8/4/25, 11:05 AM Image stabilization - Wikipedia

Image stabilization
Image stabilization (IS) is a family of techniques that reduce blurring associated with the
motion of a camera or other imaging device during exposure.

Generally, it compensates for pan and tilt (angular movement, equivalent to yaw and pitch) of the
imaging device, though electronic image stabilization can also compensate for rotation about the
optical axis (roll).[1] It is mainly used in high-end image-stabilized binoculars, still and video
cameras, astronomical telescopes, and also smartphones. With still cameras, camera shake is a
particular problem at slow shutter speeds or with long focal length lenses (telephoto or zoom).
With video cameras, camera shake causes visible frame-to-frame jitter in the recorded video. In
astronomy, the problem of lens shake is added to variation in the atmosphere, which changes the
apparent positions of objects over time.

Application in still photography

In photography, image stabilization can facilitate shutter speeds 2 to 5.5 stops slower (exposures
4 to 30 times longer), and even slower effective speeds have been reported.

A rule of thumb to determine the slowest shutter speed possible for hand-holding without
noticeable blur due to camera shake is to take the reciprocal of the 35 mm equivalent focal length
of the lens, also known as the "1/mm rule"[a]. For example, at a focal length of 125 mm on a
35 mm camera, vibration or camera shake could affect sharpness if the shutter speed is slower
than 1⁄125 second. As a result of the 2-to-4.5-stops slower shutter speeds allowed by IS, an image
taken at 1⁄125 second speed with an ordinary lens could be taken at 1⁄15 or 1⁄8 second with an IS-
equipped lens and produce almost the same quality. The sharpness obtainable at a given speed Comparison of simplified image
can increase dramatically.[3] When calculating the effective focal length, it is important to take stabilisation systems:

into account the image format a camera uses. For example, many digital SLR cameras use an 1. unstabilised
image sensor that is 2⁄3, 5⁄8, or 1⁄2 the size of a 35 mm film frame. This means that the 35 mm 2. lens-based optical stabilisation
frame is 1.5, 1.6, or 2 times the size of the digital sensor. The latter values are referred to as the 3. sensor-shift optical stabilisation
crop factor, field-of-view crop factor, focal-length multiplier, or format factor. On a 2× crop factor 4. digital or electronic stabilisation
camera, for instance, a 50 mm lens produces the same field of view as a 100 mm lens used on a
35 mm film camera, and can typically be handheld at 1⁄100 second.

However, image stabilization does not prevent motion blur caused by the movement of the
subject or by extreme movements of the camera. Image stabilization is only designed for and
capable of reducing blur that results from normal, minute shaking of a lens due to hand-held
shooting. Some lenses and camera bodies include a secondary panning mode or a more
aggressive 'active mode', both described in greater detail below under optical image stabilization.

Astrophotography makes much use of long-exposure photography, which requires the camera to
be fixed in place. However, fastening it to the Earth is not enough, since the Earth rotates. The
Pentax K-5 and K-r, when equipped with the O-GPS1 GPS accessory for position data, can use
Photography of a sound reinforcement
their sensor-shift capability to reduce the resulting star trails.[4]
system prior to a pop concert, wherein
the room was nearly dark except for the
Stabilization can be applied in the lens, the camera body or both. Each method has distinctive blue spotlight and the dim white light from
advantages and disadvantages.[5] the device rear panel itself. Though the
exposure time of 1⁄4 s at (35 mm
equivalent) 180 mm focal length would
Techniques typically result in a relatively strong blur
according to the "1/mm rule", the image
is quite sharp – which is the result of the
activated image stabilizer of the
Optical image stabilization employed Lumix digital camera.
An optical image stabilizer (OIS, IS, or OS) is a mechanism used in still or video cameras
that stabilizes the recorded image by varying the optical path to the sensor. This technology is
implemented in the lens itself, as distinct from in-body image stabilization (IBIS), which operates by moving the sensor as the final

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element in the optical path. The key element of all optical stabilization systems is that
they stabilize the image projected on the sensor before the sensor converts the image
into digital information. IBIS can have up to 5 axis of movement: X, Y, Roll, Yaw, and
Pitch. IBIS has the added advantage of working with all lenses.

Benefits of OIS
Optical image stabilization prolongs the shutter speed possible for handheld
photography by reducing the likelihood of blurring the image from shake during the
same exposure time.

For handheld video recording, regardless of lighting conditions, optical image

stabilization compensates for minor shakes whose appearance magnifies when
watched on a large display such as a television set or computer monitor.[6][7][8]
A comparison of close-up photographs of a calculator
keypad with and without optical image stabilization
Names by vendors
Different companies have different names for the OIS technology, for example:

Vibration Reduction (VR) – Nikon (produced the first optical two-axis stabilized lens, a 38–105 mm f/4–7.8 zoom built into the Nikon
Zoom 700VR (US: Zoom-Touch 105 VR) camera in 1994)[9][10]
Image Stabilizer (IS) – Canon introduced the EF 75–300 mm f/4–5.6 IS USM) in 1995. In 2009, they introduced their first lens (the EF
100mm F2.8 Macro L) to use a four-axis Hybrid IS.)
Anti-Shake (AS) – Minolta and Konica Minolta (Minolta introduced the first sensor-based two-axis image stabilizer with the DiMAGE
A1 in 2003)
IBIS - In Body Image Stabilisation – Olympus and Fujifilm
Optical SteadyShot (OSS) – Sony (for Cyber-shot and several α E-mount lenses)
Optical Image Stabilization (OIS) – Fujifilm
MegaOIS, PowerOIS – Panasonic and Leica
SteadyShot (SS), Super SteadyShot (SSS), SteadyShot INSIDE (SSI) – Sony (based on Konica Minolta's Anti-Shake originally,
Sony introduced a 2-axis full-frame variant for the DSLR-A900 in 2008 and a 5-axis stabilizer for the full-frame ILCE-7M2 in 2014)
Optical Stabilization (OS) – Sigma
Vibration Compensation (VC) – Tamron
Shake Reduction (SR) – Pentax
PureView – Nokia (produced the first cell phone optical stabilised sensor, built into the Lumia 920)
UltraPixel – HTC (Image Stabilization is only available for the 2013 HTC One & 2016 HTC 10 with UltraPixel. It is not available for the
HTC One (M8) or HTC Butterfly S, which also have UltraPixel)
Most high-end smartphones as of late 2014 use optical image stabilization for photos and videos.[11]

Lens-based
In Nikon and Canon's implementation, it works by using a floating lens element that is moved orthogonally to the optical axis of the lens
using electromagnets.[12] Vibration is detected using two piezoelectric angular velocity sensors (often called gyroscopic sensors), one to
detect horizontal movement and the other to detect vertical movement.[13] As a result, this kind of image stabilizer corrects only for pitch
and yaw axis rotations,[14][15] and cannot correct for rotation around the optical axis. Some lenses have a secondary mode that
counteracts vertical-only camera shake. This mode is useful when using a panning technique. Some such lenses activate it automatically;
others use a switch on the lens.

To compensate for camera shake in shooting video while walking, Panasonic introduced Power Hybrid OIS+ with five-axis correction:
axis rotation, horizontal rotation, vertical rotation, and horizontal and vertical motion.[16]

Some Nikon VR-enabled lenses offer an "active" mode for shooting from a moving vehicle, such as a car or boat, which is supposed to
correct for larger shakes than the "normal" mode.[17] However, active mode used for normal shooting can produce poorer results than
normal mode.[18] This is because active mode is optimized for reducing higher angular velocity movements (typically when shooting from
a heavily moving platform using faster shutter speeds), where normal mode tries to reduce lower angular velocity movements over a
larger amplitude and timeframe (typically body and hand movement when standing on a stationary or slowly moving platform while
using slower shutter speeds).

Most manufacturers suggest that the IS feature of a lens be turned off when the lens is mounted on a tripod as it can cause erratic results
and is generally unnecessary. Many modern image stabilization lenses (notably Canon's more recent IS lenses) are able to auto-detect
that they are tripod-mounted (as a result of extremely low vibration readings) and disable IS automatically to prevent this and any
consequent image quality reduction.[19] The system also draws battery power, so deactivating it when not needed extends the battery
charge.

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A disadvantage of lens-based image stabilization is cost. Each lens requires its own image stabilization system. Also, not every lens
is available in an image-stabilized version. This is often the case for fast primes and wide-angle lenses. However, the fastest lens with
image stabilisation is the Nocticron with a speed of f /1.2. While the most obvious advantage for image stabilization lies with longer focal
lengths, even normal and wide-angle lenses benefit from it in low-light applications.

Lens-based stabilization also has advantages over in-body stabilization. In low-light or low-contrast situations, the autofocus system
(which has no stabilized sensors) is able to work more accurately when the image coming from the lens is already stabilized. In cameras
with optical viewfinders, the image seen by the photographer through the stabilized lens (as opposed to in-body stabilization) reveals
more detail because of its stability, and it also makes correct framing easier. This is especially the case with longer telephoto lenses. This
is not an issue for Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera systems, because the sensor output to the screen or electronic viewfinder is
stabilized.

Sensor-shift
The sensor capturing the image can be moved in such a way as to counteract the motion of the camera, a technology often referred to as
mechanical image stabilization. When the camera rotates, causing angular error, gyroscopes encode information to the actuator that
moves the sensor.[20] The sensor is moved to maintain the projection of the image onto the image plane, which is a function of the focal
length of the lens being used. Modern cameras can automatically acquire focal length information from modern lenses made for that
camera. Minolta and Konica Minolta used a technique called Anti-Shake (AS) now marketed as SteadyShot (SS) in the Sony α line and
Shake Reduction (SR) in the Pentax K-series and Q series cameras, which relies on a very precise angular rate sensor to detect camera
motion.[21] Olympus introduced image stabilization with their E-510 D-SLR body, employing a system built around their Supersonic
Wave Drive.[22] Other manufacturers use digital signal processors (DSP) to analyze the image on the fly and then move the sensor
appropriately. Sensor shifting is also used in some cameras by Fujifilm, Samsung, Casio Exilim and Ricoh Caplio.[23]

The advantage with moving the image sensor, instead of the lens, is that the image can be stabilized even on lenses made without
stabilization. This may allow the stabilization to work with many otherwise-unstabilized lenses, and reduces the weight and complexity of
the lenses. Further, when sensor-based image stabilization technology improves, it requires replacing only the camera to take advantage
of the improvements, which is typically far less expensive than replacing all existing lenses if relying on lens-based image stabilization.
Some sensor-based image stabilization implementations are capable of correcting camera roll rotation, a motion that is easily excited by
pressing the shutter button. No lens-based system can address this potential source of image blur. A by-product of available "roll"
compensation is that the camera can automatically correct for tilted horizons in the optical domain, provided it is equipped with an
electronic spirit level, such as the Pentax K-7/K-5 cameras.

One of the primary disadvantages of moving the image sensor itself is that the image projected to the viewfinder is not stabilized.
Similarly, the image projected to a phase-detection autofocus system that is not part of the image sensor, if used, is not stabilized. This is
not an issue on cameras that use an electronic viewfinder (EVF), since the image projected on that viewfinder is taken from the image
sensor itself.

Some, but not all, camera-bodies capable of in-body stabilization can be pre-set manually to a given focal length. Their stabilization
system corrects as if that focal length lens is attached, so the camera can stabilize older lenses, and lenses from other makers. This isn't
viable with zoom lenses, because their focal length is variable. Some adapters communicate focal length information from the maker of
one lens to the body of another maker. Some lenses that do not report their focal length can be retrofitted with a chip which reports a
pre-programmed focal-length to the camera body. Sometimes, none of these techniques work, and image-stabilization cannot be used
with such lenses.

In-body image stabilization requires the lens to have a larger output image circle because the sensor is moved during exposure and thus
uses a larger part of the image. Compared to lens movements in optical image stabilization systems the sensor movements are quite
large, so the effectiveness is limited by the maximum range of sensor movement, where a typical modern optically-stabilized lens has
greater freedom. Both the speed and range of the required sensor movement increase with the focal length of the lens being used, making
sensor-shift technology less suited for very long telephoto lenses, especially when using slower shutter speeds, because the available
motion range of the sensor quickly becomes insufficient to cope with the increasing image displacement.

In September 2023, Nikon has announced the release of Nikon Z f, which has the world’s first Focus-Point VR technology that centers
the axis of sensor shift image stabilization at the autofocus point, rather than at the center of the sensor like the conventional sensor shift
image stabilization system. This allows for vibration reduction at the focused point rather than just in the center of the image.[24]

Dual
Starting with the Panasonic Lumix DMC-GX8, announced in July 2015, and subsequently in the Panasonic Lumix DC-GH5, Panasonic,
who formerly only equipped lens-based stabilization in its interchangeable lens camera system (of the Micro Four Thirds standard),
introduced sensor-shift stabilization that works in concert with the existing lens-based system ("Dual IS").

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In the meantime (2016), Olympus also offered two lenses with image stabilization that can be
synchronized with the in-built image stabilization system of the image sensors of Olympus' Micro
Four Thirds cameras ("Sync IS"). With this technology a gain of 6.5 f-stops can be achieved
without blurred images.[25] This is limited by the rotational movement of the surface of the
Earth, that fools the accelerometers of the camera. Therefore, depending on the angle of view, the
maximum exposure time should not exceed 1⁄3 second for long telephoto shots (with a 35 mm
equivalent focal length of 800 millimeters) and a little more than ten seconds for wide angle
shots (with a 35 mm equivalent focal length of 24 millimeters), if the movement of the Earth is
not taken into consideration by the image stabilization process.[26]

In 2015, the Sony E camera system also allowed combining image stabilization systems of lenses
and camera bodies, but without synchronizing the same degrees of freedom. In this case, only the
independent compensation degrees of the in-built image sensor stabilization are activated to
support lens stabilisation.[27]

Canon and Nikon now have full-frame mirrorless bodies that have IBIS and also support each
company's lens-based stabilization. Canon's first two such bodies, the EOS R and RP, do not have
IBIS, but the feature was added for the more recent higher end R3, R5, R6 (and its MkII version)
Free-hand museum shot of a historic
and the APS-C R7. However, the full frame R8 and APS-C R10 do not have IBIS. All of Nikon's universal theodolite taken without flash
full-frame Z-mount bodies—the Z6, Z7, the Mark II versions of both, the Z8 and Z9, have IBIS. light but with dual image stabilization.
However, its APS-C Z50 lacks IBIS. The image was taken with a Panasonic
Lumix DMC-GX8 and a Nocticron with
almost two times the normal focal length
Digital image stabilization of the camera system (42.5 mm) at f/1.2
Real-time digital image stabilization, also called electronic image stabilization (EIS), is and with a polarizing filter in order to
remove reflections from the transparent
used in some video cameras. This technique shifts the cropped area read out from the image
glass of the display case. ISO
sensor for each frame to counteract the motion. This requires the resolution of the image sensor speed = 800, exposure time = 1⁄8 s,
to exceed the resolution of the recorded video, and it slightly reduces the field of view because the exposure value = 0.5.
area on the image sensor outside the visible frame acts as a buffer against hand movements.[28]
This technique reduces distracting vibrations from videos by
smoothing the transition from one frame to another.

This technique can not do anything about existing motion blur,

which may result in an image seemingly losing focus as motion is
compensated due to movement during the exposure times of
individual frames. This effect is more visible in darker sceneries
due to prolonged exposure times per frame.
0:15
Some still camera manufacturers marketed their cameras as
having digital image stabilization when they really only had a Short video showing image stabilization done purely in software in post
processing stage
high-sensitivity mode that uses a short exposure time—
producing pictures with less motion blur, but more noise. [29] It
reduces blur when photographing something that is moving, as well as from camera shake.

Others now also use digital signal processing (DSP) to reduce blur in stills, for example by sub-dividing the exposure into several shorter
exposures in rapid succession, discarding blurred ones, re-aligning the sharpest sub-exposures and adding them together, and using the
gyroscope to detect the best time to take each frame.[30][31][32]

Stabilization filters
Many video non-linear editing systems use stabilization filters that can correct a non-stabilized image by tracking the movement of pixels
in the image and correcting the image by moving the frame.[33][34] The process is similar to digital image stabilization but since there is
no larger image to work with the filter either crops the image down to hide the motion of the frame or attempts to recreate the lost image
at the edge through spatial or temporal extrapolation.[35]

Online services, including YouTube, are also beginning to provide 'video stabilization as a post-processing step after content is uploaded.
This has the disadvantage of not having access to the realtime gyroscopic data, but the advantage of more computing power and the
ability to analyze images both before and after a particular frame.[36]

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Orthogonal transfer CCD

Used in astronomy, an orthogonal transfer CCD (OTCCD) actually shifts the image within the CCD itself while the image is being
captured, based on analysis of the apparent motion of bright stars. This is a rare example of digital stabilization for still pictures. An
example of this is in the upcoming gigapixel telescope Pan-STARRS being constructed in Hawaii.[37]

Stabilizing the camera body

A technique that requires no additional capabilities of any camera body–lens combination
consists of stabilizing the entire camera body externally rather than using an internal method.
This is achieved by attaching a gyroscope to the camera body, usually using the camera's built-in
tripod mount. This lets the external gyro (gimbal) stabilize the camera, and is typically used in
photography from a moving vehicle, when a lens or camera offering another type of image
stabilization is not available.[38]

A common way to stabilize moving cameras after approx. year 2015 is by using a camera
stabilizer such as a stabilized remote camera head. The camera and lens are mounted in a remote
controlled camera holder which is then mounted on anything that moves, such as rail systems,
A moving TV camera that is remote
cables, cars or helicopters. An example of a remote stabilized head that is used to stabilize controlled and gyro-stabilized through a
moving TV cameras that are broadcasting live is the Newton stabilized head.[39] Newton head on rail dolly system.

Another technique for stabilizing a video or motion picture camera body is the Steadicam system,
which isolates the camera from the operator's body using a harness and a camera boom with a counterweight. [40]

Camera stabilizer
A camera stabilizer is any device or object that externally stabilizes the camera. This can refer to a Steadicam, a tripod, the camera
operator's hand, or a combination of these.

In close-up photography, using rotation sensors to compensate for changes in pointing direction becomes insufficient. Moving, rather
than tilting, the camera up/down or left/right by a fraction of a millimeter becomes noticeable if you are trying to resolve millimeter-size
details on the object. Linear accelerometers in the camera, coupled with information such as the lens focal length and focused distance,
can feed a secondary correction into the drive that moves the sensor or optics, to compensate for linear as well as rotational shake. [41]

In biological eyes
In many animals, including human beings, the inner ear functions as the biological analogue of an accelerometer in camera image
stabilization systems, to stabilize the image by moving the eyes. When a rotation of the head is detected, an inhibitory signal is sent to the
extraocular muscles on one side and an excitatory signal to the muscles on the other side. The result is a compensatory movement of the
eyes. Typically eye movements lag the head movements by less than 10 ms.[42]

See also
Adaptive optics
Deblurring
Heligimbal
Hyperlapse
Motion compensation
Shaky camera

Notes
a. This rule was invented in the film era; with modern high-resolution digital sensors a minimum shutter speed of the reciprocal of twice
the focal length may be more appropriate, i.e. 1/(2*mm).[2]

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External links
Media related to Image stabilization at Wikimedia Commons

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