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Mentha arvensis, a medicinal and aromatic plant, has high nutritional value and several-uses: A review

December 2020 · Buletin Agroteknologi 1(2):37

December 2020 · 1(2):37
DOI:10.32663/ba.v1i2.1180
License · CC BY 4.0

Authors:

Muhammad Nazim Qurat- Aamir Nawaz Shazia Anjum

Chinese Academy of Sciences Ul-Ain The Islamia University of Bahawalpur The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
Sadiq

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Mentha arvensis or mint is a renowned medicinal and aromatic plant. It is annual plant and
Discover the world's
cultivated in the tropical and sub-tropical regions under irrigation. Its cultivation has
research
significant importance, such as for food flavoring, medicinal applications, essential oil
applications, and also using in traditional purposes. Its essential oil contains many 25+ million
components phenolic, aldehydes, ketones, and carbohydrates. Menthol is a fundamental
members
component of Mentha arvensis essential oil. Menthol has also several industrial
applications, especially in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and by-products. There are 160+ million
many types or variations of menthol found in Mentha arvensis depending on the species or publication
cultivars as well as cultivation conditions, such as weather, irrigation, soil type, pruning, pages
and other agronomical practices. It has interesting and valuable botany, morphology, and 2.3+ billion Join for free
ecology. Its growth rate is strongly affected by the change of variables, such as pH, citations
temperature, and nutritional values of soil. The extraction of essential oil and the post-
harvest analysis are done by using traditional methods for Mentha arvensis oil production
in developing countries. Research on oil extraction methods, maximizing yield per hectare,
and optimum preservation are needed for the further, especially in post-harvest of mint
leaves and roots.

Broader uses and

properties of…

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Buletin Agroteknologi, December 2020, 1(2):37-49

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BULETIN AGROTEKNOLOGI
ISSN 2722-7235 (Online media)
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Mentha arvensis, a medicinal and aromatic plant, has high nutritional value and
several-uses: A review

Muhammad Nazim*1, Qurat-Ul-Ain Sadiq2, Aamir Nawaz3, Shazia Anjum4, Muqarrab Ali1,
Haseeba Maryam5
1
Department of Agronomy, MNS-University of Agriculture Multan, 66000 Pakistan
2
Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, MNS-University of Agriculture Multan, 66000 Pakistan.
3
Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. 38000 Pakistan.
4
Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
5
Institute of Soil and Environmental Science, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan

Article Information ABSTRACT

Mentha arvensis or mint is a renowned medicinal and aromatic plant. It
Received: April 25, 2020 is annual plant and cultivated in the tropical and sub-tropical regions
Accepted: June 19, 2020 under irrigation. Its cultivation has significant importance, such as for
food flavoring, medicinal applications, essential oil applications, and
*Corresponding author also using in traditional purposes. Its essential oil contains many
[email protected] components phenolic, aldehydes, ketones, and carbohydrates. Menthol
is a fundamental component of Mentha arvensis essential oil. Menthol
Keywords: has also several industrial applications, especially in food, cosmetics,
active constituents, pharmaceuticals, and by-products. There are many types or variations
climate-proof, of menthol found in Mentha arvensis depending on the species or
essential oil contents, cultivars as well as cultivation conditions, such as weather, irrigation,
nutritional value and uses soil type, pruning, and other agronomical practices. It has interesting
and valuable botany, morphology, and ecology. Its growth rate is
strongly affected by the change of variables, such as pH, temperature,
and nutritional values of soil. The extraction of essential oil and the
post-harvest analysis are done by using traditional methods for Mentha
arvensis oil production in developing countries. Research on oil
extraction methods, maximizing yield per hectare, and optimum
preservation are needed for the further, especially in post-harvest of
mint leaves and roots.
©2020 The author(s). This paper is an open-access article licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International published by Universitas Prof Dr Hazairin SH

INTRODUCTION arvensis plants are named as podina or pudina or

phodana (Qing, 2002). In the worldwide, Mentha
Botany
arvensis is well known as wild mint or corn mint or
Mentha arvensis or mint belongs to
field mint. Phuttiya or phutya or padina are
Lamiaceae or Labiatae family. Lamiaceae is a
commonly used as the local name of Mentha
family of 'flowering plants'. It is closely related to
arvensis in India. It is commonly used as a
the family Verbenaceae. Its nomenclature system
medicinal and ornamental plant in the world.
faces huge difficulties in making the correct name
Mentha genus contains a huge number of species.
due to higher biodiversity. Each country of the
Its ratio of species is too much higher than other
world has its almost native language. Mentha

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genera of this family. Approximately 13 to 24 its active growth period is during the spring season.
species of genus Mentha are found in the world. It Its height is ranged from 1 to 6 m, 10-120 cm height;
is a native plant of tropical regions. However, some the length of wild mint is mostly 4-7 mm long. The
taxa of Mentha arvensis also exist in temperate and wild mint produces flower at the maturity stage at
sub-tropical regions of the world (Ishtiaq, et al., the top of the plant. Wild mint has a strong tendency
2014). It can be successfully hybridized with other to make new leaves, stems, and roots if they cut due
plants of genus Mentha. Its direct interactions of to causing some reasons (Sushil, et al., 2000).
sunlight can change its color, length, age, and aroma
History/Origin
of new hybridized mentha plants (Fatiha, et al.,
The history of Mentha arvensis is very
2017). It can grow strongly at a moderate
ancient. It was an old history that available about
temperature. Its flowers are found in white color,
genus Mentha. It was believed that the Mentha word
and most color of leaves is in deep green or light
was originated from Greek legend nymph Minthe.
green. Mint plants can be grown in different soil pH,
She was beautiful and attracted to Greek god Hades.
such as acid, neutral, and basic (alkaline). Heavy
She was a superior woman and more beautiful than
clay (bases) soil is the best soil for the remarkable
Hades's wife, Persephone. Persephone was jealous
growth of mint. Soil pH range 6.5-8 and range of
of her. She disliked and killed her. Then Greek god
atmospheric humidity 60-70%. It can grow under
Hades transferred her dead body of Minthe into a
semi-shade, but the growth rate will be lowered.
mint plant. Greek king gave Minthe or mint to the
Good Agronomic practices gave good health to
England king as a gift (Van, et al., 1997). About
flowers and leaves of wild mint (Mounira, et al.,
2000 years ago, people were known and used
2009). Origins, genetics, and nutritional value of
Mentha as a medicinal plant. First time in history,
soil are factors that affect essential oil yield.
Sweden biologist Linnaeus was used Mentha as a
Germination from seeds is difficult than other
genus in 1753 (Ogunleye and Ibitoye, 2003).
germination methods such as budding and grafting
(Gobert, et al., 2002). Table 1 Taxonomy and botanical description
The United States of America, China, and
Taxon Name
India are the three big countries producing mint oil.
Tibbi Pudina
They covered about 95% demand for the mint in the
English Marsh mint
world. India has a big market for the production of
Botanical Mentha arvensis
mint in the world (Kokab, et al., 2010). This plant
Urdu Podina, pudina
is also being used in natural and modern synthetic
Family Labiatae
products. The chemical composition of essential
Common Corn mint, field mint, podina
oils shows a considerable variation (Johnson, et al.,
Part used Leaves, flowering tops and stems.
2011). Consequently, mint essential oil of different
parts produces several chemicals and exhibits
During the earliest period, it was considered
variation in biological activities (Borris,1996).
Literature reports of Mentha arvensis showed that it that for the first time in history, Mentha arvensis
was harvested for vegetation in Europe. Then its
has strong anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant
cultivation was started by Japan for commercial
activity, anticancer activity, and antibacterial
activity (Khanuja, et al., 2000). purposes in the late 19th century. Over time, China
and Japan have started their uses in medical fields.
Mentha arvensis has twisted edge leaves. The
It was introduced in the sub-continent, especially in
leaves of each pair grow in opposite directions from
India and Pakistan, known as pudina (Okumu,
each other. The flowers of mints are seen in colors
like pale purple, pink, and white (Jamal, et al., 2016). Furthermore, taxonomy and botanical
2006). The color of the stems varies from brownish- description of mint is presented in Table 1.
green to green under development stages. It is Demography and location
generally known as a perennial herb. The growth The demography of wild mint is very
rate is deeply affected by climate, but in the U.S.A. interesting. It has been found in almost all regions

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with different climatic conditions. The demography to various climatic conditions like drought,
of wild mint shows that field mint has various temperature fluctuations, and nutritional
habitats. It has good potential to bear different misbalance. The climatic resistance of essential oil
climate effects. Diversity of Mentha arvensis has crops depends on different factors like
increased its importance day by day due to high morphological, eco-physiology, and biochemical
invasion in nature and high demand for its products characters (Stevovi and Calic-Dragosavac, 2010).
in the world (Rastogi and Mehrotra, 1991). Asian The intensive resistant nature of Mentha arvensis in
countries such as India, Pakistan, Iran, Japan, China, different climatic conditions made this plant a
and Afghanistan are providing the best soil for subject of a detailed study by scientists. Under
maximum growth. They are a significant supplier of waterlogged conditions, Mentha arvensis showed
wild mint worldwide (Bahl, et al., 2000). France, an extensive growth rate, which exhibits its
Germany, Spain, Italy, the U.K., and other famous resistance against abiotic stress. As a result of
countries in the Euro have many wild mint varieties. climatic stress, leaf fall and chlorosis conditions
There are several varieties of wild mint available in were observed and happened. These studies exhibit
the U.S.A. However, Austria is also a competent that Mentha arvensis has better adaptations and
user of mint products in the world. The soil of tolerant properties against climatic stress, and it can
Austria is suitable for the maximum growth of wild eagerly change its phenotype properties according
mint. African countries are showing particular to climatic conditions (Phukan, 2013).
interest towards growing of wild mint. Wild mint is
Morphology
significantly growing in Arabian countries due to
Morphology of wild mint interacts with the
the particular interest of wild mint in food purposes.
botany of the plant. Each part of the wild mint has
The demand for wild mint is increasing every day
shown different morphological traits. Wild mint has
due to the high consumption of mint essential oil.
a roots system with low depth and multiple
India, China, and the U.S.A. are the prominent
capillaries. A robust roots system provides long
producer of mint in the world. India has first-class
time conservation under the influence of various
varieties of mint as compared to other countries.
stress factors (Londonkar, et al., 2009). Wild mint
India beats the U.S. economy in the field of mint
has leaves with a strong aroma, while stem, roots,
production. America has been using a lot of its mint
and flower are least fragrance parts of wild mint.
production in food flavoring. One million farmers
Wild mint has square branched stems, which
of India are cultivating the mint plant in 300,000
contains a significant amount of liquid water with a
hectares in 2006. In 2016, about two million peoples
light fragrance of mint aroma. The shape of mint
were cultivating the mint crop in a range of 300,000-
leaves is mostly oblong-ovate. Wild mint gets
600,000 hectares. America's mint price of $25 kg -1
maximum maturity of flowers from September to
and India give the mint price $15 in 2006. Now
October. The plant shows faster growth rates from
India is providing mint at $20-50 kg -1 in 2016. April to June than other months (Trudel, et al.,
China is the third-largest mint supplier in the world
1992).
after America (Choudhury, et al., 2006). China is
using most of its mint oil or menthol production to Ecology
make medicines. Now, several other countries, Ecology of wild mint has shown enormous
especially Afghanistan, Pakistan, China, Iran, are biodiversity under various climates conditions.
also cultivating suitable varieties of mint for better Wild mint has a strong potential to tolerate different
production of mint oil (Alvi, et al., 2001). However, stress. Dry leaves and stems have a huge tendency
they are unable to beat India in the field of mint to regrow new plants in good water and nutritional
production due to lower yields of mint oil. soil. The dry root of wild mint grows more
effectively than dry stems. The optimum
Climate resistant
temperature for the maximum growth of wild mint
Essential oil plants can be cultivated in
is 15-25 0C. Germination from fresh seeds of wild
various ecological aspects and exhibits adaptations
mint is not preferable and also difficult to grow a

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new plant. The germination rate of wild mint is mineral, fiber, and trace elements like zinc,
observed 30-70% but depends upon the type of mint phosphorus, copper, and manganese. Calcium and
species characteristics used for germination. Soil iron are also present as a form of mineral nutritional
nature, availability of water, and supported climates value (Ghasemi and Mohammadi, 2013). It also
give healthy growth rate wild mint. Humidity, contains significant amounts of vitamins such as
sunny and windy climates provide an excellent riboflavin, folic acid, niacin, and vitamin C. It has
effect on wild mint plant growth. Tropical, good pharmacological uses due to excess amount of
temperate, sub-tropical, and less Polar Regions are total phenolic contents (TPC) has vast properties to
the world are best places for maximum growth of control damages of fungal, bacterial and viral. It is
wild mint. However, temperate and tropical regions a good source of antioxidants and antimicrobial
are suitable habitat for wild mint (Okut, et al. 2017). activities (Hussain, et al., 2010).
The growth rate is approximately observed under a
Phytochemistry
range of 50-70%. Seeds based germination of this
In the last few decades, photochemistry of
plant is mostly done in the moist climate. The
wild mint essential oil is getting the intense attention
essential oil contents of Mentha have shown a huge
of chemists (Rao and Lakshminarayana, 1988).
variation with climate change. Early spring or late
Mentha arvensis has a strong aromatic smell due to
winter is the best climate for planting. Proper uses
the presence of phenolic and flavonoid contents in
of fertilizers, irrigation, and pesticides are increased
oil. Menthol, menthone, isomenthol, pulgone, and
yield (Harbans, et al., 2009).
alpha pinene were reported as significant
compounds of wild mint leaves essential oil (De
CHEMISTRY Sousa Guedes, et al., 2016).
Mentha arvensis has a strong aroma, and
leaves of the plant have a strong aroma as compared
POST –HARVEST TECHNOLOGY
to stem and root. It gives sweeter taste when eaten.
Harvesting is a useful step for the extraction
It gives extraordinarily results in the digestive
of essential oil. Nature of harvesting machine, time,
system of animals and humans. Different parts of
and the optimum temperature is useful assays
wild mint essential oil exhibited variation of
involved for the pre-harvesting stage. Early in the
chemical composition in essential oil, especially in
morning is the best timing for the extraction of
total phenol and flavored contents (Hussain, et al.,
essential oil. Machine-based harvesting of mint
2011). The yield of essential oil content increases its
crops gives good yield than manual harvesting due
applications at the commercial level. The essential
to the consumption of time and preservation of
oil of stems, leaves, and roots of Mentha arvensis
volatile components of essential oil. Similarly,
provide good menthol. It is reported that leaves
harvesting in the winter season of wild mint gave a
essential oil consisted of (93.7%) menthol as a
high yield of essential oil than summer harvesting.
major component, and minor components are
Harvesting of wild mint is done early in the
menthone (1.5%), carvenone (0.7%), and
morning, which gives better essential oil yield than
isomenthone (3.2%) (Joshi, 2013). There are several
a sunny climate of the winter. Harvesting of the wild
other components present in Mentha arvensis
mint crop is done in September and October. At this
essential oil, but menthol, menthone, carvenone,
stage, the temperature of the climate is ambient.
isomenthone, limonene, alpha-pinene,
Flowers and leaves get maximum maturity to place
caryophyllene, and hexatone are considering as
the maximum volatile contents of essential oil.
major components (Hussain, et al., 2010).
Harvesting in the early morning brings more
Chemical composition chilling injury for labor (Singh and Pandey, 2018).
Wild mint has a variety of flavor components Transportation of mint leaves and
and well known as a cold releasing plant worldwide. preservation of fresh are essential steps. During the
Wild mint has good nutritional value, but it is not a preservation process, fresh leaves and flowers lost
good source of food. It also contains amounts of the too many essential oil contents in the storage of the

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freezer and icebox. In the storage of big shelter in 15-200 ℃for maximum preservation of oil before
the absence of fresh air, fresh flowers, leaves, and shifting to industries. When the oil is extracted from
roots of mint turn black. On the fresh plant, many fresh leaves, roots, and flowers of mint, extracted
insects attack than plants show various symptoms materials are packed in big black blankets to transfer
like yellow and black coloring. Dried leaves of mint heavier industries to make useful food products. The
are mostly stored in polyethylene for better nature of the solvent becomes an essential step for
perseveration. Several protections are used during the better extraction of wild mint oil. Methanol and
harvesting, packing, storage or preservation, chloroform gave a better yield of mint essential oil
transportation, and handling. Some industries than water and ethanol due to higher interaction
require wild mint essential oil to make perfume, with the volatile contents of oil (Fazal, et al., 2011).
medicines, and cosmetics. However, some
industries made animal feeds from the extract of VALUE ADDITION
leaves and mint's roots (Akram, et al., 2011). Mentha arvensis is commonly used in animal
food products such as feeds. All parts of wild mint
PROCESSING gave a good amount of oil that can show effective
Freezers are also using to store fresh leaves in progress in biological activities or products like
natural flavor. There are some conventional perfumes, cosmetics, shampoo, and medicines,
methods of storage also observed worldwide others. Wild mint oil has excellent applications in
(Sharma, et al., 2003). Dropped leaves of mint in refresher products industries. Excess usage of
fresh water and store in dark places are also using Mentha arvensis oil gave side effects on mammals.
by stores for a short time. These types of activities The strong aroma becomes a great source of
reduced the essential oil contents of leaves, roots, pesticides, insecticides, viricides, and fungicides.
and flowers. It also controls physio-chemical Mint oil has a strong ability to kill common pests
processes such as oxidation, evaporation, such as wasps, ants, hornets, and cockroaches
discoloration, and dehydration. Direct interaction of (Coutinho, et al., 2015).
sunlight with harvested wild mint changes the
physical properties and chemical nature of essential USES
oil (Gang, et al., 2001). Wild mint gives a significant contribution
Stem hydro and hydro distillation are famous toward better health and food. Mint has a good
and low-cost apparatus that commonly used for amount of mineral, carbohydrates, vitamins,
extraction of essential oil from various mint protein, and water. It exhibits antifungal and
varieties. With the process of stem hydro antimicrobial activities' significant properties due to
distillation, all parts of wild mint can be used to the presence of phenols and flavonoid contents in
extract oil. When dropped fresh leaves of mint along oil. It also becomes an essential raw material for
pure water, then for heating required temperature is many industries, especially cosmetics, perfumes,
(100-120 ℃), and pressure is (780-1560 mmHg). medicines, soaps, detergents, shampoo, and other
Essential oil contents and liquid water converted flavor products, are most common. Cattleman also
into the gaseous phase for condensation and again uses dried roots, stems, leaves, and flower extract
converted into a liquid state to bring them at room powered wild mint in the form of feed for
temperature (20-300C). Oil contents are separated improvement of milk concentration to make good
from liquid water and stored into a black bottle to animal health, especially of their stomach. Excess
reduce the evaporation of essential oil (Hussain, et of mint leaves can be reduced blood circulation in
al., 2015). humans. Therefore, high blood pressure peoples are
Wild mint essential oil must be stored at 200 also using it as traditional medicines to control
℃ for proper preservation. Mostly 15 to 400 ℃ blood circulation (Khan, et al., 2019). Broader uses
temperature range is also useful to store oil in a and properties of Mentha arvensis in different
black bottle. Similarly, dried leaves of mint are
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y
regions of world presented in Table 2.
ground and stored in plastic bags at a temperature of

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Table 2 Broader uses and properties of Mentha arvensis in different regions of world
Region Indications Reference

Macedonia Menthol was major component of Mihajlov et al., 2019

leaves(32.47%), flowers (35.64%) and whole
plant (52.53%) essential oil
India Menthol was main constituent of leaves Derwich et al., 2010
(84.63%)
northeastern Algeria Menthol was reported in fresh leaves (55%) Benabdallah et al., 2018
essential oil
Oman Menthol was major component of dry leaves Al-Sabahi et al., 2016
(31.81%)
Chennai, Tamil Nadu Menthol present as major constituent fresh Arjun et al., 2017
leaves (52.34%) essential oil
Cuba Menthol was major components of leaves Pino et al., 1996
essential oil (51.68%)
Kumaon Region of Menthol was effective and major part leaves Verma et al., 2010
Western Himalaya essential oil (20-40%) at various places of
western regions
India Menthone(13.03%) and menthol (14.64%) Machale et al.,1997.
were present in greater proportions in aroma
parts of plant
Iran Drought resistant species Haydari et al., 2019
Pullman Climatic resistant cultivars is an important Dung et al., 2010
component of Verticillium wilt management.
Japan Essential oils repressed the proliferation of Imai et al., 2001
each strain in liquid culture.
India Anti-allergic and Anti-inflammatory Activity, Thawkar et al., 2016
Antifertility Activities, Antibacterial
Activities, Antioxidant Activities and Active
Constituent
India Possess abortifacient property Aggarwal & Kunnumakkara,
2009.
Australia Decoctions were used to treat colds and Tang et al.,2016
coughs. Plant is also used as an abortifacient

applications such as health, food, medicines,

General uses
cosmetics, and perfumes that are most common in
It is used as a fragrance element in detergents
the world (Phatak et al., 2002). The mint-flavored
and also used in aromatherapy. The leaves, as well
leaves are used as an herb in various cuisines.
as the oil of these plants, are used in kinds of
Sometimes raw leaves are added to salads and other
toothpaste and mouthwashes. It can also be used to
preparations to add flavor to the food. Dried leaves
reduce toothaches and swellings of gum. It can
are used to make herbal tea. The oil extracted from
alleviate mouth ulcers, toothache, and swollen gum.
these plants is used as a flavoring agent for
Wild mint leaves to water is using to wash out the
beverages and sweets. Due to carbohydrates nature,
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injection of diseases. Fresh leaves of mint are a mint juice is watching or drinking every juice
useful source for repellent of fungal and bacterial. corner. It is also adding to improve sweetness and
In general uses, wild mint is divided into numerous

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flavor juices of apple and strawberry. Concentrate significant reduction was observed in the weight of
roots oil of mint is using to make several products the testis, cauda epididymal sperm count,
of whiting creams and cosmetics. It also removed epididymis, viability, viability, and normal
spots from the human body (Rech et al., 1986). morphology of the spermatozoa. Whereas the levels
of serum protein G.O.T., bilirubin, G.P.T., blood
Pharmacological uses
urea, and hematological indices were remaining the
Menthol mint has known as a great medicinal
same throughout the investigation. All the altered
herb in medical history. It shows a progressive
parameters were reversible following the
report in medicines, especially in pharmacological
withdrawal of treatment. The petroleum ether
uses. Recently, various methods of menthol
extract of the leaves of M. arvensis exhibited
extraction are developed for maximum menthol
reversible antifertility activity without adverse
extraction. Menthol gives much diversity, mainly in
toxicity in male albino mice (Sharma and Jacob,
foods, industrial, and medicinal are most commonly
2001)
these days. In the last few decades, menthol
becomes a famous compound for the preparation of 3 Anti-hepatoprotective activity
flavors, fragrance, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics Chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of
industries (Chand et al., 2004). Mentha arvensis Mentha arvensis leaves showed hepatoprotective
exhibited strong pharmacological applications as an activity. This activity was tested against CCl4
antioxidant, antifertility, anti-hepatoprotective, induced liver damage in rats. CCl4 was increased
antibacterial, antifungal, antimicrobial, anti- hepatotoxicity in the liver of rats and studied
inflammatory, and anti-viral and others. Research changes in serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase
data of wild mint essential oil showed that it is (sGPT), serum bilirubin (sB) serum glutamate
exhibited strong biological application due to the oxaloacetate transaminase (sGOT) and
presence of phenolic and flavored contents essential histopathological alkaline phosphatase (sALP)
(Thawkar, 2016). along with silymarin as standard Hepatoprotective
agents. The flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids,
1 Antioxidant activity
alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, tannins,
The methanolic root extract of Mentha
phenolic compounds of Mentha arvensis leaves
arvensis exhibited significant antioxidant activity
extracts might be responsible. The results showed
due to the presence of flavonoid and phenolic
that various solvents extracts of Mentha arvensis
compounds into Mentha arvensis extract. The
became a cause in a significant reduction in the
methanolic root extract of Mentha arvensis is an
values of sGOT, sGPT, sALP, and sB (P < 0.01)
effective and low-cost source for an antioxidant
almost comparable to the silymarin. The
activity that can be applied to control several
Hepatoprotective activity was determined by
diseases (Dar et al., 2014).
histopathological examination. At last, the results
2 Antifertility activity showed that Mentha arvensis exhibited strong
Petroleum ether leaves extract of Mentha hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced liver
arvensis has effective and significant antifertility damage in rats (Patil and Mall, 2012).
activity. The antifertility activity was tested against
4 Anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory diseases
mature albino mice. On different days, various
Allergic diseases have been noticed
doses concentration 10 and 20 mg per mouse per
worldwide due to several reasons. He was reported
day were used for 20, 40, and 60 days. The
that the spreading rate of allergic diseases was much
administered orally showed that a dose-dependent
higher than other common diseases. It was all due
and observed reduction in the number of offspring
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of the treated male mated with normal females. to the increasing growth rate of pathogenic in our
Negative fertility of albino mice was observed in favorable pollute environment. The aqueous and
organic extracts of Mentha arvensis leaves, roots,
both dose concentrations after 60 days of treatment.
and stems were used for the determination of anti-
The bodyweight of albino was remaining
allergic and anti-inflammatory activities. These
unaffected. Moreover, results showed that a

43

Nazim et al. Buletin Agroteknologi. December 2020, 1(2):37-49

extracts were tested on animals. The results showed tested against organism Proteus mirabilis and
that all tested parts of Mentha arvensis showed MTCC 442 strain. Various doses concentration
conclusively against allergic and inflammatory from 0.97mg/ml to 250mg/ml was used. The
diseases at higher concentrations. It is all due to the resulted of wild mint showed significant
presence of secondary phytochemicals in significant antibacterial activity against tested organisms.
concentration. All these results showed that this Various active components, such as the total
plant was supported for the preparation of phenolic content of extract, may be responsible for
ethnomedicine (Malik et al., 2012). effective antibacterial activity (Srinivas and Arun,
2012).
5 Antibacterial activity
Another study of Mentha arvensis (wild
Fresh leaves of Mentha arvensis showed
mint) showed that ethanol extract Mentha arvensis
strong antibacterial activity due to the
has exhibited significant antibacterial activity
phytochemical presence in hydro-distilled essential
properties. This unique type of activity was tested
oil. Mentha arvensis exhibited a good 0.71%
against multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter
essential oil yield. The antibacterial activity was
baumannii. Disc diffusion and Micro-dilution
tested in vitro on gram-positive bacteria
methods were used for the determination of the
(Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and
antibacterial activity in wild mint extract. The
Streptococcus pyogenes) and gram-negative
minimum inhibitory concentration (M.I.C.) and
bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas
minimum bactericidal concentration (M.B.C.)
aeruginosa) using agar disc diffusion assay and
methods were used to determine the zone of
minimum inhibitory concentration (M.I.C.) was
inhibition of the extract against the test bacteria. The
also determined. The pathogens were sensitive to
ethanol extract of Mentha arvensis (wild mint)
the oil and showed highly effective antibacterial
showed dose-dependent growth inhibitory effects
activity with the maximum inhibition zone against
against A. baumannii with M.B.C. and MIC 72.1
S. aureus (22.33 ± 1.15 mm). The minimum
and 23.5μg/mL respectively. The results showed
inhibitory concentration (M.I.C.) of the oil was
that the ethanol extract of Mentha arvensis was a
higher against gram-positive bacteria than gram-
potent antibacterial activity against A. baumannii
negative bacteria. The results indicate that the fresh
(Zhang et. al., 2015).
leaves oil of M. arvensis has high potential as an
antibacterial agent for both pharmaceutical and 6 Antimicrobial activities
pesticide industries. The gas chromatography-mass Mentha arvensis was containing menthone,
spectrometry (GC-MS) and the gas iso-menthone, l-menthol, dementholated oil,
chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC- Mentha monoterpenes, and menthol liquid.
FID) were used to determine the chemical Microbial, including bacterial and fungal, and
composition of Mentha arvensis essential oil. They others were increasing diseases in the world.
displayed that monoterpenes, oxygenated Menthol was used to synthesize seventeen
derivatives with menthol compounds as major compounds and check their antimicrobial activity
components. These compounds might be against 12 bacteria and nine fungal strains. The
responsible for antibacterial activity (Bokhari et al., essential oil as derivatives of menthol showed
2016). inhibition of diseases, which became a cause of
The study of Mentha arvensis showed that microorganisms (Kumar et al., 2011).
isopropyl alcohol petroleum ether and acetone Wild mint had been applied as
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extract of Mentha arvensis leaves exhibited good antispasmodic, antiseptics, analgesic, and
antibacterial activity. Sixty-three urine samples of carminative in the Unani system of medicine was an
different patients were collected in various hospitals old traditional medicinal system that produced lager
in India. These collected samples were used to medicines from Plants. The active components of
explain antibacterial activity against different doses Mentha arvensis essential oil, mainly phenolic and
of wild mint essential. Antibacterial activity was flavonoid contents, were primarily responsible for

44

Nazim et al. Buletin Agroteknologi. December 2020, 1(2):37-49

the antibacterial, antifungal, and many other essential component of several industrial
pharmacological activities (Akram et al., 2011). applications such as perfumes, cosmetics,
7 Anti-atherothrombotic activity toothpaste, drugs, shampoo, soaps, and food.
Atherothrombotic diseases are common Menthol or mint essential oils are using as raw
disorders that are treated by urokinase (U.K.) and sources for the preparation of several by-
streptokinase (S.K.). They are highly costly. More products. Post harvesting process, preparation,
ever, we are commonly using plant-based drugs processing, and extraction of essential oil
because they are cheap, low side effects, safe and methods are most traditional in under-
effective against many diseases. developing countries. However, developed
Determined the catalysis effect and cyto-
countries are made good and useful apparatus
toxic effects of Mentha arvensis, Streptokinaseas
that are using in these processes with less effort
were used as a positive control, and water was used
as a negative control. In this study, various solvents with much of time also. Further research on oil
extracts of Mentha arvensis were used, including extraction methods, maximizing yield per
ethanol, methanol, acetone, and chloroform. The hectare, and optimum preservation are needed,
methanol, ethanol, chloroform, and acetone were especially in post-harvesting of leaves, flowers,
showed clot lysis activity 32.56%, 32.04%, 31.87%, and roots are conventional.
and 30.29%, respectively. From these results, the
methanol extract of Mentha arvensis showed ACKNOWLEDGMENT
maximum cloth lysis. The cytotoxic assay of The authors highly acknowledge the
methanol extract of M. arvensis showed LC50 value
Department of Agronomy, M.N.S. University
s of 2.088. This result was compared with standard
of Agriculture, Multan (Pakistan).
reference Vincristine sulfate. The results showed
that the various extract of M. arvensis had clot lysis
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47

Citations (9) References (60)

... Using the well diffusion method, they found that bacterial isolates were highly sensitive to the methanolic extract of M.
arvensis leaves at concentrations of 100-250 µg/ml with a maximum inhibition zone of 21.37 ±1.17 mm for S. aureus.
14 Cytotoxicity assays are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry to screen cytotoxic compounds of interest for the
development of drugs that target rapidly dividing cancer cells. 15 In these assays, cells in the exponential growth phase
are exposed to cytotoxic drugs or anticancer agents. ...
... This is achieved by modulating the MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways, inducing apoptosis, inhibiting tumor cell
invasiveness and migration, causing cell cycle arrest, upregulating Bax and p53, and inducing a senescent phenotype.
14 ...

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03/08/2024, 15:02 (PDF) Mentha arvensis, a medicinal and aromatic plant, has high nutritional value and several-uses: A review
Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activity of Mentha arvensis L. Leaves Methanolic Extract In vitro
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Bushra Hindi Saleh · Dhafar Al-ugaili · Asma Ghatea Oraibi · Rasha Abdalelah Ibrahim

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... They hold integral positions in cultural legacies, participating in spiritual rituals, enriching culinary traditions, inspiring
art, literature, folklore, and preserving cultural identity. Sustainability assumes a paramount role in the context of MAPs
(Nazim et al., 2020) . The cultivation and conservation of these plants are indispensable, not only to ensure a
continuous supply of these invaluable resources but also to protect their natural habitats. ...

THE FUTURE OF HIGH-VALUE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS

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Amit Kumar Tiwari · Prawal Pratap Singh Verma · Sonveer Singh · R.K. Upadhyay

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... It has been demonstrated that CID 440015 obtained a docking score of −7.16 kcal/mol and found two hydrogen
bonds with residues GLU285 and ARG463 (Table 3). Moreover, it established interaction with the NS3 protease-helicase
enzyme by forming three hydrophobic bonds with LEU193, PRO195, and ALA316 residues Asthma-plant Euphorbia
hirta Euphorbiaceae Antibacterial, analgesic, antipyretic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, nematicidal,
antiamoebic, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic activity [50] Fish mint, fish leaf Houttuynia cordata Saururaceae Anti-
inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, anti-leukemic, and antianaphylactic activity [51] Guduchi Tinospora cordifolia
Menispermaceae Anti-stress, anti-leprotic, anti-malarial, hepatoprotective, antiallergic, anti-arthritic, immunomodulatory,
antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-periodic, anti-spasmodic, and anti-neoplastic activity [52] Wild mint Mentha arvensis
Lamiaceae Anti-dental caries, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial [53] Bitter vine Mikania cordata
Asteraceae Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, wound-healing, analgesic, anti-ulcerogenic, and anticarcinogenic [54] Bitter
melon or peria Momordica charantia Cucurbitaceae Immune-modulatory, anti-tumor, anti-ulcerogenic, anti-mutagenic,
antioxidant, and anti-diabetic Antibiotic, analgesic, lipolytic, and abortifacient activity [55] Nutmeg ...

In Silico-Based Identification of Natural Inhibitors from Traditionally Used Medicinal Plants that can Inhibit Dengue
Infection
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... They hold integral positions in cultural legacies, participating in spiritual rituals, enriching culinary traditions, inspiring
art, literature, folklore, and preserving cultural identity. Sustainability assumes a paramount role in the context of MAPs
(Nazim et al., 2020) . The cultivation and conservation of these plants are indispensable, not only to ensure a
continuous supply of these invaluable resources but also to protect their natural habitats. ...

THE FUTURE OF HIGH-VALUE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS

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May 2024
Amit Kr Tiwari · Prawal Pratap Singh Verma · Sonveer Singh · R.K. Upadhyay

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... [2] Mentha oil, often known as menthol, is the primary byproduct of the genus Mentha and has found widespread use
in the medicinal, culinary, and cosmetics sectors. [3] Farmers who were involved in the growing of mentha herbs
believed this crop to be their primary source of revenue. In 2014, the value of the worldwide trade in metha oil was 205
million USD, and it is expected that this value would reach 300 million USD by 2024. ...

Isolation, Purification and Characterization of L-Carvone from Mentha longifolia Using Fractional Distillation and
Quantified by Gas Chromatography
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03/08/2024, 15:02 (PDF) Mentha arvensis, a medicinal and aromatic plant, has high nutritional value and several-uses: A review

... Mentha arvensis, popularly known as corn mint, wild mint or field mint (Nazim et al., 2020) , has unique importance
among the mint family due to its high concentration of menthol (Thawkar, 2016) ranging up to 71.40% (Pandey et al.,
2003). In effect, menthol has antiseptic, carminative, refrigerant, stimulative, and diuretic properties (Thawkar et al.,
2016). ...

Antifungal Efficacy of Mint Essential Oil Against Penicillium spp. Inoculated on Carrots
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... The obtained results demonstrate that the AA of the EO is stronger than that of the positive control for S. enteritidis.
According to Nazim et al. [26] , the EO from M. arvensis L. leaves also inhibited the growth of both Gram-positive (S.
aureus, B. subtilis, and Streptococcus pyogenes) and Gram-negative (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) bacteria, and these
results are in agreement with those of our study. In addition, Pandey et al. [21] used the disc diffusion method to
demonstrate that the EO extracted from M. arvensis L. leaves exhibited in vitro efficacy against human pathogenic fungi,
such as Fusarium oxysporum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. ...

Physicochemical Properties, Chemical Components, and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil from Mentha
arvensis L. Leaves
Article Full-text available
Mar 2022
Le Pham Tan Quoc

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... La Mentha arvensis (Figura 4), nota anche con il nome di menta selvatica o menta dei campi, è una specie coltivata
fin da tempi antichi (Nazim et al., 2020) . Dalla Grecia, tale specie si diffuse in tutto il mondo in paesi come Cina,
Giappone, Inghilterra, ma anche India e Pakistan. ...

Interazione pianta-patogeno: caso studio su Mentha x piperita L. e Mentha arvensis L. tramite tecniche di
micropropagazione e biosensoristica
Thesis Full-text available
May 2022
Guido Pivaro · Paola Maria Chiavazza

View Show abstract

Oligomers of restructured-carrageenan impart resilience towards nickel-triggered pernicious outcomes in Mentha

arvensis L.
Article
Dec 2023 · IND CROP PROD
M. Naeem · Aarifa Nabi · M. Masroor .A Khan · Tariq Aftab

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January 2010 · Environmental Control in Biology

S.H. Malayeri · Shoko Hikosaka · Eiji Goto

The present study was performed to investigate the effects of different light periods including 8, 16 and 24 h d-1 light in combination
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Seyed Ali Moetamedipoor · Mohammad Jamal Saharkhiz · Ahmad Reza Khosravi · Abolfazl Jowkar

Mentha is an important aromatic plant in the Lamiaceae family with a great industrial potential which has a very complex classification.
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Interação de concentrações de ANA e BAP na indução de calos de menta japonesa ( Mentha arvensis L.)

January 2006
Valéria O. Fonseca · Andréa Santos da Costa · Josefa Grasiela Silva Santana · [...] · Arie Fitzgerald Blank

Interaction of NAA and BAP concentrations on the induction of japanese mint ( Mentha arvensis L.). Japanese mint ( Mentha arvensis
L.) is an aromatic plant with high commercial interest because of the production of essential oil rich in menthol. The aim of this work
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Biomass income and essential oil of japonese mint. (Mentha arvensis L.)

January 2005 · Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais

Dalva Paulus · Sandro Luis Petter Medeiros · Osmar Souza dos Santos · [...] · Eliseu G. Fabbrin

Japonese mint is an aromatic plant, which principal active principle is the essential oil. The problem with fertility and soil management
determined a great reduction in this field crop production. So in this sense, hydroponics shows a good possibility to regain national
production. The aim of this experiment was to determine income of shoot fresh matter, essential oil and menthol. There were ... [Show
full abstract]

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