RAJKUMAR GOEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FUNDAMENTAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SUBJECT CODE- BME-101 /BME-201
UNIT-III
Introduction to IC Engines and RAC
Syllabus
Refrigeration:Refrigerating effect, Ton of Refrigeration; Coefficient of performance, methods
of refrigeration, construction and working of domestic refrigerator, concept of heat pump.
Air-Conditioning: Its meaning and application, humidity, dry bulb, wet bulb, and dew point
temperatures, comfort conditions, construction and working of window air conditioner.
Refrigeration
Refrigeration is a process of maintaining lower temperature compare to surrounding
temperature.
In order to maintain temperature continuously refrigeration system must run on a cycle.
Refrigerant
Refrigerant is a substance used for producing lower temperature.
Example are NH3, water, air, R-11, R-12, R-135 etc.
Refrigerants absorb heat at a low temperature and reject heat at a higher temperature
Unit of Refrigeration
It is the amount of heat that is to be removed from one tonne water at zero (0 oC) in order to
convert it into ice at 0 oC in one day (24 hours).
Tonne of refrigeration represents heat transfer rate.
1 T.R. = 3.5 kJ/s 3.5 kW = 210 kJ/min
Topic: Applications of Refrigeration and Methods for Refrigeration
Applications of Refrigeration
➢ Human Comfort
➢ Food processing & preservation
➢ Chemical Industries
➢ Medical Uses
➢ Other
Methods for Refrigeration
Natural Refrigeration Methods
➢ Natural ice for refrigeration
➢ Evaporative Cooling
Artificial Refrigeration Methods
➢ Gas refrigeration system
➢ Vapour Compression refrigeration system
➢ Vapour absorption system
Other Refrigeration Methods
➢ Thermo-electric refrigeration system
➢ Steam jet refrigeration system
➢ Vortex tube refrigeration system
➢ Magnetic refrigeration system
Topic: Thermal Energy Reservoir
➢ A body with a relatively large thermal energy capacity is known as thermal reservoir.
➢ It can supply or absorb finite amounts of heat without undergoing any change in
temperature.
➢ Examples: Sun, Oceans, Lakes, atmospheric air
➢ Source: A thermal reservoir that supplies energy in the form of heat is called a
source.
➢ Sink: A thermal reservoir that absorbs energy in the form of heat is called a sink.
Topic: Kelvin Plank Statement and Heat engine
Kelvin Plank Statement: “It is impossible to construct a device which operates on a cyclic
process and the sole effect of which is to absorb energy in the form of heat from a single
thermal reservoir and to deliver an equivalent amount of work.”
Heat Engine
➢ Heat engine is a device which is used to convert thermal energy into mechanical
power.
➢ A heat engine is used to produce the maximum work transfer from a given positive
heat transfer.
➢ The measure of success is called the thermal efficiency of the engine and is defined
by the ratio of work output to heat input.
Topic: Clausius Statement, Refrigerator and Heat pump
Clausius Statement: “It is impossible to construct a device which operates on a
cyclic process and transfer heat from low temperature reservoir to high
temperature reservoir without any aid of mechanical work.”
Refrigerator
➢ Refrigerator worked on the Clausius statement.
➢ It absorb the heat from the low temperature medium and rejects heat into high
temperature medium by consuming external work.
➢ Refrigerator used to maintain low temperature.
Heat Pump
➢ Heat Pump worked on the Clausius statement.
➢ It absorb the heat from the low temperature medium and rejects heat into high
temperature medium by consuming external work.
➢ Heat pump used to maintain High temperature.
Refrigerator & Heat Pump
Coefficient of Performance
➢ The efficiency of a refrigerator and heat pump is expressed in terms of the
coefficient of performance (COP).
➢ The value of COP can be greater than unity.
➢ Thermal efficiency can never be greater than 1.
➢ Due to which, efficiency of a refrigerator or heat pump expressed by another term
COP to avoid the oddity of having efficiencies greater than unity.
➢ The COP represents the running cost of refrigerator and heat pump.
➢ Higher the value of COP lower the running cost.
Principle
➢ Both Refrigerator and heat pump worked on the Clausius Statement.
➢ Both absorb the heat from the low temperature medium and rejects heat into high
temperature medium by consuming external work.
➢ The working of both devices is same, however, both used for different purposes.
➢ Refrigerator used to maintain low temperature and heat pump is used to maintain the
high temperature as compared to atmospheric temperature.
Topic: Construction and working of refrigerator
Refrigerator
Refrigerator is a cyclic device which is used to maintain lower temperature as compared to
surrounding temperature.
Construction and working
COMPRESSOR:
It is a mechanical device which transfers mechanical energy to working fluids i.e. refrigerant.
Refrigerant comes from evaporator into the compressor. Compressor raises the pressure and
temperature of the refrigerant.
CONDENSER:
It is a type of heat exchanger. The refrigerant enters into the condenser from the compressor.
Condenser rejects the heat from working fluid (refrigerant) by means cooling coils made up
of copper into the atmosphere. Refrigerant comes from compressor is at high temperature
and pressure is cooled in condenser. After condensing refrigerant goes into the expansion
devices.
THROTTLING/EXPANSION DEVICES:
It is used to reduce the pressure of working fluid which comes from condenser and goes into
the evaporator. It also regulates the flow of refrigerant into the evaporator and maintains the
flow rate equal to the rate of evaporation in the evaporator. We can regulate and control the
temperature of refrigerator using expansion devices by varying the opening as per our
requirements.
EVAPORATOR:
It is the storage space or freezer. Refrigerant comes from throttling device enters into the
evaporator at very low temp and pressure. In evaporator refrigerant goes through cooling
coils. In evaporator heat is absorbed by the refrigerant. Due to this temperature of the
refrigerant increases and liquid refrigerant expends and converts into vapours. After that this
refrigerant goes to the compressor. Evaporator works as a heat exchanger between storage
space and cooling coils. This cycle repeats continuously.
Good practices to minimize the amount of energy consumed by refrigerator
1. Open the refrigerator door the fewest times possible for the shortest duration possible.
2. Cool the hot foods to room temperature first before putting them into the refrigerator.
3. Check the door gasket for leaks
4. Avoid unnecessarily low temperature settings.
5. Avoid excessive ice build-up on the interior surfaces of the evaporator.
Topic: Pure Substance
➢ A substance that has a fixed chemical composition throughout is called a pure
substance. Example: helium (He), and Argon (Ar)
➢ A pure substance does not have to be of a single chemical element it may be a
compound. Example: N2, CO2, H2O, NH3
➢ A mixture of various chemical elements or compounds also qualifies as a pure
substance as long as the mixture is homogeneous. Example: Air
➢ Air is a mixture of several gases, but it is often considered to be a pure substance
because it has a uniform chemical composition.
➢ Mixture of these gases are known as dry air.
Composition of Air
Component Molecular Mass Part by Volume
N2 28.02 0.7803
O2 32.00 0.2099
Ar 39.91 0.0094
CO2 44.00 0.0003
H2 2.02 0.0001
Topic: Air-Conditioning
Air-Conditioning is a process of controlling air temperature, humidity, quality and ventilation
in a space (Building or Vehicle). Atmospheric air makes up environment in all the air-
conditioning systems.
Atmospheric Air
➢ Dry air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and small amounts of some other gases.
➢ Air in the atmosphere normally contains some water vapor (or moisture), number of
pollutants and referred as atmospheric air.
➢ The amount of water vapour and pollutants in the atmospheric air vary from place to
place.
Moist Air
➢ For the air conditioning application, the atmospheric air is filtered and in the air-
conditioning we deals with moist air.
➢ Moist air is the mixture of water vapour and dry air.
➢ The amount of water vapor changes as a result of condensation and evaporation from
oceans, lakes, rivers, showers, and even the human body.
➢ The temperature of air in air-conditioning applications ranges from about 10 to about
50°C. In this range, dry air can be treated as an ideal gas with a constant cp value of
1.005 kJ/kg·K.
➢ Moist air pressure (P) is the sum of the partial pressure of dry air (Pa) and that of water
vapor (Pv).
Topic : Psychrometry
➢ In air-conditioning, we deals with moist air and moist air is not a pure substance.
➢ Moist air (mixture of dry air & water vapour) requires three properties to completely
define its thermodynamic state, unlike a pure substance which requires only two.
➢ One of the three properties can be composition of moist air.
➢ The properties of moist air are called Psychrometric properties and the subject which
deals with the behavior of moist air is known as psychrometry.
Topic : Specific Humidity, Dry Bulb Temperature, Wet bulb Temperature, Dew
point Temperature
Specific Humidity
➢ It is also known as absolute humidity or humidity ratio and denoted by 𝜔.
➢ Specific humidity can be defined as the mass of water vapor present in a unit mass of
dry air.
➢ Specific humidity can also be defined as the ratio of mass of water vapor to the mass
of dry air present in the mixture or moist air.
Dry Bulb & Wet bulb Temperature
➢ In psychrometry, a psychrometer comprises of a dry bulb and a wet bulb
thermometer.
Dry Bulb Temperature (Tdb or T)
➢ The dry bulb thermometer has bare bulb which is directly exposed to air and measure
the actual temperature.
Wet Bulb Temperature (Twb)
➢ The bulb of wet bulb thermometer is covered by a wick thoroughly wetted by water.
➢ The temperature which is measured by the wet wick covered bulb is known as wet
bulb temperature.
Dew point Temperature
➢ The air in atmosphere contains moisture (water vapour).
➢ If we reduce the temperature of the air, moisture get condense.
➢ The temperature at which first drop of dew is formed or condensation begins when
the air is cooled at constant pressure is known as dew point temperature.
➢ Denoted by Tdp.
➢ As the air cools at constant pressure, the vapor pressure Pv remains constant.
Therefore, the vapor in the air (state 1) undergoes a constant-pressure cooling
process until it strikes the saturated vapor line (state 2). The temperature at this point
is Tdp.
➢ If the temperature drops any further, some vapor condenses out. As a result, the
amount of vapor in the air decreases, which results in a decrease in Pv.
➢ The air remains saturated during the condensation process and thus follows a path
of 100 percent relative humidity (the saturated vapor line).
➢ The ordinary temperature and the dew-point temperature of saturated air are
identical.
Topic : Human Comfort
➢ Human comfort depends upon the ease which body temperature is maintained with
dissipation of heat.
➢ Heat is produced principally by metabolism (oxidation of food) then this heat is used
to perform work, loss of heat by convection, radiation and evaporation.
➢ Therefore, human comfort affected with temperature and humidity of air. Apart from
that velocity of air also a factor.
➢ The Effective Temperature combines effect of DBT & WBT with effect of air movement
to yield equal sensation of warmth or cold.
➢ Effective temperature is a temperature at which same net heat exchange by radiation,
convection and evaporation at different humidity.
Topic : Construction and working Window Air Conditioner
Window air conditioner is sometimes referred to as room air conditioner.
It is the simplest form of an air conditioning system and is mounted on windows or
walls.
It is a single unit that is assembled in a casing where all the components are located.
Compressor
The refrigerant enters the compressor at low temperature and pressure in a gaseous state.
In compressor temperature and pressure of refrigerant increases.
The refrigerant leaves the compressor and enters to the condenser.
Since this process requires work, an electric motor may be used.
Condenser
It is a kind of heat exchanger in which refrigerant of high pressure and temperature enters
which coming from compressor. .
The function of the condenser in a refrigeration system is to transfer heat from the
refrigerant to another medium, such as air.
By rejecting heat, the gaseous refrigerant condenses to liquid inside the condenser.
Throttling/Expansion valve
High pressure refrigerant from the condenser enters the throttling device, the pressure and
temperature of the refrigerant drops down suddenly.
Throttling valve also controls the amount of the refrigerant flowing through it.
Evaporator
It is a kind of heat exchanger in which refrigerant of low pressure and temperature enters
which is coming from throttling valve.
The function of the evaporator is to absorb heat by the refrigerant from the space to be
cooled.
By absorbing heat, the refrigerant converts from liquid state to gaseous state.
Filter Drier is used to remove the moisture from the refrigerant.
Drain Pan is used to contain the water that condensate from the cooling coil and is discharged
out to the outdoor.
Propeller Fan is used in air-cooled condenser to help move the air molecules over the surface
of the condensing coil.
Fan Motor is located here. It has a double shaft where the indoor blower and outdoor
propeller fan are connected together.
During operation, a thermostat is mounted on the return air of the unit. This temperature is
used to control the on or off of the compressor.
Once the room temperature has been achieved, the compressor cuts off.
For mechanical control type, there is usually a caution to turn on the unit after the unit has
turned off for at least 3 minutes.
For electronic control, there is usually a timer to automatically control the cut-in and cut-out
of compressor.
The evaporator blower fan will suck the air from the room to be conditioned through the air
filter and the cooling coil.
Air that has been conditioned is then discharge to deliver the cool and dehumidified air back
to the room. This air mixes with the room air to bring down the temperature and humidity
level of the room.
The introduction of fresh air from outside the room is done through the damper which is then
mixed with the return air from the room before passing it over the air filter and the cooling
coil.
The air filter which is mounted in front of the evaporator acts as a filter to keep the cooling
coil clean to obtain good heat-transfer from the coil.
Hence, regular washing and cleaning of the air filter is a good practice to ensure efficient
operation of the air conditioner.
Questions
S. Questions
No.
Refrigeration
1. Define refrigeration, refrigerant and unit of refrigeration. Also write down the
applications of refrigeration.
2. What are the different methods of refrigeration?
3. Define refrigerator and heat pump. Derive the relation between the COP of
refrigerator and heat pump.
4. Draw the neat diagram of a domestic refrigerator, showing its various parts. Explain
its working also.
5. The food compartment of a refrigerator is maintained at 4°C by removing heat from
it at a rate of 360 kJ/min. If the required power input to the refrigerator is 2 kW,
determine (a) the COP of the refrigerator and (b) the rate of heat rejection to the
room
6. A heat pump has a COP of 1.7. Determine the heat transferred to and from this heat
pump when 50 kJ of work is supplied.
Air-Conditioning
7. Define the term ‘air-conditioning’. What are the different applications of air-
conditioning?
8. Define the following
(i) Dry Bulb Temperature
(ii) Wet Bulb Temperature
(iii) Dew point Temperature
(iv) Saturated air
(v) specific humidity
(vi) relative humidity
9. With the help of neat sketch describe the working of window type air-conditioner.
10. Explain the factor which affects human comfort. What are the conditions for comfort
air conditioning?
