Midlands State University
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND GEOSCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGIEERING
GENDER STUDIES ,GSENG211
MODULE: GENDER STUDIES ,GSENG211
TASK: ASSIGNMENT
DATE: 24/10/2024
LECTURER: DR E. MAGWEGWE
Group 1
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[Link] Gapa R234051T
[Link] Musendami R2310232Q
[Link] Tadiwa Mutote R238477J
[Link] Leeroy R238494A
[Link] Mbore R239270A
[Link] Elton R238493H
[Link] Maxwell Junior R239171G
[Link] T Ngindi R238495M
[Link] Burayayi R239371B
[Link] Burayayi R239372N
11. Lloyd Stewart Muteve R2110650G
[Link] Ethan Gwanzura R2310378H
13. Roy Liston Muhloro R239222C
14. Prince Magwegwe R2215810Z
15. Odert Chifambi R239173F
16. Innocent Muzvidziwa R238470P
17. Munashe Chinjiva R238864H
18. Mukajami Joseph R238643N
19. Cliff Chizawari R238457R
20. Shelton Matika R238469F
[Link] Katenaire R238474Q
[Link] ChigoraR238405Z
[Link] Matsika R2310765Z
24. Mashapa Tinotenda R239785G
25. Michael Chikonzo R239166H
26. Hosho Panashe R238697B
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Evaluate the progress toward gender equality in
Zimbabwe (what are the key indicators and what
challenges persist)
Introduction
Gender equality in Zimbabwe has been a focal point of national and international
discourse, particularly given the country’s historical context and socio-economic
challenges. The progress towards gender equality can be evaluated through various
indicators, including political representation, economic participation, education access,
health outcomes, and social norms. However, significant challenges persist that hinder the
full realization of gender equality.
Gender equality, defined as the principle of equal rights, opportunities and freedoms
regardless of gender, remains a complex and contentious issue globally, with the United
Nations defining it as "the equal rights, responsibilities, and opportunities of women and
men and girls and boys" (UN Women, 2022). In Zimbabwe, achieving gender equality is
multifaceted, with proponents arguing it fosters inclusive economic growth, improves
health outcomes, and enhances social justice, while critics contend it undermines
traditional values and societal norms. This presentation examines the complexities of
gender equality in Zimbabwe, exploring both benefits and challenges, including disparities
in education, healthcare, and economic opportunities. It analyzes the benefits of promoting
gender equality, such as improved health outcomes, increased economic growth, and
enhanced social justice, while investigating challenges like cultural and societal resistance.
Evaluating existing policies and programs, this presentation argues that promoting gender
equality is essential for Zimbabwe's development, highlighting key indicators of gender
inequality, the impact of gender equality initiatives on economic growth and social justice,
and strategies to address implementation challenges. By exploring these dynamics, this
essay provides a nuanced understanding of gender equality in Zimbabwe, underscoring the
importance of equal rights and opportunities for all.
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Zimbabwe's progress toward gender equality in politics is notably advanced through the
quota system, introduced in the 2013 Constitution, which reserves 60 seats for women in
the National Assembly through proportional representation and 30% of seats in local
authorities. This system has significantly increased women's representation, with 60 women
elected into parliament through the proportional representation system following the 2023
general elections. However, critics argue that this system has limitations, potentially
perpetuating tokenism, where women are symbolically present but lack real political power
and influence. Women elected through this system have no constituency or access to
Constituency Development Funds, and their representation is often reduced to mere
numbers rather than substantive decision-making roles. Furthermore, the quota system
may create a perception that women are inferior to those elected through traditional
means, undermining their legitimacy and effectiveness. The most prominent and
memorable of female politicians in Zimbabwe’s past and present include Joice Mujuru,
Priscilla Misihairabwi, Margaret Dongo, Oppah Muchinguri, Shuvai Mahofa, Nyasha
Chikwinya, Grace Mugabe and Thokozani
Khupe, but their roles have often been seen as tokenistic rather than genuinely influential
Such examples are meaningful, but, as this point argues,to achieve true gender equality,
alternative solutions such as a total proportional representation system or a tenure system
with seat rotation for local government seats have been proposed. Ultimately, addressing
tokenism and ensuring women's meaningful participation in politics requires a
multifaceted approach that tackles systemic and socio-cultural barriers.
Through targeted financial interventions and capacity-building programs, Zimbabwe is
fostering an enabling environment for women's economic empowerment. The Zimbabwe
Women Microfinance Bank, established to provide loans to women, promotes financial
inclusion and economic empowerment (Zimbabwe Women Microfinance Bank, 2024).
Additionally, the government has allocated a budget to support Small to Medium
Enterprises (SMEs) through the Ministry of Women Affairs, Community, Small and
Medium Enterprises Development, fostering a conducive environment for SME growth
and job creation (Ministry of Women Affairs, 2024). Under Minister Monica
Mutsvangwa's leadership, women are receiving capacity-building training sessions focusing
on entrepreneurship development, financial literacy, and leadership development (The
Herald, 2024). These initiatives demonstrate the government's commitment to promoting
gender equality and economic empowerment, aligning with the United Nations' Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), specifically Goal 5 on Gender Equality and Goal 8 on Decent
Work and Economic Growth (UN Women, 2022). By providing access to finance, training,
and support, women in Zimbabwe are better equipped to succeed in business and drive
economic [Link] can be noted that Zimbabwe's progress in women's economic
empowerment serves as a model for other countries. Hence, it is wise to recognize the
significance of collaborative efforts between government agencies, financial institutions,
and international organizations in driving this progress.
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Zimbabwe has made significant strides in promoting inclusive education, bridging the
gender gap and empowering women with disabilities through affirmative action policies.
The government's university admissions system, which requires fewer points for women
than their male counterparts in certain programs, has increased access to higher education
(ZIMCHE, 2022). This inclusive approach extends to women living with disabilities,
ensuring equal opportunities through accessible infrastructure, sign language interpreters,
and adaptive technology. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) like CAMFED and The
Beam System provide scholarships, mentorship, and support structures tailored to
marginalized groups, including women with disabilities (CAMFED, 2024; The Beam
System, 2024). As a result, women now constitute approximately 25% of STEM students,
with a growing number of women with disabilities pursuing science, technology,
engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields (ZIMSTAT, 2020). Initiatives like the
"Inclusive Education Policy" and "Disability Rights Act" further solidify Zimbabwe's
commitment to the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically
SDG 4 (Quality Education), SDG 5 (Gender Equality), and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities).
By fostering an inclusive education system, Zimbabwe is unlocking the potential of women
with disabilities, promoting economic empowerment, and building a more equitable
society.
Zimbabwe has made notable progress in reducing maternal mortality rates, but ongoing
efforts are necessary to address persisting challenges. According to the Zimbabwe National
Statistics Agency (Zimstats), the maternal mortality ratio declined from 614 deaths per
100,000 live births in 2010-11 to 462 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2015 (Zimstats, 2015).
However, nearly one-third of deaths among women aged 20-24 remain maternal-related.
To address this, emphasis on post-natal care is crucial, ensuring new mothers receive
proper care and support to prevent complications and ensure a healthy recovery.
Fortunately, organizations like the Friendship Bench provide vital support to these women,
offering mental health interventions, counseling, and community-based support
(Friendship Bench, 2022). Additionally, cancer screening has improved significantly,
thanks to the First Lady's initiative providing free cervical cancer screening for women
nationwide. This program has increased early detection and treatment, saving lives and
empowering women to prioritize their health. These initiatives demonstrate Zimbabwe's
commitment to the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically
SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being) and SDG 5 (Gender Equality), aiming to reduce
maternal mortality and ensure quality healthcare for all.
Violence against women persists in Zimbabwe, exacerbated by economic challenges and
widespread unemployment, particularly among women who make up 33.7% of the
population (Zimstats, 2020). The economic meltdown has led to increased stress and
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tension in homes, contributing to domestic violence cases, earning it the term "shadow
pandemic" from the UN. Lack of employment opportunities for women, with
unemployment rates remaining high, limits their financial independence and increases
vulnerability to abuse. Deep-rooted patriarchal norms perpetuate gender inequality,
reinforcing violence against women. However, efforts to address this issue are underway.
UNICEF's Global Gender Action Plan focuses on mainstreaming gender across program
sectors and prioritizing adolescent girls' needs, contributing to a reduction in violence
cases. Additionally, gender-responsive initiatives like the Gender Responsive Economic
Policy Management Initiative (GERPMI) aim to empower women economically and reduce
violence. To combat violence against women, it's crucial to address the economic and
societal factors perpetuating it. By supporting initiatives promoting women's economic
empowerment and challenging patriarchal norms, Zimbabwe can work towards a safer,
more equitable society for all women.
Zimbabwe's rural areas face stark disparities in accessing quality healthcare services,
particularly sexual reproductive health (SRH) services, exacerbating maternal mortality
and adolescent pregnancy rates. Approximately 15% of young women in rural areas
become pregnant while still in primary or secondary school, largely due to inadequate
access to SRH education and services (Zimstats, 2020). This vulnerability stems from
limited healthcare facilities, inadequate SRH education, stigma surrounding adolescent
sexuality, and cultural norms restricting girls' access to healthcare. Consequently, these
young mothers-to-be face elevated risks of maternal mortality, with Zimbabwe's maternal
mortality ratio standing at 462 deaths per 100,000 live births (WHO, 2022). To address
this, initiatives like UNFPA's Strengthening SRH Services project, UNICEF's Adolescent
Health and Wellbeing program, and the government-led National SRH Policy aim to
enhance SRH service availability, promote comprehensive SRH education, and reduce
adolescent pregnancy and maternal mortality rates. Despite progress, persistent challenges
necessitate continued investment in rural healthcare infrastructure development and SRH
service expansion to safeguard the well-being and futures of Zimbabwe's young women.
However our country although it has made some significant progress in promoting gender
equality it still faces challenges that constantly threaten the stability of our nation. These
include
Cultural Barriers
Deep-rooted patriarchal norms dictate gender roles within families and
communities, often relegating women to subordinate positions both socially
and economically.
Economic Constraints
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Economic instability exacerbates gender inequality by limiting women’s
access to resources necessary for entrepreneurship or employment in formal
sectors.
Legal Framework Implementation
While laws promoting gender equality exist (e.g., the Domestic Violence Act),
enforcement remains weak due to inadequate training among law
enforcement officials and lack of resources.
Violence Against Women
Gender-based violence remains a critical issue that affects women’s ability to
participate fully in society—both politically and economically.
Access to Healthcare Services
Limited access to quality healthcare services impacts women’s health
outcomes significantly; rural areas are particularly underserved regarding
reproductive health services.
Conclusion
In conclusion, gender equality remains a vital component of Zimbabwe's development, and
its promotion is crucial for fostering inclusive economic growth, improving health
outcomes and enhancing social justice. Despite challenges and controversies, the benefits of
gender equality including improved health outcomes, increased economic growth and
enhanced social justice far outweigh the costs. Ultimately, achieving gender equality in
Zimbabwe requires a collaborative effort from government, civil society and individuals.
By prioritizing gender equality, Zimbabwe can unlock its full potential, ensuring a brighter
future for all its citizens, where women and men, girls and boys, have equal rights,
opportunities, and freedoms.
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Roles of Gender in Family Setup and Influence of
Gender Diagrams on Family Structures
In this second part of our presentation we are first going to cover on the roles of gender in
family setup and then look at gender diagrams of family structures
The roles of gender within family structures are shaped by cultural, social, and economic
factors. Traditionally, many societies have assigned specific roles to men and women, often
based on historical precedents and societal norms. The roles of gender within a family
setup are deeply rooted in cultural, social, and economic contexts. Traditionally, many
societies have assigned specific roles to men which include , provider ,decision making and
women based on their gender which is caregiving . These roles can influence family
dynamics, responsibilities, and expectations.
In a typical nuclear family setup, these roles can be broadly categorized as follows:
Provider Role:
Historically, men have been seen as the primary breadwinners in a family. This role
encompasses financial responsibility, where men are expected to earn income to
support the household. This expectation is rooted in traditional views of masculinity
that emphasize strength and provision. In many cultures, men have historically been
seen as the breadwinners or providers for the family. They are often expected to
take on roles that involve financial responsibility and decision-making
Caregiver Role:
Women have traditionally been assigned the caregiver role, which includes
nurturing children and managing household responsibilities. This role emphasizes
emotional labor, caregiving tasks, and maintaining the home environment.
Decision-Making:
In many families, decision-making power has historically rested with men due to
patriarchal structures that prioritize male authority. However, this dynamic is
changing as more women enter the workforce and assert their influence in familial
decisions.
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Shared Responsibilities: Modern family setups increasingly
reflect shared responsibilities between genders. Dual-income households are
becoming more common, leading to a re-negotiation of traditional roles where both
partners contribute financially and share caregiving duties.
Single-Parent Families: The rise of single-parent families has
also influenced gender roles significantly. In these setups, one parent (often the
mother) assumes both provider and caregiver roles, challenging traditional notions
of gender-specific responsibilities.
Now we are going to cover on the influence of Gender Diagrams on Family structures.
Gender diagrams or gender role diagrams visually represent the distribution of roles
within a family unit based on gender expectations. These diagrams can illustrate how
societal norms dictate behaviors and responsibilities among family members.
Visualization of Roles:
Gender diagrams help clarify who performs specific tasks within a household—such
as childcare, financial management, or household chores—based on traditional
gender expectations. They can highlight disparities in workload between genders.
Impact on Dynamics:
By mapping out these roles visually, it becomes easier to identify imbalances or
areas where one partner may feel overburdened or underappreciated. This
awareness can lead to discussions about equity in sharing responsibilities.
Cultural Reflection:
Gender diagrams often reflect broader cultural attitudes towards gender roles
within society at large. For instance, cultures that promote egalitarian values may
show more balanced diagrams compared to those rooted in traditional patriarchal
structures.
Adaptation Over Time:
As societal norms evolve (e.g., increased acceptance of LGBTQ+ families), gender
diagrams must adapt accordingly to represent diverse family structures accurately
—such as same-sex couples or non-binary individuals taking on various roles within
a family context.
Educational Tool:
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Gender diagrams serve as educational tools for understanding how entrenched
beliefs about gender can shape family dynamics and influence individual behavior
within familial relationships.
In summary, both the roles assigned based on gender within a family setup and the
influence of gender diagrams play crucial parts in shaping familial expectations and
dynamics over time.
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References:
CAMFED. (2024). Annual Report.
Disability Rights Act. (2020). Zimbabwe.
Friendship Bench. (2022). Annual Report.
Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education. (2020). Inclusive Education Policy.
Ministry of Women Affairs, Community, Small and Medium Enterprises Development.
(2024). Budget Statement.
The Beam System. (2024). Impact Report.
The Herald. (2024). Women Empowerment Programme Launched.
UN Women. (2022). Sustainable Development Goals.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2022). Maternal Mortality Fact Sheet.
Zimbabwe Council for Higher Education (ZIMCHE). (2022). Admissions Policy.
Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (Zimstats). (2015). Maternal Mortality Report.
Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT). (2020). Education Statistics Report.
Zimbabwe Women Microfinance Bank. (2023). Annual Report.
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