Computer Applications

Module I
Operating System
 Module I- Operating Systems
• Operating System and Netware : DOS,UNIX,
Windows, LAN&WAN
• Basic Concepts of Internet : Modem,e-mail
,Websites,Address,Domain,Protocols, Types of
Accounts, Search Engines, Browsing Web,
Telnet,Usenet
• Online Sources of Data
 Operating System
• An Operating System is a system Software that acts
as an intermediary/interface between a user of a
computer and the computer hardware.
• Operating system goals:
 Execute user programs and make solving user
problems easier
 Make the computer system convenient to use
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient
manner
 Popular types of OS
• Desktop Class
 Windows
 OS X
 Unix/Linux
 Chrome OS
• Server Class
 Windows Server
 Mac OS X Server
 Unix/Linux
• Mobile Class
 Android
 iOS
 Windows Phone
 Desktop Class Operating
Systems:-
• Platform: the hardware required to run a
particular operating system
– Intel platform (IBM-compatible)
• Windows
• DOS
• UNIX
• Linux
– Macintosh platform
• Mac OS
– iPad and iPhone platform
• iOS
 Ms-DOS
• Single User Single Tasking OS.
• It had no built-in support for networking, and users had to
manually install drivers any time they added a new hardware
component to their PC.
• DOS supports only 16-bit programs.
• Command line user interface.
• So, why is DOS still in use? Two reasons are its size and
simplicity. It does not require much memory or storage space for
the system, and it docs not require a powerful computer.
 Microsoft Windows
• The graphical Microsoft operating system designed for Intel-
platform desktop and notebook computers.
• Best known, greatest selection of applications available.
• Current editions include Windows 7, 8, 8.1 and 10.
 Server Operating Systems
• Windows Server
– Familiar GUI interface for those experienced with
Windows
• UNIX
– Very mature server capabilities, time-tested, large
user community, stable
• Linux
– Free, customizable, many free services and utilities
available
 UNIX
• multiuser computer operating system.
• widely used for Internet servers, workstations,
and mainframe computers.
• The main features of UNIX were its simplicity,
portability (the ability to run on many different
systems), multitasking and multiuser
capabilities, extensive library of software, and
hierarchical file system.
UNIX
 Computer Network

• A computer network is a group of computers

linked to each other that enables the computer
to communicate with another computer and
share their resources, data, and applications.
• A computer network can be categorized by
their size
 LAN(Local Area Network)

• Local Area Network is a group of computers connected

to each other in a small area such as building, office.
• LAN is used for connecting two or more personal
computers through a communication medium such as
twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.
• It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware
such as hubs, network adapters, and ethernet cables.
• The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in
Local Area Network.
• Local Area Network provides higher security.
• PAN(Personal Area Network)
• Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an
individual person, typically within a range of 10 meters.
• Personal Area Network is used for connecting the
computer devices of personal use is known as Personal
Area Network.
• Thomas Zimmerman was the first research scientist to
bring the idea of the Personal Area Network.
• Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet.
• Personal computer devices that are used to develop the
personal area network are the laptop, mobile phones,
media player and play stations.
 MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)

• A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a

larger geographic area by interconnecting a different
LAN to form a larger network.
• Government agencies use MAN to connect to the
citizens and private industries.
• In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other
through a telephone exchange line.
• The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232,
Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN, OC-3, ADSL, etc.
• It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).
 WAN(Wide Area Network)

• A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a

large geographical area such as states or countries.
• A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the
LAN.
• A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single
location, but it spans over a large geographical area
through a telephone line, fibre optic cable or satellite
links.
• The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
• A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of
Business, government, and education.
 Basic Concepts of Internet
• What is the Internet?
– Internet is a specific interconnected network that
connects computers all over the world using a
common set of interconnection standards or
protocols
 Connecting to a Network Vs
Communicating over a network
• When Connect to the Internet requires special
hardware such as:

• Modem – short for modulator / demodulator -

which connects computers using a standard
telephone line
• Network interface card (NIC) – which
connects computers using a special type of
network cabling.
 Connecting to a Network Vs
Communicating over a network
• In order to communicate with another computer over a
network, you must do two things:
1- Use the set of rules governing communication over the
network, called a protocol. Your computer will
generally handle this.
2- Know the address of the computer you want to
communicate with. There are two types of network
addresses:
– Medium access control (MAC) address which is used
inside a single network
– Internet protocol (IP) address which is used on the Internet
Electronic mail (email or e-mail)
• A method of exchanging messages ("mail")
between people using electronic devices.
 send & receive messages over the internet
 What you need
• a computer with internet access
• an email account with a service provider such as
Yahoo, Gmail, Hotmail, etc
• note: Microsoft Outlook and Apple Mail, are
NOT email providers (which is why you can’t
email from library computers without an
account)
 Choosing an email provider
• Most common are Hotmail (Microsoft), Gmail
(Google), Yahoo Mail (Yahoo!)
• For this class, we’ll be using Yahoo
 Setting up your email account

• Parts of an email address: dwalker@surfcity-

[Link]
– user name : dwalker (you create your own) (each is
unique)
– @ symbol : unique to email addresses (Shift key + 2)
– email provider’s name: surfcity-hb (yours will be
yahoo)
– domain : .org (yours will be .com)
 Password
• Something easy to remember, but difficult to
guess
– Do NOT use sensitive information, such as SSN,
bank PIN, etc.
• Usually a combination of letters and numbers is
best
• Verification questions in case you forget your
password
 The parts of an email
• To : enter the exact email address of your recipient
(remember: name@[Link])
– For multiple recipients, separate each address with a
comma
• CC : carbon copy
• BCC : BLIND carbon copy – is anonymous
• Subject : the topic of your email – very important
• Body : the message of your email
• Attachments : the paperclip symbol - files or photos
 Sending an email
• Communication can be tough with written
correspondence. No body language or facial cues
to help.
• Err on the side of too formal
– Punctuation & spelling
– Greeting & closing signature
• ATTACH a file from a flash drive
• Click on SEND to mail your letter
• Message will now appear in your SENT folder
 Sending an email
• Once an email is sent, you cannot stop it or take
it back
• Spell-check & proofread!
• Check your SENT box now.
 DRAFT EMAILS & SAVING FOR
LATER
• Drafts: When creating an e-mail the computer
will automatically save your work periodically.
If for any reason you should be interrupted (i.e.
lapse in internet connection) you can retrieve
your latest work what is called the DRAFT
BOX.
 Receiving email
• If you have any messages you should see them
listed on the screen or in your Inbox
• At the top of each message is a header with
information about the sender, date, and routing of
each message.
From: dwalker@[Link] (Danielle Walker)
To: you@[Link]
CC:
Subject: Email Basics class
Date: Mon, 3 May 2010 8:31 PST
 Replying to an email
• Reply vs Reply All
• When you click on Reply, your message will
automatically be sent to the person who sent you
the email (FROM field in header.)
• When you click on Reply All, your message will
automatically be sent to the person who sent you
the email AND everyone in the TO and CC
fields in the header.
 Forwarding an email
• When you click on FORWARD, you may share
the email you’ve received by sending it to
others.
• You may add your own message before sending.
 Opening attachments
• Usually photos or documents
• If you don’t know the sender, do NOT open the
attachment
• SAVE vs OPEN file dialog box
 Deleting email &trash can

• Once you’ve read an email, you must decide if you

want to save it or delete it.
• Click on delete to send the email to the TRASH
CAN
• The message disappears from your list of messages
but is not truly deleted yet, so if you make a
mistake you can get the message back.
• Just look in the Trash folder. However, once you
exit the program, the messages are usually deleted
for good.
 Privacy, viruses, & spam
• Privacy: CC vs BCC
• Viruses: Never open attachments from unknown
senders.
• Safety: Never send personal financial information
via email, even if it looks like a legitimate request
from your bank or financial institution.
• Spam: unsolicited commercial email
Delete
Click on Report Spam
SPAM BOX on Yahoo
 Chatting & texting

Texting Online
Is similar to texting using a cell phone but texts received can
only be viewed once, then they are permanently deleted after
being read. This is useful if you do not have a cell phone or
will not be near your cell phone and need to communicate to
another cell phone.
Chatting
This is real-time communication with no delay. Usually done
with those you know online. Be selective who you chat with.
As with spam and phishing, scams can occur with chatting as
well.
Important – Sign Out!
 Websites
• A website (also written as web site) is a
collection of web pages and related content that is
identified by a common domain name and
published on at least one web server. Notable
examples are [Link], [Link],
and [Link].
• All publicly accessible websites collectively
constitute the World Wide Web. There are also
private websites that can only be accessed on
a private network, such as a company's internal
website for its employees.
• Websites are typically dedicated to a particular
topic or purpose, such as news, education,
commerce, entertainment, or social networking.
• Hyperlinking between web pages guides the
navigation of the site, which often starts with
a home page.
• Users can access websites on a range of devices,
including desktops, laptops, tablets,
and smartphones. The app used on these devices
is called a web browser.
 Search Engines
• A search engine is a software system that is designed to
carry out web searches.
• They search the World Wide Web in a systematic way for
particular information specified in a textual web search
query.
• The search results are generally presented in a line of
results, often referred to as search engine results
pages (SERPs)
• The information may be a mix of links to web pages,
images, videos, infographics, articles, research papers, and
other types of files. Some search engines also mine
data available in databases or open directories
• Eg Google,Youtube,facebook,amazon etc
 Telnet
 TELNET is an abbreviation for TErminaL NETwork.

 It is the standard TCP/IP protocol for virtual terminal service as proposed by ISO.

 TELNET enables the establishment of a connection to a remote system in such a way

that the local terminal appears to be a terminal at the remote system.

 General purpose client server application program

 USENET
• User’s Network
• a way of sharing information.
• started by Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis in 1979.
• Initially it was limited to two sites but today there
are thousands of Usenet sites involving millions
of people.
• Usenet is a kind of discussion group where
people can share views on topic of their interest.
The article posted to a newsgroup becomes
available to all readers of the newsgroup.
Newsgroup Classification
Working of Usenet Newsgroup
 Online Sources of Data
• Internet Search – Most Publications are indexed online, hard copies
of the indexes may not be available in libraries.
• Hard copies are published year wise.
• Online index allows to search across several years in one place.
• Search engines eg: Google can be used to search
– Google Scholar
– Social Science Citation Index
– The art and Humanities Index
– The communication initiative Index
– Education Resource Information center
– JSTOR
– Science Direct
– Inflibnet
• Electronic Journal [Link]
• Electronic Journal [Link]
• Electronic Journal [Link]
• Electronic Journal [Link]
• Census of India [Link]
• Union Budget and Economic Survey [Link]
• Directory of Government of India [Link]
• Institutions Indian Council of Agricultural Research [Link]
• Ministry of Commerce and Industry [Link]
• Indian Institute of Foreign Trade [Link]
• Department of Industrial Policy and [Link]
• Promotion, Ministry of Commerce and Industry Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food &
[Link]
• Public Distribution Khadi and Village Industries [Link]
• Board for Industrial & Financial [Link]
• Reconstruction Building Material & Technology [Link]
• Promotion Council Central Food Technological Research [Link]