✅ SECTION A (4 × 5 = 20 marks)
Q1. Describe the C programming basic data types in detail.
C has the following basic data types:
Data Type Size Description
int 4 Integer values
bytes
char 1 byte Characters
float 4 Single precision decimal
bytes
double 8 Double precision decimal
bytes
Signed and Unsigned Variants:
● signed int: Allows negative and positive (e.g. -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647)
● unsigned int: Only positive (e.g. 0 to 4,294,967,295)
Q2. Explain the use of break and continue statements in loops with
examples.
● break: Terminates the loop or switch.
● continue: Skips the rest of the loop body and proceeds to the next iteration.
Example:
c
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for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
if (i == 3) continue;
printf("%d ", i); // Skips printing 3
}
Q3. Define recursion. Write a program to compute a^b using recursion.
Recursion is when a function calls itself.
Code:
c
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#include <stdio.h>
int power(int a, int b) {
if (b == 0) return 1;
return a * power(a, b - 1);
}
int main() {
int a = 2, b = 3;
printf("Result = %d", power(a, b));
return 0;
}
Q4. Explain pointer and write a program to access array elements using a
pointer.
● A pointer is a variable that stores address of another variable.
Code:
c
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#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4};
int *ptr = arr;
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
printf("%d ", *(ptr + i));
}
return 0;
}
✅ SECTION B (Any 4 × 10 = 40 marks)
Q1. a) Define Algorithm + 10 Characteristics (6 Marks)
An algorithm is a finite sequence of steps to solve a problem.
Characteristics:
1. Clear input/output
2. Finiteness
3. Effectiveness
4. Correctness
5. Simplicity
6. Language-independent
7. Flexibility
8. Generality
9. Efficient (Time/Space)
10.Feasible
Q1. b) Draw flowchart for Fibonacci (4 Marks)
✍️ Draw this yourself in exam using below logic:]
[
Start → Input N → a = 0, b = 1 → Loop till N → Print a → c = a + b → a = b, b = c → End
Q2. What is an operator? Describe types in C with examples.
Operators are symbols to perform operations.
Types:
1. Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, %
2. Relational: <, >, ==, !=
3. Logical: &&, ||, !
4. Bitwise: &, |, ^
5. Assignment: =, +=, -=
6. Unary: ++, --
7. Ternary: condition ? x : y;
8. Special: sizeof, &, *
Q3. C Program to reverse string and check PALINDROME
c
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#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char str[100], rev[100];
int i, len;
strcpy(str, "madam");
len = strlen(str);
for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
rev[i] = str[len - i - 1];
rev[i] = '\0';
if (strcmp(str, rev) == 0)
printf("Palindrome");
else
printf("Not Palindrome");
return 0;
}
Q4. Swap numbers using Call by Value and Call by Reference
Call by Value:
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void swap(int a, int b) {
int temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
Call by Reference:
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void swap(int *a, int *b) {
int temp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = temp;
}
Q5. a) Bubble Sort 6th iteration – Array state
Array:
74, 32, 56, 48, 89, 24, 66, 5, 9, 91, 18, 28
You sort step-by-step and show array after 6th pass.
(Manually dry run bubble sort loop 6 times.)
Q5. b) Code for Bubble Sort
c
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void bubbleSort(int arr[], int n) {
for (int i = 0; i < n-1; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < n-i-1; j++)
if (arr[j] > arr[j+1]) {
int t = arr[j];
arr[j] = arr[j+1];
arr[j+1] = t;
}
}
Q6. Write notes on any 2
🅐 Pointer in C Programming
A pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable.
Syntax:
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int a = 10;
int *ptr = &a;
Here:
● a is a normal integer variable.
● &a gives the address of a.
● *ptr is a pointer to int which stores the address of a.
Example:
c
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#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a = 5;
int *ptr = &a;
printf("Value of a = %d\n", *ptr); // Dereferencing
printf("Address of a = %p\n", ptr);
return 0;
}
🟢 Use: Efficient memory management, dynamic memory, arrays, and function arguments.
🅑 Dynamic Memory Allocation
In C, you can allocate memory at runtime using functions like:
● malloc() – allocates memory
● calloc() – allocates and initializes memory
● realloc() – resizes memory block
● free() – deallocates memory
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main() {
int *ptr = (int*)malloc(5 * sizeof(int)); // allocate space for 5
ints
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
ptr[i] = i + 1;
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
printf("%d ", ptr[i]);
free(ptr); // deallocate memory
return 0;
}
🟢 Use: When size of data is unknown at compile time.
🅒 Structure and Union
Both are used to group different data types.
Structure:
Allocates separate memory to each member.
c
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struct Student {
int id;
char name[20];
float marks;
};
Union:
All members share the same memory. Useful when only one member is used at a time.
c
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union Data {
int i;
float f;
};
🟢 Structure vs Union:
Feature Structure Union
Memory Separate Shared
Use All members One member at a
Case needed time
🅓 Storage Classes in C
They define scope, lifetime, and visibility of variables.
Storage Keyword Meaning / Scope
Class
Automatic auto Default for local variables
External extern Global, visible across files
Static static Retains value between
calls
Register registe Stored in CPU register
r
Example of static:
void fun() {
static int x = 0;
x++;
printf("%d ", x);
}
Each time you call fun(), value of x will increase because of static.
🅔 File in C Programming
In C, files are used to store and retrieve data permanently (unlike variables, which are
temporary in memory).
✅ Why use files?
● To store data permanently.
● To read/write large amounts of data.
● Useful for report generation, logs, etc.
📂 File Operations in C
Operation Function
Open a file fopen()
Close a file fclose()
Read a character fgetc()
Write a character fputc()
Read a string fgets()
Write a string fputs()
Read/Write formatted fscanf(),
fprintf()
📌 File Opening Modes in fopen()
Mode Meaning
"r" Read (file must exist)
"w" Write (creates new or overwrites)
"a" Append
"r+" Read + Write
"w+" Write + Read (clears file)
"a+" Read + Append
🧪 Example: Write and Read a File
c
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#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
FILE *fptr;
// Writing to file
fptr = fopen("data.txt", "w");
if (fptr == NULL) {
printf("File can't be opened\n");
return 1;
}
fprintf(fptr, "Hello File Handling in C");
fclose(fptr);
// Reading from file
char ch;
fptr = fopen("data.txt", "r");
while ((ch = fgetc(fptr)) != EOF)
putchar(ch);
fclose(fptr);
return 0;
}
