ASSIGNMENT FILE

of

Digital Electronics and Computer

Organization
Submitted to
Amity University Uttar Pradesh

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree

of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Computer Science and Engineering
by

SHUBHAM SHEKHAR

A2305219737

Under the guidance of

Dr. Ashwani Kumar Dubey

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH
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 Assignment 1
1. Explore 5 Practical Applications of Logic Gates.

2. Design and analyze the circuits using Circuit Verse online tool.

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 Table of Contents:

S. No List of Experiments Pg. No.

1 To construct logic circuit of washing machine control using a 4
generalized simulator and verify its output.

2 To study the application of a combination of AND and NOT gates 8

in a seat belt warning indicator. The user will be able to construct,
simulate and verify the seat belt warning application using the
generalized simulator. Display the output on red LED.
3 To build automobile alarm application using basic logic gates on a 13
generalized simulator canvas and verify its truth table.

4 To construct a staircase light control circuit using basic logic gates 19

and compare its performance with the X-OR gate implementation
on a generalized simulator canvas.
5 To construct a cockpit warning light control system using the 24
generalized simulator.

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 Application 1:

Aim: To construct logic circuit of washing machine control using a generalized simulator and
verify its output.

Theory:

Introduction:
When logic gates are connected together to produce a specific output for certain specific
combinations of input variables, with no storage involved, the resulting circuit is called as
a Combinational logic circuit. The combination of basic gates can be used for a variety of
applications such as washing machine control, level monitoring and indicating applications in
manufacturing processes, elevator control applications, a warning indicating applications and
binary addition -subtraction and multiplication circuits.

Application: Washing Machine Controller:

For simplicity, consider a three-sensor based washing machine controller namely Door Sensor,
Water Level Sensor and Temperature Sensor that produce digital outputs. Let the controlling
action include control of Water Valve, Heater and Motor. All these are digitally controlled
devices.

Concept:
The motor of the washing machine turns ON when the right temperature, the right water
level and obviously when the door of the machine is closed.

The system design involves three inputs: D, L & T representing Door position, Level &
Temperature respectively. It controls three output devices: W, H & M representing Water Valve,
Heater & Motor respectively. Let us decide the logics behind the system:
D = 0 ------- Door Open;
D = 1-------- Door Closed (desired)
L = 0 --------Water Level is LOW;
L = 1 --------Water Level is HIGH (satisfactory)
T = 0 --------Temperature is LOW
T = 1 --------Temperature is HIGH (right value)

The truth table for this application can be developed by logical reasoning:

1. For turning ON of any of the output devices, the washing machine door/lid should be
closed at any point of time, so only last four cases of the truth table should to be
considered where D takes a value 1.
2. If door is closed & water level is LOW, the water valve should be turned ON.
3. If door is closed, water level is satisfactory (HIGH) & the temperature is low, the heater
should be turned ON.
4. Whereas when the door is closed, water level is satisfactory and the temperature is right,
the motor should turn ON.

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 Table.1.1. Truth Table for Washing Machine Controller
Door(D) Level(L Temperature(T) Valve(V) Heater(H) Motor(M)
)

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 0

0 1 1 0 0 0

1 0 0 1 0 0

1 0 1 1 0 0

1 1 0 0 1 0

1 1 1 0 0 1

Considering only those input conditions that produce a HIGH output, we get the reduced
Boolean expressions for controlling as follows:

Water Valve (V) = D.L'

Heater (H) = D.L.T'

Motor (M) = D.L.T

The corresponding combinational logic circuit is as shown in Figure 1.

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 Fig.1.1. Logic Diagram
Observation using circuit verse:

Fig.1.2. D=0, L=0, T=0

As the door is open, therefore there will be no operation.

Fig.1.3. D=1, L=0, T=0

As the door is closed, therefore there water value will start its process.

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 Fig.1.2. D=1, L=1, T=0
As the door is closed and water level is up to the mark, therefore heater will ignite.

Fig.1.2. D=1, L=1, T=1

As the door is closed, the water level is up to the mark and the temperature is also maintained, therefore
motor will start.
Result:
Logic circuit of washing machine control is studied and verified using a generalized simulator.

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 Application 2:

Aim: To study the application of a combination of AND and NOT gates in a seat belt warning
indicator. The user will be able to construct, simulate and verify the seat belt warning application
using the generalized simulator. Display the output on red LED.

Theory:

Combinational logic circuit is an interconnection of logic gates to generate a specified logic

function, where the inputs result in an immediate output. This can be easily understood by the
following example. The following English expression describes the way a logic circuit should
operate in order to drive a seat-belt warning indicator in a car.
''If the driver is present AND the driver has NOT buckled up AND the ignition switch is on, then
the warning light should turn ON.''
The Boolean expression for this application can be written as:
Warning light= (Driver present).(buckled up)’.(ignition on)
W=D.B’.I
Table 2.1. Truth Table for Seat Belt in a car

D B I Y= D. B'. I
0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0

0 1 0 0

0 1 1 0

1 0 0 0

1 0 1 1

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 0

This expression can be easily implemented by using a single- three-input AND gate along with a
single NOT gate. This expression could also be implemented by multi-level logic , wherein one
gate drives an another gate. In general, we may use two - dual-input AND gates and a single
NOT gate. Students need to be cautious and judicious while selecting the gates. As the number
of levels increases, the response time of the circuit also increases. Multi-level logic leads to the
introduction of more time delay as compared to single-level logic with multiple inputs. If it takes
τ seconds for a gate to respond to a change in its input and that gate drives a succeeding gate,
then it will take 2τ seconds for the entire circuit to respond. It is desirable to minimize the
number of levels in the logic. If one needs to construct a truth table for the same, it can be easily
prepared by entering 1's and 0's in that expression for various input combinations.

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Application: Seat Belt Waring Indicator

A seat belt is a safety feature installed in modern vehicles to protect the occupants in case of an
accident. However, in some instances, the occupant may start driving the vehicle without
fastening the seat belt. This may lead to the violation of safety rules as well as pose risk to the
occupants. To indicate that the seat belt has not been buckled, while the ignition switch is turned
on, the AND-NOT based indicating system provides a good solution. 1.2 CONCEPT: When the
driver turns on the ignition switch without fastening the seat belt, then the warning light glows.
This indicates that the seat belt is not buckled or fastened.

Figure2.1. Two Level Logic

Fig. 2.2. Three -Level Logic Seat Belt Warning Light Indicator in a Car

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Observation using Circuit Verse:

Fig.2.3. Driver Present= False, Buckled Up= False, Ignition= False

Fig.2.4. Driver Present= True, Buckled Up= False, Ignition= False

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 Fig.2.5. Driver Present= True, Buckled Up= True, Ignition= False

Fig.2.6. Driver Present= True, Buckled Up= True, Ignition= True

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 Fig.2.7. Driver Present= True, Buckled Up= False, Ignition= True

Result:
Application of a combination of AND and NOT gates in a seat belt warning indicator has been
studied and able to construct, simulate and verify the seat belt warning application using the
generalized simulator.

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 Application :3

Aim: To build automobile alarm application using basic logic gates on a generalized simulator canvas
and verify its truth table.

Theory:
Introduction:
Gates with more than two inputs also exist. IC 74LS27 has triple 3-input NOR gates and CMOS
IC 74HC4002 has a dual 4 - inputs NOR gates. To design an alarm circuit for a car with four
doors such multiple input gates can be used.

FOUR - INPUT NOR GATE

Truth Table:
Table 3.1. Truth Table for Automobile Alarm
A B C D Y
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0

APPLICATION: AUTOMOBILE ALARM SYSTEM

Consider four push buttons switches mounted on the door of an automobile/car. Each input to
the NOR gate has a pull-down resistor to pull the inputs to the gate LOW. Refer Fig.1

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 Figure.3.1. Pull-down resistor pulling the input to the gate LOW

CONCEPT:
The alarm will sound when any one or all of the door-mounted normally closed (NC) push
button switches are released (closed) by a door opening.
The bubble at the output of the gate suggests that the alarm is activated when the output of the
gate is LOW (active-low output). An OR gate is equivalent to a bubbled NAND gate.
The buffer is required to provide extra current to drive the alarm circuit.

Figure.3.2. Simple Automobile Alarm System

Explanation:

1. SW0 is to Enable/Disable the Alarm System.

2. When SW0 is at position 'a', regardless of the status of door open/closed, the alarm
system is disabled.
3. When SW0 is at position 'b', the alarm system is enabled. Once enabled, and if one or
more doors of the car are opened, then one or more inputs go HIGH and produce a LOW
output. This sets the alarm ON indicating the open door status.

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 4. When all auto/car doors are closed, all the input switches are in the position shown in
Fig.2. The inputs to the NOR gate are LLLL and this causes a HIGH output and the
alarm is in deactivated mode.

PROCEDURE:

1. Push the switch SW0 at position 'a' i.e. green indication and observe that irrespective of
door position, the alarm system is disabled and output LED turns GREEN.
2. Now set the switch SW0 at position 'b' (i.e. grey position). The alarm system is enabled.
Then change the switch positions SW1, SW2, SW3 and SW4 to simulate the open/close
door status and observe when the alarm sounds. The alarming condition is shown with
the help of output LED turning RED.
3. If any or all the doors are opened (SW showing RED indication), then check whether you
can LISTEN to the output ALARM & verify the result.

Observation Using Circuit Verse:

Fig.3.3. Gate 1= Closed, Gate 2= Closed, Gate 3= Closed, Gate 4= Closed, Switch= OFF

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 Fig.3.4. Gate 1= Closed, Gate 2= Closed, Gate 3= Closed, Gate 4= Closed, Switch= ON

Fig.3.5. Gate 1= Open, Gate 2= Closed, Gate 3= Closed, Gate 4= Closed, Switch= ON

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 Fig.3.6. Gate 1= Open, Gate 2= Open, Gate 3= Closed, Gate 4= Closed, Switch= ON

Fig.3.7. Gate 1= Open, Gate 2= Open, Gate 3= Open, Gate 4= Closed, Switch= ON

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 Fig.3.8. Gate 1= Open, Gate 2= Open, Gate 3= Open, Gate 4= Open, Switch= ON

Result:
Automobile alarm application using basic logic gates on a generalized simulator canvas has been
studied, constructed and verified.

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 Application :4
Aim: To construct a staircase light control circuit using basic logic gates and compare its
performance with the X-OR gate implementation on a generalized simulator canvas.

Theory:
Introduction:
Two special logic gates that are of fundamental importance and are used more often in digital
systems are the Exclusive-OR (XOR) and Exclusive-NOR (XNOR) circuits. XOR and XNOR
gates are formed by a combination of AND-OR-INVERT (AOI) logic. This application
demonstrates the use of logic gates that simulates a 2-way switch like the ones in our homes to
turn a staircase light ON/ OFF from switches located on two different floors.

XOR Gate:

Application: Staircase-Light Control:

A two-way switch can be simulated by making use of either AOI logic or using XOR logic. A
two -input XOR gate produces a HIGH output whenever the inputs are at opposite levels. This
concept of XOR functionality makes it applicable at home/offices to control passage lights, fans,
night lamps, staircase lights etc.

Concept:
A floor lamp in a staircase has two switches, one switch being at the ground floor (switch A) and
the other one on the first floor (switch B). The bulb can be turned ON/OFF by any one of the
switches irrespective of the state of the other switch. The logic of switching of the lamp
resembles an XOR gate whose Boolean expression is Y = A'. B + A.B' (Read as: A bar B + A B
bar).

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Comparison between two approaches can be understood in this experiment:
 AOI logic-based Stair case light control

Fig.4.1. AOI logic-based Stair case light control

 XOR gate Based Staircase-Light Control

Fig.4.2. XOR gate Based Staircase-Light Control

AOI approach leads to three-level logic, whereas XOR logic leads to single-level logic. Let the
propagation delay of each gate be say τ. Then AOI based design needs about 3τ and XOR design
needs just τ amount of time to produce the result.

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Observation using Circuit Verse:

Fig.4.3.a.b.c. AOI logic-based Stair case light control

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 Fig.4.4. First Floor= Off, Ground Floor= Off

Fig.4.5. First Floor= On, Ground Floor= Off

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 Fig.4.5. First Floor= Off, Ground Floor= On

Fig.4.5. First Floor= On, Ground Floor= On

Result:
Constructed a staircase light control circuit using basic logic gates and compared its performance
with the X-OR gate.

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 Application :5
Aim: To construct a cockpit warning light control system using the generalized simulator.

Theory:
Introduction:
The beauty of basic logic gates is their versatile use that ranges from almost all day to day life
examples to highly sophisticated application areas including bio medical field, industrial field,
automobile controls and flight control systems. This experiment demonstrates the use of AND-
OR-INVERT (AOI) logic in cockpit warning light.

Application: Cockpit Warning Light Control:

A jet aircraft employs a system for monitoring the rpm, pressure and temperature values of its
engines using sensors that operate as follows:
RPM (R) sensor output = 0 only when speed < 5500 rpm
Pressure (P) sensor output = 0 only when pressure < 210 psi
Temperature (T) sensor output = 0 only when temperature < 2100 F

Concept:
A warning light is turned ON and an ALARM is activated whenever the engine temperature
exceeds 2100 F AND either the pressure exceeds 210 psi OR the speed drops below 5500 rpm.

Fig.5.1. Cockpit Warning Circuit

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Truth Table:
The truth table is constructed to get the Boolean expression.

Table.5.1. Truth Table for Cockpit Warning Circuit

Observation Using Circuit Verse:

Fig.5.2. Temperature: Normal, Pressure: Normal, RPM: Normal

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 Fig.5.3. Temperature: Exceeded, Pressure: Normal, RPM: Normal

Fig.5.4. Temperature: Exceeded, Pressure: Normal, RPM: Exceeded

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 Fig.5.4. Temperature: Exceeded, Pressure: Exceeded, RPM: Normal

Fig.5.4. Temperature: Exceeded, Pressure: Exceeded, RPM: Exceeded

Result:
Constructed a cockpit warning light control system.

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