1 - 1 1 3 3 1
CO2 3 2 3 - 1 3 1 3 2 2
CO3 3 3 3 3 - 2 1 1 3 3
Legends :- High:03, Medium:02,Low:01, No Mapping: -
II. RATIONALE
Microprocessor is the main component of computer where 8085,8086 is the base of all upward
developed processors till current processors. This course will cover the basics of 8085 and its
architecture along with instruction set, assembly language programming and basics of 8086 and its
architecture. Microcontroller plays a very important role in the design, development of embedded
systems. To equip students with fundamental knowledge, concepts, and principles of microprocessors
and microcontrollers as essential components of embedded systems and industrial automation. To
develop practical skills required for programming, interfacing, and troubleshooting microprocessor-
based applications.
SECTION-I
Unit & R U A
Sub- Topics/Sub-topics Hrs Marks CO Level Level Level
Unit
1 Introduction to 8085 – 8 bit Microprocessor:
Unit &
Sub- Topics/Sub-topics
Unit
4 Introduction to 8086 – 16 bit Microprocessor:
4.1 Silent features of 8086 Microprocessor
4.2 Pin Description and Functional bloack diagram, Register
organization of 8086 6 10 1 40% 50% 10%
4.3 Concept of Pipeling
4.4 Memory Segmentation, Physical address generation
5 Microcontroller Overview and 8051 Architecture
5.1 Features and selection factors for Microcontroller
5.2 Block diagram of 8051 Microcontroller: CPU, input
device, output device, memory and buses
5.3 Comparison of Microcontroller and Microprocessor on
basis of: Memory, Complexity, Type of Architecture,
Cost, Applications, Typical examples of Microcontrollers 8 10 1 40% 50% 10%
and Microprocessors
5.4 Architectures of Microcontroller: Harvard ,Von
Neumann. Concept of pipelining
5.5 8051 Microcontroller: Architecture, Pin Configuration,
Memory Organisation, Power saving options
Notes: This specification table shall be treated as a general guideline and actual distribution of marks may
slightly vary from table. But the questions from each topic should be asked as per marks weightage.
V. LIST OF PRACTICALS/ASSIGNBMENTS/TUTORIALS
Programme Specific
Programme Outcomes (POs)
Outcomes* (PSOs)
PO-5
Course PO-1 Basic Engineering
Outcomes and PO-2 PO-3 Design/ PO-4 Practices for PO-6 PO-7 Life
(COs) Discipline Problem Development Engineering Society, Long PSO- 1 PSO- 2 PSO- 3
Project
Specific Analysis of Solutions Tools Sustainability Management Learning
Knowledge and
Environment
CO1 3 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 1
CO2 3 3 2 2 2 1 3 3 3 3
CO3 3 3 3 3 2 1 3 3 2 3
Legends :- High:03, Medium:02,Low:01, No Mapping: -
II. RATIONALE
Unit & R U A
Sub- Topics/Sub-topics Hrs Marks CO Level Level Level
Unit
1 Principles of Management 9 14
1.1 Management: Definition, Functions: Planning, Staffing,
1 60% 20% 20%
Organizing, Directing, Controlling
1.2 Management Levels: Top Level, Middle, First Level 1 60% 20% 20%
1.3 Management Skills 1 20% 20% 60%
1.4 Decision Making: Types, Model 1 20% 20% 60%
2 Process of Management 9 13
2.1 Communication & its Types, Barriers & its Types 1 40% 40% 20%
2.2 Motivation: Maslow’s and Herzberg’s theories. 1 40% 40% 20%
2.3 Leadership: Types, Managerial Grid 1 40% 40% 20%
3 Material Management 6 8
3.1 Inventory Concept, Classification 1 20% 60% 20%
3.2 EOQ: Economic Order Quantity concept, Graphical 1
20% 60% 20%
Representation.
3.3 Standard steps in Purchasing 1 20% 20% 60%
SECTION-II
Unit &
Sub- Topics/Sub-topics
Unit
4 Introduction to Entrepreneurship 10 14
4.1 Definition of Entrepreneurship and Start-up, Functions
2 20% 60% 20%
of an entrepreneur
4.2 Qualities of an entrepreneur. 2 20% 60% 20%
4.3 Problems and Barriers faced by Entrepreneurs 2 40% 20% 40%
4.4 Types of Business Structures for start-Up: Sole 2
Proprietorship ,Partnership firm, One-person Company,
20% 20% 60%
Limited Liability Partnership, Private Limited
Company, Public Limited Company
5 Business/Start-up ideas: Generation and Evaluation 8 13
5.1 Business Idea Generation: Creativity Process, 2
Innovation, Value creation, Concept of Business 20% 60% 20%
Opportunity, Search for Business Opportunity
5.2 Idea Evaluation: Dynamics of Project Identification, 2
Design thinking for finding solutions, Test marketing & 20% 60% 20%
Customer validation
5.3 Organizational Management Policies-HR policies,
Financial policies.
Government Policies-National and Regional startup
policies.(Startup India, MSME Scheme)
5.4 Introduction of Project Management, Definition, Scope
Importance, Project life cycle and phases
Notes: This specification table shall be treated as a general guideline and actual distribution of marks may
slightly vary from table. But the questions from each topic should be asked as per marks weightage.
Seminar/Presentation
Model/Chart making
Surveys
Case Study
Quiz
Programme Specific
Programme Outcomes (POs)
Outcomes* (PSOs)
PO-5
Course PO-1 Basic Engineering
Outcomes and PO-2 PO-3 Design/ PO-4 Practices for PO-6 PO-7 Life
(COs) Discipline Problem Development Engineering Society, Long PSO- 1 PSO- 2 PSO- 3
Project
Specific Analysis of Solutions Tools Sustainability Management Learning
Knowledge and
Environment
CO1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2
CO2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
CO3 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1
II. RATIONALE
To equip students with fundamental knowledge, concepts, and principles of Biomedical Instrumentation
as essential tools for healthcare technology and medical diagnostics. To develop practical skills required
for designing, operating, and maintaining biomedical devices, enabling students to analyze physiological
signals and apply instrumentation techniques in medical applications. This course prepares students for
advanced studies and careers in biomedical engineering, healthcare technology, and medical research.
SECTION-I
Unit & R U A
Sub- Topics/Sub-topics Hrs Marks CO Level Level Level
Unit
1 Biomedical Measurements 6 8
1.1 Electrode-Electrolyte interface, half-cell potential,
Polarization, polarizable and non-polarizable electrodes,
1,2 35% 35% 30%
Ag/AgCl electrodes, Electrodes circuits model, motion
artifact.
1.2 Body surface recoding electrodes for ECG, EMG and 1,2 35% 35% 30%
EEG, Internal electrodes: needle and wire electrodes,
Micro electrodes, metal microelectrodes.
1.3 Selection and Specification for the bio transducers to
1,2 35% 35% 30%
measure parameters, Biosensors.
2 Cardiovascular system and Measurements 9 13
2.1 Heart Structure, Cardiac style, ECG Theory, ECG 1,2,3
35% 35% 30%
Electrodes: Electrocardiograph, Vector cardiograph
2.2 Analog Signal Processing of bio signals, Interference 1,2,3
Reduction Rate Measurements, Pacemakers, 35% 35% 30%
Defibrillators
2.3 Heart Sounds, Phonocardiography, Blood pressure 1,2,3
Measurement(Invasive and Noninvasive ), 35% 35% 30%
Sphygmomanometer
3 Central Nervous System 9 14
3.1 Brain and its parts, different waves from different parts 1,2,3
35% 35% 30%
of brain, brain stem, cranium nerves
3.2 Structures of Neurons, Neurons muscular transmission, 1,2,3
Electroencephalography, ECG amplifier, 10/20 system 35% 35% 30%
of Electrode Placement.
3.3 Classification of muscles: Muscle contraction 1,2,3 35% 35% 30%
mechanism, Myoelectric voltages, Electromyography
SECTION-II
Unit &
Sub- Topics/Sub-topics
Unit
4 Special Senses and Respiratory System 10 14
4.1 Ear: Mechanism of Hearing, Types of Hearing loss, 3
Sound conduction system, Basic Audio meter, pure 20% 50% 30%
tone Audio meter, Hearing Aid, Cochlear implant
4.2 Vision: Anatomy of Eye, Visual acuity, Error in 3
20% 50% 30%
Vision, Laser EYE surgery, EOG
4.3 Natural process of Breathing, O2 and Co2 transport, 3
regulation of breathing, Lungs Volumes/Capacities, 20% 50% 30%
Spirometers, airflow measurements, Ventilators
5 Medical Imagining System 8 13
5.1 Introduction X-Ray machines and Digital Radiography,
3 35% 35% 30%
Computed Tomography, CT scanners
5.2 Ultrasonic Imagining Systems, MRI & PET scan, 3 35% 35% 30%
Thermal Imagining System.
6 Patient Monitoring and safety Aspect of Medical
6 8
Instrumentation
6.1 Patient Monitoring Equipment- different types, The
organization of Hospital for patient-care Monitoring, 3 45% 35% 20%
Application of biotelemetry in Patient care.
6.2 Physiological effects of Electric currents, Shock
Hazards and Leakage Currents, safety codes for electro
3 45% 35% 20%
medical, equipment, safety standards rays and
consideration, safety testing instruments, biological
effects of X-ray and precautions.
Legends: R- Remember, U – Understand, A – Apply and above levels (Blooms’s Revised Taxanomy).
Notes: This specification table shall be treated as a general guideline and actual distribution of marks may
slightly vary from table. But the questions from each topic should be asked as per marks weightage.
V. LIST OF PRACTICALS/ASSIGNBMENTS/TUTORIALS
Programme Specific
Programme Outcomes (POs)
Outcomes* (PSOs)
PO-5
Course PO-1 Basic Engineering
Outcomes and PO-2 PO-3 Design/ PO-4 Practices for PO-6 PO-7 Life
(COs) Discipline Problem Development Engineering Society, Long PSO- 1 PSO- 2 PSO- 3
Project
Specific Analysis of Solutions Tools Sustainability Management Learning
Knowledge and
Environment
CO1
CO2
CO3
Legends :- High:03, Medium:02,Low:01, No Mapping: -
II. RATIONALE
To equip students with fundamental knowledge, concepts, and principles of Programmable Logic
Controllers (PLC) and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) as essential tools for
automation and industrial control systems. To develop practical skills required for designing,
programming, and troubleshooting automated systems, preparing students for advanced studies and
careers in industrial automation and electronics engineering.
SECTION-I
Unit & R U A
Sub- Topics/Sub-topics Hrs Marks CO Level Level Level
Unit
1 Introduction to Automation and Ladder Diagram 4 7
1.1 Definition and Needs of Automation 1 30% 40% 10%
1.2 Advantages of Automation 1 30% 40% 10%
1.3 Basic components and their symbols 1 30% 40% 10%
1.4 Fundamentals of Ladder diagram 1 30% 40% 10%
2 Programmable Logic Controller 4 7
2.1 History of PLC 1,2 30% 40% 10%
2.2 Block Diagram and application of PLC 1,2 30% 40% 10%
2.3 Execution of Ladder diagram 1,2 30% 40% 10%
3 Fundamentals of PLC programming 8 11
3.1 Physical Components vs. Program Components of PLC 1,2
20% 60% 20%
wiring diagram
3.2 Ladder diagram for logic gates 1,2 20% 60% 20%
3.3 Oscillator circuits, Disagreement circuits, Majority 1,2 20% 60% 20%
circuits etc.
3.4 Ladder diagram more than one rung 1,2 20% 60% 20%
SECTION-II
Unit &
Sub- Topics/Sub-topics
Unit
5 Wiring Techniques 12 14
5.1 PLC power connection 1,2 20% 60% 20%
5.2 Input wiring 1,2 20% 60% 20%
5.3 Solid State Output 1,2 20% 50% 30%
5.4 Output wiring 1,2 20% 20% 60%
7 SCADA 4 8
7.1 Introduction 3 20% 60% 20%
7.2 Block diagram 3 20% 60% 20%
7.3 Connection between PLC and SCADA 3 20% 60% 20%
7.4 SCADA applications 3 20% 60% 20%
Legends: R- Remember, U – Understand, A – Apply and above levels (Blooms’s Revised Taxanomy).
V. LIST OF PRACTICALS/ASSIGNBMENTS/TUTORIALS
Programme Specific
Programme Outcomes (POs)
Outcomes* (PSOs)
PO-5
Course PO-1 Basic Engineering
Outcomes and PO-2 PO-3 Design/ PO-4 Practices for PO-6 PO-7 Life
(COs) Discipline Problem Development Engineering Society, Long PSO- 1 PSO- 2 PSO- 3
Project
Specific Analysis of Solutions Tools Sustainability Management Learning
Knowledge and
Environment
CO1 1 - - 3 - 1 2 1 - 2
CO2 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 - 1
CO3 1 2 2 3 - 1 2 - 1 1
Legends :- High:03, Medium:02,Low:01, No Mapping: -
II. RATIONALE
This course introduces students to the basic principles of solar cells, focusing on their working
mechanisms, types, and practical applications. Students will also learn about the materials,
manufacturing processes, and systems used in solar energy conversion. By the end of the course,
students will have hands-on knowledge of solar panel systems and how to integrate them into real-
world applications.
CO1- Understand the basic principles of solar energy conversion with environmental aspects.
CO2- Learn about the types of solar cells and their materials.
SECTION-I
Unit & R U A
Sub- Topics/Sub-topics Hrs Marks CO Level Level Level
Unit
SECTION-II
Unit &
Sub- Topics/Sub-topics
Unit
4 Materials Used in and Types of Solar Cell 10 12
4.1 Overview of materials: Crystalline Silicon (Mono and
Poly), Thin Films (CdTe, CIGS). Emerging materials: 2 20% 50% 30%
Perovskites, organic solar cells.
4.2 Material properties affecting solar cell performance. 2,3 20% 50% 30%
4.3 Monocrystalline vs. Polycrystalline vs. Thin-film solar
2,3 20% 50% 30%
cells.
4.4 Comparison of efficiency, cost, and application of
different types of solar cells. Advantages and 2 30% 50% 20%
disadvantages of each type
5 Solar Panel Installation and Maintenance 9 18
5.1 Installation process of solar panels: Site selection, panel 2,3 25% 35% 40%
orientation, and tilt angle.
5.2 Electrical wiring and connection techniques for solar
2,3 25% 35% 40%
systems.
5.3 Maintenance: Cleaning, troubleshooting, and fault
3 20% 40% 40%
detection.
5.4 Safety considerations during installation and operation. 3 30% 40% 30%
5.5 Real-Time applications in agricultural sector-
i Solar-Powered Irrigation System 2,3 15% 35% 50%
ii Green House Heating And Ventilation
iii Solar Powered Lightening
6 Economic and Environmental Aspects 5 5
6.1 Cost-benefit analysis: Payback period, return on
1,2 45% 35% 20%
investment (ROI), and system performance.
6.2 Environmental impact: Carbon footprint and recycling
1 45% 35% 20%
of solar panels.
6.3 Government policies, incentives, and subsidies for solar
1 50% 30% 20%
energy.
Legends: R- Remember, U – Understand, A – Apply and above levels (Blooms’s Revised Taxanomy).
Notes: This specification table shall be treated as a general guideline and actual distribution of marks may
slightly vary from table. But the questions from each topic should be asked as per marks weightage.
V. LIST OF PRACTICALS/ASSIGNBMENTS/TUTORIALS
Designing and implementing a basic solar energy system for a small application.
Programme Specific
Programme Outcomes (POs)
Outcomes* (PSOs)
PO-5
Course PO-1 Basic Engineering
Outcomes and PO-2 PO-3 Design/ PO-4 Practices for PO-6 PO-7 Life
(COs) Discipline Problem Development Engineering Society, Long PSO- 1 PSO- 2 PSO- 3
Project
Specific Analysis of Solutions Tools Sustainability Management Learning
Knowledge and
Environment
CO1 3 - - 1 3 1 1 1 2 3
CO2 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
CO3 1 3 3 3 1 3 3 2 3 1
Legends :- High:03, Medium:02,Low:01, No Mapping: -
IX. SUGGESTED LEARNING MATERIALS TEXTBOOKS/
REFRENCE BOOKS / WEBSITES
SEMESTER : FIFTH
Based on
Based on LL & TL Self-
Total
IKS Practical learning
FA-TH SA-TH
Self- TOTAL
Hrs for PAPER (MST) (ESE) FA-PR SA-PR TOTAL
CL TL LL learning CR HRS SLA MARKS
Sem (CA) (PR/OR)
Max Max Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min
3 - 2 - 5 - 3 30 70 100 40 - - 25 10 25 10 150
II. RATIONALE
To equip students with fundamental knowledge, concepts, and principles of Industry 4.0 as essential tools for automation
and industrial control systems. To develop practical skills required for designing, programming, and troubleshooting
automated systems, preparing students for advanced studies and careers in industrial automation and electronics
engineering.
SECTION-I
Unit & R U A
Sub- Topics/Sub-topics Hrs Marks CO Level Level Level
Unit
1 Introduction to Industry 4.0 5 08
1.1 Evolution of Industry 1.0 to 4.0 1 30% 50% 20%
1.2 Key characteristics and principles of Industry 4.0 1 30% 50% 20%
1.3 Overview of Industry 4.0 technologies and applications 1 30% 50% 20%
2 Enabling Technologies of Industry 4.0 10 16
2.1 Internet of Things (IoT) 1,2 30% 50% 20%
2.2 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) 1,2 30% 50% 20%
2.3 Big Data and Analytics 1,2 30% 50% 20%
2.4 Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) 1,2 30% 50% 20%
2.5 Digital Twin Technology 1,2 30% 50% 20%
3 Industrial Automation and Smart Manufacturing 9 11
3.1 Sensors and Actuators 1,2 20% 60% 20%
3.2 Industrial Robotics and smart factories. 1,2 20% 60% 20%
3.3 Human-Machine Interaction 1,2 20% 60% 20%
3.4 Advanced Process Control 1,2 20% 60% 20%
SECTION-II
Unit &
Sub- Topics/Sub-topics
Unit
4 Communication Protocols in Industry 4.0 08 12
4.1 Industrial IoT Communication Standards 1,3 20% 60% 20%
4.2 5G and Wireless Technologies 1,3 20% 60% 20%
4.3 OPC UA, MQTT, and Other Protocols
5 Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing 08 12
5.1 Role in Industry 4.0 1,3 20% 60% 20%
5.2 Technologies and Materials . concept of sustainability . 1,3 20% 60% 20%
5.3 Applications and Case Studies
6 Cybersecurity in Industry 4.0 08 11 1,3 20% 60% 20%
6.1 Threats and Challenges 1,3 20% 60% 20%
6.2 Security Protocols and Risk Management 1,3 20% 60% 20%
Legends: R- Remember, U – Understand, A – Apply and above levels (Blooms’s Revised Taxanomy).
Notes: This specification table shall be treated as a general guideline and actual distribution of marks may slightly vary from
table. But the questions from each topic should be asked as per marks weightage.
V. LIST OF PRACTICALS/ASSIGNBMENTS/TUTORIALS
CO1 1 - - 3 - 1 2 1 - 2
CO2 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 - 1
CO3 1 2 2 3 - 1 2 - 1 1