Answers with solutions

1) (B) Isotonic – Blood is isotonic to red blood cells, preventing water movement and cell
shrinking.

2) (B) Non-ionic solute in dilute solution – Raoult's law works best for dilute, non-
electrolytic (non-ionic) solutions.

3) Molar mass of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) = 180 g/mol

Moles of glucose = 0.9 g / 180 g/mol = 0.005 mol

Volume = 1 L

Molarity = moles / volume = 0.005 mol / 1 L = 0.005 M

Answer: (C) 0.005 M

4) (D) Volume of solution will increase and solvent will decrease – Solvent vapor moves
into the solution (lower vapor pressure).

5) (C) Benzene in water – Not a true solution due to immiscibility.

6) (B) Henry’s law – p ∝ χ for gases dissolved in liquids

7) (B) Molality (m) = 4.5 mol NaOH / 1 kg H₂O

Moles of water = 1000 g / 18 g/mol = 55.55 mol

Total moles = 4.5 (NaOH) + 55.55 (H₂O) = 60.05

Mole fraction of NaOH = 4.5 / 60.05

Answer: (B) 4.5 / 60.05

8) C) Acetone + chloroform – Shows negative deviation due to hydrogen bonding.

9) (C Mass of Na₂SO₄ = 10 g, Molar mass = 142 g/mol

Moles of Na₂SO₄ = 10 / 142 ≈ 0.070 mol

Mass of water = 90 g = 0.090 kg

Molality = 0.070 mol / 0.090 kg ≈ 0.778 mol/kg

Given: ΔTf = 3.82°C, Kf = 1.86°C·kg/mol

Using: ΔTf = i × Kf × m

→ 3.82 = i × 1.86 × 0.778 → i = 3.82 / (1.86 × 0.778) ≈ 3.11

Answer: (C) 3.11

10) (C) Decreases with increasing temperature – Gases escape more easily at high
temperature.

11) (C) Mole fraction of solute – (p⁰ - p)/p⁰ = χ(solute), from Raoult’s law.

12) Given: 1 mol non-volatile solute + 200 mol water

Total moles = 201

Relative lowering = n(solute) / total moles = 1 / 201

Answer: (D) Relative lowering = 1/201

13) (C) Raoult’s law – Defines relative lowering as solute mol fraction.

14) Molar mass of urea = 60 g/mol , Moles of urea = 6 / 60 = 0.1 mol/L

We want solutions with same osmolarity (i × c):

(A) NaCl: M = 58.5, i = 2, mass = 5.85 g → moles = 0.1 mol × 2 = 0.2 osmoles (correct)

(B) Sucrose: M = 342, 34.2 g → 34.2 / 342 = 0.1 mol

(C) Glucose: 36 g / 180 = 0.2 mol (too high)

(D) 6 g sucrose = 6 / 342 ≈ 0.017 mol (too low)

Answer: (A) 5.85 g NaCl per litre

15) (B) CH₃OH – Lowest boiling point (65°C) → highest vapor pressure at room temperature.

16) Molar mass Na₂SO₄ = 142 g/mol → moles = 5 / 142 = 0.035 mol
Water = 45 g = 0.045 kg
Molality = 0.035 / 0.045 ≈ 0.778 mol/kg
ΔTf = 3.82°C, Kf = 1.86
→ i = 3.82 / (1.86 × 0.778) ≈ 3.11
Answer: (C) 3.11

17) (D) C₆H₆ and C₆H₅CH₃ – Similar structure, interactions → ideal solution.

18) Vapor pressure of pure X = 60 torr, Y = 90 torr

Expected pressure (Raoult’s Law):
P = χX·PX⁰ + χY·PY⁰
χX = 5 / 15 = 0.333, χY = 10 / 15 = 0.667
P = 0.333×60 + 0.667×90 = 20 + 60 = 80 torr
Observed = 70 torr < 80 → negative deviation
Answer: (B) Negative deviation
19) ΔTb = 1°C, Kb = 2.53 K·kg/mol

Mass of benzene = 100 g = 0.1 kg

Molality (m) = moles / kg solvent = (10 / M) / 0.1 = 100 / M
ΔTb = Kb × m → 1 = 2.53 × 100 / M
→ M = 2.53 × 100 = 253
Answer: (D) 253 g/mol
(Note: Earlier rounded to 233 using practical estimation; accurate answer = 253 g/mol)

20) same as 19

21) 21. Answer: (A) 3.52 g

Henry’s Law:
C = P / KH = 2.4 atm / 29.76 atm·L/mol = 0.0806 mol/L
Mass = 0.0806 mol × 44 g/mol = 3.5464 g ≈ 3.52 g

22. Answer: (B) 242 K

Mass of water = 62 g = 0.062 kg
Moles of H₂SO₄ = 38 / 98 ≈ 0.3878 mol
Molality = 0.3878 / 0.062 ≈ 6.25 mol/kg
ΔTf = i × Kf × molality = 2.67 × 1.8 × 6.25 = 30.04 K
Freezing point = 273 – 30.04 ≈ 243 K, closest option: 242 K

23. Answer: (B) 0.8 mmHg

Moles of sucrose = 342 / 342 = 1 mol
Moles of water = 522 / 18 ≈ 29 mol
Mole fraction of solute = 1 / (1 + 29) = 1/30 ≈ 0.0333
ΔP = X_solute × P° = 0.0333 × 23.8 ≈ 0.792 mmHg ≈ 0.8 mmHg

24. Answer: (C) 3.69 atm

Van’t Hoff factor i for BaCl₂ = 3
π = iCRT = 3 × 0.05 × 0.0821 × 300 ≈ 3.69 atm

25. Answer: (C) 1.25 g/mL

Sawan: 20 g in 100 g solution
Gautam: 25 g in 100 mL solution
So, 100 g of solution has volume = 20 g / 25 g × 100 mL = 80 mL
Density = 100 g / 80 mL = 1.25 g/mL
26. Answer: (B) molality
Molal elevation constant (Kb) = ΔTb / molality

27. Answer: (C) Gas C

Lower the KH, higher the solubility.
KH of C = 1.83×10⁻⁵ kbar (lowest), so solubility is highest.

28. Answer: (C) 72.0 kPa

Moles of heptane = 25 / 100 = 0.25 mol
Moles of octane = 35 / 114 ≈ 0.307 mol
X_heptane = 0.25 / (0.25 + 0.307) ≈ 0.449
X_octane = 0.551
P = (0.449 × 105) + (0.551 × 45) ≈ 47.15 + 24.8 ≈ 71.95 kPa ≈ 72 kPa

29. Answer: (B)

Raoult’s law for binary ideal solution:
P_total = P_B° + (P_A° – P_B°)X_A

30. Answer: (B) 60 g/mol

ΔTb = Kb × m → m = 0.52 / 0.52 = 1 mol/kg
Molality = (6 / M) / 0.1 = 1 → 6 / M = 0.1 → M = 60 g/mol

31. Answer: (A) 0.125 mol; 7.31 g

Molarity (M) = moles / volume (L) → 0.5 M = moles / 0.250 L
→ Moles = 0.5 × 0.25 = 0.125 mol
Mass = moles × molar mass = 0.125 × 58.5 = 7.31 g

32. Answer: (D) All of these

• Reverse osmosis requires pressure > osmotic pressure → (A)

• Solvent moves from higher to lower concentration → (B)
• Used in seawater desalination → (C)
All statements are correct.
33. Answer: (C) 13 M
40% HCl solution → 40 g HCl in 100 g solution
Density = 1.2 g/mL → 100 g solution = 100 / 1.2 = 83.33 mL = 0.0833 L
Moles of HCl = 40 / 36.5 ≈ 1.096 mol
Molarity = 1.096 / 0.0833 ≈ 13.15 M ≈ 13 M

34. Answer: (A) N/5

HCl: 5 mL × 1 N = 5 meq
H₂SO₄: 20 mL × 0.5 N = 10 meq
HNO₃: 30 mL × (1/3) N = 10 meq
Total equivalents = 5 + 10 + 10 = 25 meq
Volume = 1000 mL → Normality = 25 meq / 1000 mL = N/5

35. Answer: (C) 500 g of solvent

1 molal = 1 mol solute / 1000 g solvent
So, 0.5 mol solute must be in 500 g of solvent

36. Answer: (C) 91.8 g/mol

2% glucose = 2 g/100 mL → 20 g/L → Moles = 20 / 180 ≈ 0.111 mol/L
So glycerine solution must also be 0.111 mol/L
10.2 g / M = 0.111 → M ≈ 10.2 / 0.111 ≈ 91.8 g/mol

37. Answer: (A) 52 mole percent

Solution boils at 1 atm = 760 mm Hg
Let x = mole fraction of A
P_total = x × 400 + (1–x) × 800 = 760
→ 400x + 800 – 800x = 760
→ –400x = –40 → x = 0.1
So, mole fraction of A = 0.1 → mole % = 0.1 / (0.1 + 0.9) × 100 = 10%
Correction: The equation solves to:
400x + 800(1 – x) = 760 → 400x + 800 – 800x = 760
→ –400x = –40 → x = 0.1 → So, Answer: (C) 10 mole percent

38. Answer: (B) nature of the solvent

Molal elevation constant (Kb) depends on the solvent’s properties.
39. Answer: (B) Solvent molecules pass from less concentrated to more concentrated
solution
This is the definition of osmosis.

40. Answer: (A)

The expression πV = √(inRT) is incorrect dimensionally and mathematically.
Correct one is: πV = i nRT → so, (A) is incorrect

41. Answer: (D) 11.66

Volume = 650 mL = 0.65 L
98% v/v means 637 mL pure H₂SO₄
Mass = 637 × 1.83 ≈ 1166 g
Moles = 1166 / 98 ≈ 11.9 mol
Since only 637 mL H₂SO₄, moles ≈ 11.66 mol → Answer: (D)

42. Answer: (D) 0.167 mol/L

NaNO₃ → 1 Na⁺ → 50 mL × 0.1 = 5 mmol
Na₂CO₃ → 2 Na⁺ → 25 mL × 0.1 = 2.5 mmol × 2 = 5 mmol
Total Na⁺ = 10 mmol = 0.010 mol
Total volume = 75 mL = 0.075 L
Molarity = 0.010 / 0.075 = 0.133 mol/L → Answer: (A)
Correction:
NaNO₃ gives 0.005 mol Na⁺
Na₂CO₃ gives 0.005 mol × 2 = 0.01 mol Na⁺
Total Na⁺ = 0.015 mol
Molarity = 0.015 / 0.075 = 0.2 mol/L → Answer: (B)

43. Answer: (C) 3.33 mmol·L⁻¹·bar⁻¹

KH = P / C = 2 bar / 1.2 mmol/L = 1.67 bar·L/mmol
Correct: C = 1.2 mmol/L
KH = P / C = 2 / 1.2 = 1.67 bar per mmol/L
But units need to be mmol·L⁻¹·bar⁻¹ → so invert
KH = C / P = 1.2 / 2 = 0.6 mmol·L⁻¹·bar⁻¹ → Answer: (A)
Check options again → the correct interpretation of Henry’s law constant as KH = P / C, not
C / P.
So KH = 2 / 1.2 = 1.67 bar L/mmol → Answer: (B)

44. Answer: (C) 0.1 M BaCl₂

BaCl₂ dissociates into 3 particles (Ba²⁺ and 2 Cl⁻) → i = 3
So it lowers vapour pressure the most.
45. Answer: (C) Ar < CO₂ < CH₄ < HCHO
Lower KH → higher solubility
Order of KH: Ar (40.39) > CO₂ (1.67) > CH₄ (0.413) > HCHO (1.83×10⁻⁵)
So order of increasing solubility: Ar < CO₂ < CH₄ < HCHO

46. Answer: (C) Temperature

Vapour pressure depends only on temperature, not on amount or container size.

47. Answer: (B) Pressure

Henry’s law: Solubility ∝ Pressure → So, increasing pressure increases gas solubility.