pee MACHINES II (EEC: ND II EEET SEMESTER 1 - 2024/2025 SESSION The effect of primary leakage flux @, is to introduce an inductive reactance X; in series with the primary winding as shown in Fig Similarly. the secondary leakage flux 0, introduces an inductive reactance Xz in series with the secondary winding. There will [Link] power loss due to leakage reactance. However, the presence of leakage reactance, in the windings changes the power factor as well as there is voltage loss due to IX'drop. Transformer on No-load * Consider a practical transformer on no load i.e., secondary on open-circuit as shown in Fig. 16 (i) The primary side will draw a small current lo to supply the iron losses and a very small amount of copper loss in the primary. Hence the primary no load current Ip is not 90° behind the applied voltage V,, but lags it by an angle > < 90° as shown in the phasor diagram in Fig. 16 (ii) No load input power. We = Vi le ¢os Op Fig 16: Transformer on No-load ‘As seen from the phasor diagram in Fig. 16 (i) the no-load primary current Ig can be resolved into two rectangular components viz. + The component Iyy in phase with the applied voltage Vy. This is known as active or working or iron loss component and supplies the iron loss and a very small primary copper loss. ‘ig ily ©08.Ope0 0 oe! cee epe ne Gal) + The component ly, lagging behind V, by 90° and is known as magnetizing component. It is this component which produces the mutual flux © in the core. Im = Ip Sin@y - a : . (xiv) * Clearly, fo is phasor sum of Im and hy y= Vint = : : = (xv) _ No load pf, cos Op se . : - (vi) 19 |p- soot : Sea ae MAGHINESIL (EEG. ©. yy (7 BEET SEMESTER 1 2024/2025 SESSION It is emphasized here that no load primary copper loss (i.e. (sR; ) is very small and may be neglected. Therefore, the no load primary input power is practically equal to the iron loss in'the transformer i.e.. ‘ ‘ No load input power, Wo = Iron loss i NB: At no load, there is no current in the secondary so that Vz = Ez .Qn the primary side, the drops in Ry and X,, due to /g are also very small because of the smaliness of Ig. Hence, we can say that at no load, Yy = Ey. 8, A 2400/400V single phase transformer takes a no-load current of 0.4 A and the core loss is 500 W. Calculate the values of the magnetizing and core loss components of the load current Data F,=2400V, £, = 400 V, No load input power. Wy I, S00W, I ly Solution The magnetizing and core loss components are given by Im and fy ie In = lp SIN Op arid hy = Ip COS Dy Nolload input power, Wp = Vy fp OS Op 500 = 2400 x 0.4.c0s 0 500 cos Oo = aay = O52! cos7? 0,521 A 58.6° : Now. 4sin58.6 = 0.344 ).21A 2.9 Transformer on load ‘When a load Z, is connected across the secondary side of an ideal transformer as shown in Fig. 17 The secondary emf, Ey will cause & current /2 to flow through the load. wy wy : Transformer on Load : : 201 Page .:CTRICAL MACHINES II(EEC. m rolyieberainatueiiey Se 2ica 2. bl) The angle at which fp leads or lags Vp (or £2) depends upon the resistance and reactance of the load. In the present case, we have considered inductive load so that current [lags behind V2 (or Ep) by @2. The secondary current /2 sets up an mmf Nz! which produces a flux in the opposite direction to the flux @ originally set up in the primary by the magnetizifig current. This will change the flux in the core from’ the original value: However, the flux in the core should not change from the original value. In Order to fulfill this condition, the primary must develop an mmf which exactly counterbalances the secondary mmf No/z Hence a primary current 1, must flow such that a has cts hg) Thus, when a transformer is loaded and carries a secondary current Ja, then a current = (Klz) must flow in the primary to maintain the mmf balance. In other words, the primary must draw enough current to neutralize the demagnetizing effect of secondary current $0 that mutual flux @ remains constant. Thus, as the secondary current increases. the primary current f,(= Kia) increases in unison and keeps the mutual flux @ constant. ‘The power input, therefore, automatically increases with the output. For example, if K=2 and [,=2A, then primary will draw'a current fy = Kl, = 2x2 = 4A. Ii ly is increased to 4A, then primary current will become f = Kl, = 2x 4 = BA. Fig. 17 shows the phasor diagram of an ideal transformer on load. Note that in drawing the phasor diagram, the value of K has been assumed unity so that primary phasors are ‘equal to 3econddty phasors: The secondary current |, lags behind Vz (or E2) by 03. It causes a primary current f, = Klz= 1 fp which is in antiphase with it. Therefore 0, = 0; or Cos 0, = Cos @» thus, power factor on the primary side is equal to the power factor on the secondary side. Since there are no losses in an ideal transformer, input primary power is equal to the secondary output power ie. Vilycos Vpl20502 Example cen single-phase transformer has a turn ratio of 8:1 and is fed from a 2000 V supply. If the transformer is rated at 4.5 kVA with negligible losses, calculat () The full load secondary current (i) The primary current at full load kVA Solution W 125, and from == =k, => V2 = KW = 0.125 x 2000 = V2 =250V ‘The full load secondary current can be calculated from the transformer rating in vok-amperes (VA). ie Full load Power = Volz = 45x 108 = 502 Re alr ‘ND Il EEET SEMESTER I'- 2024/2025 SESSIONELECTRICAL MACHINES:IL (EEC. Ap jt GET SEMESTER 11-2024/2025 SESSION ¥ | 233) he b (ii) The primary current Transformer Core In the construction of transformers two types of core constructions are normally employed, the Core type and the Shell type In core type transformer, windings are cylindrical former wound, mounted on the core limbs as shown in the Figure 18, The cylindrical coils have different layers and each layer is insulated from each other. Materials like paper. cloth or mica can be used for insulation. Low voltage windings are placed nearer to the core. as they re-easier to insulate. Whereas in the shell type the windings are wound around the center leg of a three-legged magnetic core. To reduce core losses, the magnetic core is formed of ‘stack of thin laminations. Core type Shell type Fig. 18: Transformer core Classification of Transformer : Transformers can be classified on different basis, like types of construction. purpose usage etc. Below are some of these classifications: * On the basis of construction: Transformers can be classified into two types ast Core type transformer and Shell type transformer, as described in Fig 18 above. 22|PageELECTRICAL MACHINES II (EEC 233; ND IV-EEET SEMESTER 1 - 2024/2025 SESSION | + On the basis of their purpose: Transformers can be classified as Step up transformer where Voltage increases (with subsequent decrease in current) at secondary. | and Step-down transformer where Voltage decreases (with subsequent intrease in current) at secondary, = + On the basis of their use: Transformers can be classified as Power transformer used | i | | in transmission network, high rating and Distribution éransformerused in distribution network, comparatively lower rating than that of power transformers. + Instrument transformer: Used in relay and protection purpose in different instruments in industries, These are Current transformer (CT) and Potential transformer (PT) zaprace.