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Integration Formulas and Examples

The document outlines various integration techniques including U-Substitution, Algebraic Substitution, Trigonometric Substitution, Partial Fraction Decomposition, Integration by Parts, Trigonometric Identities, Completing the Square, Reduction Formulas, Numerical Integration, and Improper Integrals. Each technique is accompanied by a formula and an example to illustrate its application. These methods provide essential strategies for solving different types of integrals in calculus.

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7 views2 pages

Integration Formulas and Examples

The document outlines various integration techniques including U-Substitution, Algebraic Substitution, Trigonometric Substitution, Partial Fraction Decomposition, Integration by Parts, Trigonometric Identities, Completing the Square, Reduction Formulas, Numerical Integration, and Improper Integrals. Each technique is accompanied by a formula and an example to illustrate its application. These methods provide essential strategies for solving different types of integrals in calculus.

Uploaded by

spanganiban
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Integration Techniques with Formulas

and Examples
1. U-Substitution
 ∫f(g(x))g'(x) dx = ∫f(u) du
 Example: ∫2x(x² + 1)⁵ dx → u = x² + 1

2. Algebraic Substitution
 Let x = expression in terms of t
 Example: ∫dx/√(4 - x²) → x = 2sin(θ)

3. Trigonometric Substitution
 x = a sin(θ) → √(a² - x²) = a cos(θ)
 x = a tan(θ) → √(a² + x²) = a sec(θ)
 x = a sec(θ) → √(x² - a²) = a tan(θ)
 Example: ∫dx/√(9 - x²) → x = 3sin(θ)

4. Partial Fraction Decomposition


 ∫(P(x)/Q(x)) dx → A/(x-a) + B/(x-b) + ...
 Example: ∫(2x+3)/((x+1)(x+2)) dx

5. Integration by Parts
 ∫u dv = uv - ∫v du
 Example: ∫x e^x dx = x e^x - ∫e^x dx

6. Trigonometric Identities
 sin²(x) = (1 - cos(2x))/2
 cos²(x) = (1 + cos(2x))/2
 Example: ∫sin²(x) dx = ∫(1 - cos(2x))/2 dx

7. Completing the Square


 ax² + bx + c → a(x + b/2a)² + (c - b²/4a)
 Example: ∫dx/(x² + 6x + 10) → complete the square
8. Reduction Formulas
 ∫sinⁿ(x) dx = -1/n sinⁿ⁻¹(x) cos(x) + (n-1)/n ∫sinⁿ⁻²(x) dx
 Example: ∫sin³(x) dx → use reduction formula

9. Numerical Integration
 Trapezoidal Rule: ∫f(x) dx ≈ (b - a)/2 [f(a) + f(b)]
 Simpson’s Rule: ∫f(x) dx ≈ (b - a)/6 [f(a) + 4f(m) + f(b)]
 Example: ∫₀¹ x² dx ≈ (1/2)[0 + 1] = 0.5 (Trapezoidal)

10. Improper Integrals


 ∫ₐ^∞ f(x) dx = limₜ→∞ ∫ₐ^t f(x) dx
 Example: ∫₁^∞ 1/x² dx = limₜ→∞ ∫₁^t x⁻² dx

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