INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Q. The United Nations (UN) is often criticized for its failure to maintain peace
and security in the world, despite its commendable work. Analyze the
challenges faced by it and suggest some reforms to enhance the UN’s role and
effectiveness in the 21st century.

Approach

 Start your answer with a brief introduction of the UN and mention some
examples where it has been criticized for its failure.
 Discuss the challenges and limitations faced by the UN.
 Suggest some reforms to improve the UN’s performance and credibility.
 Conclude with a balanced approach.

Introduction

The United Nations (UN) is the most prominent and influential multilateral
organization in the world, with the primary goal of maintaining international
peace and security. However, the UN has also faced many challenges and
criticisms for its failure to prevent or resolve some of the most violent and
complex conflicts in recent history, such as those in Syria, Yemen, Myanmar,
Libya, and South Sudan.

Body

Some of the the challenges faced by UN:

 Lack of Political Will and Consensus: The permanent members (P5) who
have veto power, often use their veto or threat of veto to protect their
own interests or allies, regardless of the humanitarian consequences or
the UN Charter principles.
 For example, Russia and China have repeatedly blocked resolutions on
Syria that would impose sanctions or authorize military intervention.
 Outdated and Unrepresentative: The UNSC has not changed its
membership since 1965. Many regions, such as Africa, Latin America,
 and South Asia, are underrepresented or not represented at all in the
UNSC.
 Moreover, some emerging powers, such as India have been demanding
a permanent seat in the UNSC for decades.
 Issues with Peacekeeping forces: UN peacekeeping operations suffer
from inadequate resources, stretched capacity, and numerous
challenges, including hostile environments, consent issues, human rights
violations, and funding reliance on member state voluntary
contributions.
 Weak Coordination and Coherence: The UN has a complex and
fragmented structure that sometimes leads to duplication, overlap, or
competition among different entities.
 For example, there are multiple mediators or envoys for the same
conflict, such as in Libya or Yemen.

To enhance the UN’s role and effectiveness in the 21st century, some possible
reforms:

 Security Council Reform: Consider restructuring the Security Council to

make it more representative and reduce the influence of the P5 veto
power. This could include expanding its membership to include more
regions and emerging powers such as India; limiting or abolishing the
veto power; improving its working methods and decision-making
processes; and strengthening its oversight and evaluation mechanisms.
 Strengthening the UN peacekeeping operations: This could include
increasing their funding and resources; enhancing their training and
equipment; developing clear and realistic mandates; ensuring
compliance with international law and human rights standards; and
fostering partnerships with regional organizations.
 Improving the coordination and coherence: This could include
streamlining their mandates and structures; enhancing their
communication and information-sharing; fostering a culture of
collaboration and innovation; and aligning their strategies and actions
with the UN Secretary-General’s vision of prevention.
 Civil Society Engagement: Involve civil society organizations and non-
governmental actors in peacebuilding and conflict resolution efforts.
They can provide valuable local knowledge and grassroots support.
 Adapt to Modern Conflicts: Recognize and adapt to the changing nature
of conflicts, including cyber warfare, terrorism, and environmental
 crises, by developing strategies and capabilities to address these
challenges effectively.

Conclusion

The UN has made significant contributions to global peace and security over the
past 75 years. However, it also needs to adapt to the new challenges and
realities of the 21st century. By implementing these reforms, the UN can
become more effective, efficient, credible, and relevant for its member states
and people around the world.

Q. Analyze the repercussions of the ongoing Israel-Hamas conflict on India’s

economy, energy security, and foreign policy.

Approach

 Begin with a brief introduction to the Israel-Hamas conflict, providing

context on the effects of the conflict.
 Discuss possible repercussions of the conflict on India. Also, discuss
some of the suggestive measures.
 You can conclude your answer with a way forward approach.

Introduction

The ongoing Israel-Hamas conflict has serious implications for India’s economy,
energy security, and foreign policy. India has strong ties with both Israel and
Palestine, as well as other countries in the region, such as Saudi Arabia, Iran, and
Turkey. 80% of India’s total consumption depends on oil imports, to fulfill this
consumption demand India is heavily dependent on the Middle East for its oil
imports.

Body
Some of the possible repercussions of the conflict on India:

 Trade Relations: An escalation in the conflict could impact India's trade

with Israel, particularly in critical areas like defence equipment. Israel is
a significant supplier of defence technology to India, and any disruption
in this trade relationship could affect India's defence preparedness.
 Diplomatic Challenges: India has traditionally maintained a balanced
approach in its foreign policy towards Israel and Arab countries. If the
conflict escalates and draws in other Arab nations, it could pose
diplomatic challenges for India. Balancing its ties with Israel and
maintaining good relations with Arab nations may become more
complex.
 Economic and Strategic Ties with the Middle East: India's economic and
strategic ties with the Middle East have grown in importance,
particularly in the context of initiatives like the India-Middle East-Europe
economic corridor. If the conflict intensifies and involves other regional
actors like Hezbollah and Iran, it could destabilize the West Asian region.
 Energy Supply: The West Asian region is a crucial source of energy
imports for India. Any disruption in the stability of the region could
potentially impact India's energy supply, leading to economic challenges.
 Welfare of Indian Expatriates: India has a significant expatriate
population working in various Middle Eastern countries. The welfare and
safety of these Indian nationals could be at risk if the conflict escalates,
and it becomes essential for India to ensure their protection.

India should consider various factors and interests in its foreign policy.
However, some possible suggestions are:

 Uphold two-state solution: India should uphold the two-state solution

for Israel and Palestine, aligning with UN resolutions and international
law as in the past.
 Continue strategic partnership: India should continue its strategic
partnership with Israel in defence, counterterrorism, and technology to
bolster security, development, and relations with countries like the US,
Saudi Arabia, and the UAE.
 Leverage diplomatic influence: India can leverage its diplomatic
influence to promote peace, encourage dialogue, and provide
humanitarian aid in Gaza, Israel, and its diaspora.
 Partnership with other stakeholders: India should seek partnerships
with Egypt, Jordan, Turkey, Russia, China, and the EU to address the
 conflict and use its UN Security Council position and Non-Aligned
Movement leadership to promote West Asian peace.

Conclusion

Therefore, it is in India’s interest to see a peaceful resolution of the conflict and

a restoration of stability in the region. India should use its diplomatic leverage
and goodwill to urge both sides to exercise restraint and resume dialogue. India
should also coordinate with other regional and international actors to facilitate
humanitarian assistance and prevent further violence.

Q. What will be the development and concerns of Africa and the world, after
Africa’s joining the G20?

Approach:

• Introduce your answer by writing briefly about G 20 and Africa’s

inclusion in it.
• What will be the impacts in the G 20 and Africa due to the inclusion of
Africa in G 20?
• Conclude suitably.

Introduction

The G20 is a forum for global economic and financial cooperation among 19
countries and the European Union. It accounts for about 80% of global GDP, 75%
of global trade, and 60% of global population. Recently, at the 2023 G20 summit
in Delhi, invited the African Union (AU), an intergovernmental organisation of
55 member states of the African continent, to take a seat at the table as a
permanent member. This move has implications for both Africa and the world
in terms of development and concerns.

Body

For Africa, joining the G20 can bring several benefits, such as:

• It can give Africa a voice and visibility on global issues that affect its
interests, such as trade, debt relief, climate change, health, security,
migration, etc.
 • It can enhance Africa’s integration into the global economy by
facilitating access to markets, investments, technology, infrastructure,
etc.
• It can foster regional cooperation and solidarity among African countries
by promoting a common agenda and position on global matters.
• It can enable Africa to learn from the best practices and experiences of
other G20 members in addressing developmental challenges and
achieving sustainable development goals.

However, joining the G20 also poses some challenges and concerns for Africa,
such as:

• It can increase Africa’s responsibility and accountability to contribute to

global public goods and comply with international norms and standards.
• It can expose Africa to external pressures and influences that may not
align with its priorities and values.
• It can create internal divisions and conflicts among African countries due
to divergent interests and perspectives on global issues.

For the world, having Africa in the G20 can also have several impacts, such as:

• It can enrich the diversity and legitimacy of the G20 by representing the
views and aspirations of the poorest and most climate-vulnerable region
of the globe.
• It can foster mutual understanding and cooperation between the G20
and Africa on common challenges and opportunities, such as combating
poverty, inequality, terrorism, pandemics, etc.
• It can support the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change by mobilising
resources and actions from both developed and developing countries.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that Africa’s joining the G20 is a historic and
significant development that has both opportunities and challenges for both
Africa and the world. It requires a balanced and constructive approach from all
stakeholders to maximise the benefits and minimise the costs of this new
partnership.
Q. Analyse the challenges and opportunities for India in the Indo-Pacific
region. How can India leverage its strategic and economic interests in the
region?

Approach

• Start your answer with a brief introduction of Indo-Pacific.

• Write Challenges and Opportunities for India in the Indo-Pacific Region.
• Explain India’s strategic and economic interests.
• Conclude accordingly.

Introduction:

The term "Indo-Pacific" emphasizes the interconnectedness of the two oceans

and highlights the increasing significance of India as a key player in the region.
The Indo-Pacific has gained attention due to the rise of China, evolving power
dynamics, maritime disputes, and the pursuit of economic opportunities.
Various countries, including India, Japan, Australia, and the United States, have
shown a keen interest in shaping the region's security and economic
architecture to maintain stability and promote shared prosperity.

Body:

Challenges for India in the Indo-Pacific Region:

Geopolitical Competition:

The region witnesses intense competition among major powers, such as China
and the United States, for influence and control, which can create challenges
for India in maintaining a balanced approach.

Maritime Security:

The Indo-Pacific region encompasses vital sea lanes, and India faces challenges
related to piracy, terrorism, and territorial disputes that impact maritime
security and freedom of navigation.

Economic Integration:
India faces hurdles in effectively integrating its economy with the region due to
complex trade agreements, regulatory barriers, and varying economic systems
among countries.

Infrastructure Development:

The lack of robust connectivity and infrastructure poses challenges for India to
enhance regional connectivity and exploit economic opportunities.

Opportunities for India in the Indo-Pacific Region:

Strategic Partnerships:

India has opportunities to build strategic partnerships with like-minded

countries in the region, such as Japan, Australia, and the United States, to
promote a rules-based order, uphold freedom of navigation, and
counterbalance China's influence.

Economic Engagement:

The Indo-Pacific region offers immense economic potential, and India can
leverage this by actively participating in regional trade agreements, promoting
investment and trade, and engaging in infrastructure development projects.

Security Cooperation:

Collaborative security initiatives and military exercises with regional partners

enhance India's security cooperation, foster interoperability, and strengthen its
capabilities to address shared security challenges.

Soft Power Diplomacy:

India's cultural and historical ties with countries in the Indo-Pacific region
provide opportunities for soft power diplomacy, facilitating people-to-people
exchanges, cultural cooperation, and public diplomacy efforts.

Leveraging Strategic and Economic Interests:

Strengthening Regional Partnerships:

Deepening strategic partnerships, such as the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue
(Quad), and engaging in multilateral forums like the ASEAN-led mechanisms,
enable India to assert its interests and contribute to regional stability.

Infrastructure Development:

By investing in regional infrastructure projects, India can enhance connectivity,

trade facilitation, and economic integration, which will benefit both India and
other countries in the region.

Trade and Investment Facilitation:

India can leverage its economic interests by actively participating in regional

trade agreements like the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for
Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and fostering trade and investment ties with
countries in the Indo-Pacific region.

Defence and Maritime Cooperation:

Strengthening maritime security cooperation, conducting joint naval exercises,

and sharing intelligence among partner countries enhance India's capabilities
to ensure maritime stability and security in the region.

Conclusion:
India faces challenges and opportunities in the Indo-Pacific region. By
strategically engaging with regional partners, leveraging economic
opportunities, enhancing security cooperation, and actively participating in
regional initiatives, India can effectively safeguard its strategic and economic
interests in the Indo-Pacific region. A balanced approach that promotes regional
stability, upholds international law, and fosters inclusive development will
contribute to India's position as a significant player in the evolving dynamics of
the Indo-Pacific.

Q. Do you agree with the view that India should not join NATO+? Give reasons
for your opinion.

Approach:

Introduction: Start your answer with a brief overview of NATO+ grouping and
advantages of joining it.
Body: Discuss the reasons why should India not join the NATO+ group.

Conclusion: Conclude by summarizing key points and with a forward-looking

approach.

Introduction:

NATO+ is a term used to refer to a coalition consisting of the North Atlantic

Treaty Organization (NATO) and five countries, namely Australia, New Zealand,
Japan, Israel, and South Korea. The primary objective of this group is to enhance
global defence cooperation. Membership in NATO+ would offer several
advantages to the members, such as seamless intelligence sharing, access to
cutting-edge military technology, and a strengthened defense partnership with
the United States.

Body:

Despite having several advantages, India shouldn’t join NATO+ for following
reasons:

• Loss of strategic autonomy: India has always followed a policy of non-

alignment and strategic autonomy in its foreign relations. Joining NATO+
would compromise India’s ability to pursue its own interests and values
independently, as it would have to align with the collective decisions and
actions of the alliance.
• Regional dynamics: India is located in a geopolitically sensitive region
with its own complex security challenges. Joining NATO+ could
complicate relations with its neighbours, particularly China, potentially
escalating tensions and adversely affecting regional stability.
• Diverse security partnerships: India has a longstanding history of
maintaining bilateral and multilateral security partnerships with various
countries. Joining NATO+ may lead to the perception that India is
aligning more closely with Western powers, potentially straining its
relationships with other important partners such as Russia.
• Can drag India into conflicts: India would also have to abide by Article 5
of the Washington Treaty, which stipulates that an armed attack against
one member shall be considered an attack against all members. This
could drag India into conflicts that are not directly related to its security
or interests.
 • Lack of mutual benefits: India does not share much in common with
most of the NATO+ members, except for the US and Japan. India’s
security concerns and priorities are different from those of Europe,
Israel, or South Korea.
• May not be of much value addition for India: India already has bilateral
or multilateral defence partnerships with many of these countries, such
as the Quad, Malabar exercises, and defence trade agreements. Joining
NATO+ would not add much value to India’s existing defence
cooperation.

Conclusion:

India should prioritize its strategic autonomy and maintain its non-aligned
foreign policy stance. While cooperation with NATO+ members on specific
issues is valuable, full membership would entail more costs than benefits for
India’s security and foreign policy. Instead, India should continue to engage with
NATO+ members on a case-by-case basis, depending on its national interests
and objectives.

Q. What are the challenges and opportunities for India in the Indo-Pacific
region? Discuss the role of Quad in enhancing India’s strategic interests.

Approach

• Start your answer with a brief introduction of Indo-Pacific.

• Explain challenges and opportunities for India in the Indo-Pacific region.
• Discuss the role of Quad.
• Conclude accordingly.

Introduction:

The Indo-Pacific region is a vast maritime space that stretches from the eastern
coast of Africa to the western Pacific Ocean, encompassing the Indian Ocean
and its adjacent seas. It is a region of immense geostrategic significance, as it
accounts for more than half of the world’s population, trade and GDP, and
hosts several emerging and established powers, such as China, Japan,
Australia, Indonesia and the US.
India, as a rising power with a long coastline and a vision of SAGAR (Security
and Growth for All in the Region), has a vital stake in the peace and stability of
the Indo-Pacific region.

Body:

Challenges:

• China’s assertive and expansionist behaviour in the South China Sea,

East China Sea and the Indian Ocean, which threatens the freedom of
navigation, maritime security and sovereignty of other countries in the
region.
• The lack of a common understanding and framework among the
countries of the Indo-Pacific region on the concept, scope and principles
of the Indo-Pacific vision, which hampers regional cooperation and
integration.
• The emergence of non-traditional security threats, such as terrorism,
piracy, cyberattacks, climate change, natural disasters and pandemics,
which pose transnational challenges to the region.
• The uneven development and governance gaps among the countries of
the Indo-Pacific region, which create socio-economic disparities and
vulnerabilities for some sections of the population.

Opportunities:

• The potential for enhancing trade, investment, connectivity and people-

to-people ties with the countries of the Indo-Pacific region, especially in
sectors such as infrastructure, energy, digital economy, blue economy
and tourism.
• The scope for strengthening strategic partnerships and multilateral
mechanisms with like-minded countries in the Indo-Pacific region, such
as Japan, Australia, Indonesia, Vietnam and the US, to promote a rules-
based order, maritime security and regional stability.
• The opportunity for leveraging India’s soft power assets, such as
democracy, diversity, culture, diaspora and development assistance, to
enhance its image and influence in the Indo-Pacific region.
• The possibility for harnessing India’s scientific and technological
capabilities, such as space, nuclear, renewable energy and
biotechnology, to address some of the common challenges and
aspirations of the Indo-Pacific region.
Role of Quad:

• The Quad or the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue is an informal grouping

of four democracies - India, Japan, Australia and the US - that share
common interests and values in the Indo-Pacific region.
• The Quad was revived in 2017 after a decade-long hiatus, in response to
China’s growing assertiveness and challenges to the regional order.
• The Quad aims to uphold a free, open and inclusive Indo-Pacific region
based on respect for sovereignty, international law and peaceful
resolution of disputes.
• The Quad also seeks to enhance cooperation on various domains such as
maritime security, counterterrorism, cyber security, humanitarian
assistance and disaster relief (HADR), connectivity and infrastructure
development, climate change mitigation and adaptation, vaccine
diplomacy, critical technologies, education, women empowerment, etc.

The Quad can play a significant role in enhancing India’s strategic interests in
the Indo-Pacific region by:

• Providing a platform for dialogue and coordination with other major

powers on regional issues
• Offering a counterweight to China’s dominance and coercion in the
region
• Expanding India’s economic opportunities and connectivity with other
countries in the region
• Supporting India’s capacity building and resilience in various sectors
• Amplifying India’s voice and vision on global issues

Conclusion:

The Quad is an important element of India’s Indo-Pacific strategy that can help
India achieve its goals in this region. However, it should not be seen as an
exclusive or antagonistic bloc, but rather as an open, flexible, issue-based,
cooperative, consultative, complementary, constructive, credible, consistent,
and, confident, mechanism that respects the diversity and sovereignty of the
region.
Q. Illustrate the role of Indian cinema and its contribution to India's soft
power. Discuss its relevance in the context of India's cultural diversity and
global aspirations.
Approach

• Start your answer by briefly introducing Indian cinema.

• Discuss its role in increasing India’s soft power and its relevance in the
context of India's cultural diversity and global aspirations.
• Conclude accordingly.

Introduction

Indian cinema, also known as Bollywood, is a significant cultural phenomenon

in India and globally. Indian cinema is not only a source of entertainment but
also a reflection of Indian society, culture, and values.

Indian cinema's appeal and popularity have made it an essential component of

India's soft power, contributing to the country's global image and cultural
diplomacy.

Body

Indian cinema has become an essential part of Indian culture, shaping the
Indian identity and influencing the country's social, political, and economic
discourse. Indian cinema's contribution to India's soft power has been
immense, making it an essential tool of cultural diplomacy.

Role in Increasing Soft Power:

• Soft power is a concept coined by Joseph Nye, which refers to a

country's ability to influence other nations through non-coercive
means. India's soft power rests on its rich cultural heritage, yoga,
Ayurveda, music, dance, and cuisine. Indian cinema has played a
significant role in projecting India's soft power globally.
• Indian films are popular in many countries, including the United States,
the United Kingdom, China, and Russia. They are watched by millions of
people worldwide, providing a glimpse into Indian culture, values, and
way of life.
• Indian cinema has helped create a positive image of India globally. It
has projected India as a country of cultural richness, diversity, and
tradition. Indian cinema has also helped in promoting Indian values such
as family, love, and social harmony. The themes of Indian films resonate
with people from all cultures, making them relatable and accessible.
• Unique Storytelling Techniques and Genres: Indian cinema's unique
storytelling techniques and genres have contributed significantly to its
global appeal.
• Indian cinema is known for its vibrant music, dance, and colorful
costumes, making it an entertaining experience for the audience.
• Indian cinema's genres range from action, drama, romance, comedy,
and social issue-based movies, making it a diverse and inclusive industry.
• Indian cinema's themes and stories are rooted in Indian culture and
society, making it an authentic representation of Indian life and values.
• Global Appeal and Cultural Influence: Indian cinema's global appeal can
be attributed to its unique storytelling techniques, themes, and genres.
Indian cinema's global influence can be seen in the popularity of Indian
movies and stars worldwide.
• Indian cinema has transcended cultural boundaries, creating a niche for
itself globally.
• The impact of Indian cinema on shaping global cultural trends can be
seen in the increasing popularity of Indian fashion, music, and dance
worldwide.
• Relevance of Indian Cinema in the Context of India's Cultural Diversity
and Global Aspirations: Indian cinema's relevance in the context of
India's cultural diversity and global aspirations cannot be overstated.
• It has been a significant contributor to India's soft power, promoting
Indian culture, society, and values globally.
• Indian cinema has been a bridge between India and the world, fostering
cultural understanding and diplomatic relations.
• Indian cinema has also played a critical role in promoting Indian
tourism, creating a positive image of India globally.
• Furthermore, Indian cinema has also been a significant contributor to
the Indian economy. Bollywood is one of the largest film industries in
the world, generating revenue through film production, distribution, and
exhibition. The film industry also provides employment to millions of
people, ranging from actors, producers, directors to technicians and
crew members.
Conclusion

• Indian cinema's contribution to India's soft power and global image

cannot be underestimated. Indian cinema's unique storytelling
techniques, themes, and genres have contributed significantly to its
global appeal and cultural influence.
• Indian cinema has played a vital role in shaping the Indian identity and
promoting India's cultural diversity and global aspirations. It is essential
to recognize Indian cinema's importance in promoting India's soft power
and global image and support its continued growth and development.

Q. Evaluate India’s foreign policy towards its neighbours and how it has
evolved over time.

Approach

• Start your answer by briefly providing historical overview of India’s

foreign policy.
• Discuss evolution of India's Foreign Policy towards its Neighbors.
• Conclude accordingly.

Introduction

India's foreign policy has been evolved through many phases in 75 years, its
neighbours play a critical role in shaping its foreign policy. India shares land
borders with several countries, including Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, China, and
Bangladesh. It also has maritime borders with Sri Lanka and the Maldives.
India's foreign policy towards its neighbours has evolved significantly over the
years.

Body

• Historical Background: India's foreign policy towards its neighbors has

been influenced by its historical legacy. India has long been a regional
power in South Asia, with its cultural, economic, and political influence
extending beyond its borders.
• India's influence in the region can be traced back to the Mauryan
Empire, which ruled a significant portion of South Asia in the third
century BCE.
• India's cultural and religious ties with its neighbours have been a crucial
factor in shaping its foreign policy.
• Post-Independence Period: After India gained independence from
British colonial rule in 1947, it faced several challenges in its foreign
policy towards its neighbours.
• India's relationship with Pakistan, which was carved out of British India,
has been characterized by conflict and rivalry. The two countries have
fought several wars, including the 1965 war, the 1971 war, and the
Kargil war in 1999.
• India's relationship with China has also been contentious, with the two
countries fighting a brief border war in 1962.
• India's relationship with its other neighbours, such as Nepal, Bhutan,
and Bangladesh, has been relatively stable.
• India has maintained close ties with Nepal, which shares a long and
porous border with India. India has also provided economic and military
assistance to Bhutan, which is strategically important for India's
security.
• India played a crucial role in Bangladesh's independence in 1971 and
has maintained close ties with Bangladesh since then.

Evolution of India's Foreign Policy towards its Neighbours: India's foreign

policy towards its neighbours has undergone significant changesin the
post-Cold War period.

• Economic Integration: India has shifted its focus towards economic

cooperation and regional integration. India has signed several free trade
agreements with its neighbours, including the South Asian Free Trade
Agreement (SAFTA) with the members of the South Asian Association
for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for
Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) with
countries in the Bay of Bengal region.
• Neighbourhood First Policy: India has also taken several initiatives to
strengthen its relationship with its neighbours. The "Neighbourhood
First" policy, launched by the Indian government in 2014, seeks to
prioritize India's relationship with its neighbours.
• The policy aims to enhance connectivity, trade, and people-to-people
contacts with its neighbours. India has also launched several
development projects in its neighbouring countries, including the
construction of roads, railways, and power plants.
• Defence Collaboration: India's relationship with its neighbours has also
been influenced by external factors, such as the rise of China in the
 region. India has sought to counter China's influence in the region by
strengthening its relationship with its neighbours.
• India has signed several defence agreements with its neighbours,
including the India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship and the India-
Bhutan Friendship Treaty.
• India has also provided military assistance to its neighbours, including
Bangladesh and Maldives, to enhance their defence capabilities.

Conclusion

India's foreign policy towards its neighbours has evolved significantly over
time. India has shifted its focus towards economic cooperation and regional
integration in the post-Cold War period. India has sought to counter China's
influence in the region by signing defence agreements and providing military
assistance to its neighbours.

Overall, India's foreign policy towards its neighbours has been a mix of
pragmatism and principle, with a focus on maintaining regional stability and
promoting economic cooperation. India's relationship with its neighbours will
continue to be a critical aspect of its foreign policy, and India will need to
navigate the complex geopolitical dynamics in the region to ensure its
security and prosperity.
 POLITY CURRENT AFFAIRS

Q. The Right to Health Bill was recently approved by the Rajasthan legislative
assembly. Rajasthan would become the first state in India to guarantee its
citizens’ right to healthcare. Discuss the significance and challenges related
to Right to Health.

Approach
 Introduce with the Context
 Discuss the significance and challenges.
 Conclude accordingly.

Introduction

THE RIGHT TO HEALTH

 The World Health Organization (WHO) says that everyone has the right
to health, which means they should be able to get the health care they
need, when and where they need them, without having to worry about
money. No one should get sick and die because they can’t get the health
care they need or because they don’t have enough money.
 RTH is a fundamental human right that guarantees everyone the right to
enjoy the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.
 It is recognized as a crucial element of the right to an adequate standard
of living and is enshrined in international human rights law.
 Other fundamental human rights, such as having access to clean water
and sanitation, nutritious food, adequate housing, education, and safe
working conditions, clearly determine good health.

SCOPE OF RTH

RTH covers various health-related issues, including-

 Access to healthcare services, clean water and sanitation, adequate

nutrition, healthy living and working conditions, health education, and
disease prevention.
 Accessible, affordable, and quality healthcare services,
 Eliminating barriers to healthcare access
  Informed consent to medical treatment and accessing information about
their health.

RIGHT TO HEALTH RELATING TO INDIA

Provisions of the Constitution:

 The Constitution of India doesn’t explicitly ensure a basic right to well-

being. However, the Constitution makes numerous mentions of public
health and the state’s role in providing healthcare to citizens.

Under Directive Principles of State Policy:

 DPSPs: To a limited extent IV of the Indian Constitution gives a premise

to one side of wellbeing.
 The State is obligated by Article 39 to ensure the health of workers.
 Article 47 imposes a responsibility on the state to raise people’s
nutrition levels, the standard of living, and public health. Article 42
requires the state to provide maternity relief and just and humane
working conditions.

Under Fundamental rights:

 Article 21 The Supreme Court of India in Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. 

Union of India & Ors. found that the Constitution of India did not
explicitly recognize the right to health care. interpreted Article 21’s
guarantee of the right to life, which covers the right to health.
 In Territory of Punjab and Ors. In the case of Mohinder Singh Chawla,
the Supreme Court reiterated that the right to health is essential to the
right to life and that the government was obligated by the Constitution
to provide health services.

Article 243G: The Role of Panchayats and Municipalities

 The Constitution does not just oblige the State to upgrade general well-
being, yet additionally blesses the Panchayats and Districts to fortify
general well-being under Article 243G.

15th Commission on Finances:

  The 15th Finance Commission’s High-Level Group on the Health Sector
recommended declaring the right to health a fundamental right in
September 2019.
 Additionally, it proposed putting health on the Concurrent List rather
than the State List.

GENESIS OF RIGHT TO HEALTH

 In 1996, the Supreme Court held that the right to life (Article 21)
included the right to health within its fold, and also pointed out the
obligation of state governments to provide health services.
 Under the Constitution, public health and sanitation, including hospitals
and dispensaries, come under the State List.
 In 2018, the National Commission on Human Rights (NHRC) drafted the
Charter of Patient Rights to be implemented by state governments.
 Rajasthan runs certain schemes to ensure health coverage, including
the Mukhyamantri Chiranjeevi Swasthya Bima Yojana, under which
health coverage is provided in over 1,550 private and public hospitals
across the state. Under the yojana, insurance coverage is also provided
for certain types of treatment.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BILL

Frees from Unnecessary obligations:

 The Bill empowers patients to choose the source of obtaining medicines

or tests at all healthcare establishments, which means that hospitals
cannot insist on in-house medicines or tests.

Eliminates discriminatory healthcare structures:

 Article 15’s right to equality upholds non-discrimination based on

religion, race, caste, gender, place of birth, and other factors. However,
healthcare has become a privilege for a select few due to decades of
inadequate investment in public health.
 To end discriminatory structures that will otherwise continue to
perpetuate inequality in all spheres of life, including education,
opportunity, wealth, and social mobility, the constitutional right to
health is essential. 

Enhance the health ecosystem as a whole:

  By passing a law that makes healthcare a right for everyone, the
government would make it easier for people to demand better care and
hold the government and healthcare workers accountable if they don’t
get it.

Unique regulation and different instruments to fortify medical services:

 Special legislation, capable institutions, increased budgets, medical

training and research, wellness and prevention, and service outreach will
all be made possible by the Constitution’s right to health; thereby
enhancing the health ecosystem as a whole.
 For instance, before the constitutional amendment that made it a
fundamental right in and of itself, the right to education had also been
held to be implicit to the right to life. 15 years ago, the primary school
enrolment rate was thought to be impossible; today, it is over 95%.

Reduce expenses incurred out of pocket:

 The Economic Survey for 2022–23 reveals that patients continue to

directly pay for almost half of all healthcare costs in India. The Right to
Health aims to increase public spending while decreasing individual
healthcare costs.

CHALLENGES WITH THE RIGHT TO HEALTH ‘PILL’

 Insufficient infrastructure: India’s healthcare system lacks the
fundamental infrastructure necessary to meet the needs of a large
population. India, for instance, has only 8.5 beds for every 10,000
people. Also, the doctor-to-patient and nurse-to-patient ratios are
significantly lower than WHO standards, which are 1/1000 for doctors
and 3/1000 for nurses, respectively (1 per 1456 patients).
 The existing burden of schemes: Doctors are protesting against the RTH
because they question the need for it when there are already schemes
like Chiranjeevi that cover most of the population. 
 Specialization concerns: They are also objecting to certain clauses, such
as defining “emergency” and being compelled to treat patients outside
their specialty as part of an emergency.
 Saving money on health care: India has the lowest public health
spending as a percentage of GDP (1.6 percent). Among the BRICS
nations, India has the lowest public health spending. Brazil has 3.96
percent, Russia has 3.16 percent, South Africa has 4.46 percent, and
China has 3.02 percent.
  No detailing of the process: To the charge that there is no detailing of
the process, health rights activists have pointed out that it would be a
function of the Rules, not the law itself.
 Concerns pertaining to compensation: Healthcare providers have a
problem with reimbursement delays. Additionally, there are complaints
that the predetermined package rates for various medical procedures
and treatments are not sufficiently profitable or do not cover the actual
cost.
 A high rate of disease: Both communicable and non-communicable
diseases like malaria, diabetes, and tuberculosis are prevalent in India.
Healthcare infrastructure and resources require significant investment
to combat these diseases.

WAY FORWARD
 A fundamental shift in approach is required: We must fundamentally
alter our healthcare approach. We must view it as a high-yield
investment that can significantly reduce future out-of-pocket costs and
also increase output rather than spending.
 Coordination among states and the centre: Without hindering
cooperative federalism, which is an essential component of the Indian
Constitution, there must be coordination between the center and the
states on a crucial subject like health.
  More authority and assistance for states: The COVID-19 response by
the Centre and states reveals that health must remain on the State List,
despite the importance of seamless coordination between the centers
and states. Therefore, it is necessary to devolve authority and resources
to states to improve their respective public health systems.
 Boost public spending: By 2025, India must increase its investment in
healthcare resources and infrastructure to at least 2.5% of GDP.
 Improve transparency and accountability: Additionally, greater efforts
could be made to improve transparency and accountability in the
healthcare system, with a focus on educating patients about their rights.

Conclusion:

 Given the contentious nature of the Bill, all stakeholders need to come
to the table and engage in constructive dialogue to resolve the issues at
hand. It should involve liaisons between the government, doctors,
patient advocacy groups, and other relevant stakeholders to discuss the
concerns raised by all parties and identify potential solutions. 
 This could be followed by a revision of the Bill, incorporating feedback
and suggestions from all stakeholders, and a renewed effort to build
consensus and support for the legislation.
 “The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of
the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race,
religion, political belief, economic condition, or social status,” as stated
in the WHO constitution. 

Q. Ex Vice President M Venkaiah Naidu said that inordinate delay, cost of

legal processes and inaccessibility are impeding the effective delivery of
justice to the common man. Discuss the status of pendency, the reasons for
pendency and the measures needed to address the same .

Approach :
 Introduce with the status of pendency in Indian Judiciary
 Discuss the reasons for pendency and measure to address
 Conclude accordingly
Introduction:
Vice President M. Venkaiah Naidu said that inordinate delay, cost of legal
processes and inaccessibility are impeding the effective delivery of justice to
the common man.
Status of pendency in Indian Judiciary:

 As per the National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG, 93 crore cases are
pending in the subordinate courts, 49 lakhs in High Courts and
57,987 cases in Supreme Court.
 In the Supreme Court, more than 30% of pending cases are more
than five years old while in the Allahabad High Court, 15% of the
appeals have been pending since 1980s.
 A Law Commission report in 2009 had quoted that it would require
464 years to clear the arrears with the present strength of judges
 Most cases in India, because of delays at both the police and
judiciary level take far longer.
 Across India’s subordinate courts — the first port-of-call for most
cases — more than a third of the 31 million cases have been
pending for more than three years.
 In the High Courts, the pendency is even higher: half of all the 8
million cases in the High Courts have been pending for more than
three years.

Reasons for pendency of Cases:

 Shortage of judges: around 35% of posts are lying empty in the

subordinate courts. It leads to poor Judges to Population Ratio, as
India has only 17 judges per million population. Earlier, Law
Commission had recommended 50 judges per million. 
 Frequent adjournments: The laid down procedure of allowing a
maximum of three adjournments per case is not followed in over 50
per cent of the matters being heard by courts, leading to rising
pendency of cases.
 Low budgetary allocation leading to poor infrastructure: India
spends only about 0.09% of its GDP to maintain the judicial
infrastructure. Infrastructure status of lower courts of the country
is miserably grim due to which they fail to deliver quality
judgements. A 2016 report published by the Supreme Court showed
that existing infrastructure could accommodate only 15,540 judicial
officers against the all-India sanctioned strength of 20,558.
 Burden of government cases: Statistics provided by LIMBS shows
that the Centre and the States were responsible for over 46% of the
pending cases in Indian courts.
  Special leave petition: cases in the Supreme Court, currently
comprises to 40% of the court’s pendency. Which eventually leads
to reduced time for the cases related to constitutional issues.
 Judges Vacation: Supreme Court’s works on average for 188 days a
year, while apex court rules specify minimum of 225 days of work.
 Lack of court management systems: Courts have created dedicated
posts for court managers to help improve court operations,
optimise case movement and judicial time. However only few courts
have filled up such posts so far.
 Inefficient investigation: Police are quite often handicapped in
undertaking effective investigation for want of modern and
scientific tools to collect evidences.
 Increasing Literacy: With people becoming more aware of their
rights and the obligations of the State towards them, they approach
the courts more frequently in case of any violation

Impacts of Judicial Pendency

 Denial of ‘timely justice’ amounts to denial of ‘justice’ itself:

Timely disposal of cases is essential to maintain rule of law and
provide access to justice. Speedy trial is a part of right to life and
liberty guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution. 
 Erodes social infrastructure: a weak judiciary has a negative effect
on social development, which leads to: lower per capita income;
higher poverty rates; poorer public infrastructure; and, higher crime
rates.
 Affects human rights: Overcrowding of the prisons, already
infrastructure deficient, in some cases beyond 150% of the capacity,
results in “violation of human rights”.
 Affects the economy of the country as it was estimated that judicial
delays cost India around 1.5% of its Gross Domestic Product
annually. 
 As per the Economic Survey 2017-18 pendency hampers dispute
resolution, contract enforcement, discourage investments, stall
projects, hamper tax collection and escalate legal costs which leads
to Increasing cost of doing business.

Measures needed:
 Improving infrastructure for quality justice: The Parliamentary
Standing Committee which presented its report on Infrastructure
Development and Strengthening of Subordinate Courts, suggested:
 States should provide suitable land for construction of court
buildings etc. It should undertake vertical construction in light of
shortage of land.
 Timeline set out for computerisation of all the courts, as a
necessary step towards setting up of e- courts.
 Addressing the Issue of Vacancies: Ensure the appointments of the
judges be done in an efficient way by arriving at an optimal judge
strength to handle the cases pending in the system. The 120th Law
Commission of India report for the first time, suggested a judge
strength fixation formula.
 Supreme Court and High Courts should appoint efficient and
experienced judges as Ad-hoc judges in accordance with the
Constitution.
 All India Judicial Service, which would benefit the subordinate
judiciary by increasing quality of judges and help reduce the
pendency.
 Better Court Management System & Reliable Data Collection : For
this categorization of cases on the basis of urgency and priority
along with bunching of cases should be done.
 Use of Information technology (IT) solutions: The use of
technology for tracking and monitoring cases and in providing
relevant information to make justice litigant friendly. A greater
impetus should be given to
 Process reengineering: Involves redesigning of core business
processes to achieve dramatic improvements in productivity and
quality by incorporating the use of technology in court rules. It will
include: 
 Electronic filing of cases: e-Courts are a welcome step in this
direction, as they give case status and case history of all the
pending cases across High courts and Subordinate courts bringing
ease of access to information.
 Revamping of National Judicial Data Grid by introducing a new type
of search known as elastic search, which is closer to the artificial
intelligence.
 Alternate dispute resolution (ADR): As stated in the Conference on
National Initiative to Reduce Pendency and Delay in Judicial System-
 Legal Services Authorities should undertake pre-litigation mediation
so that the inflow of cases into courts can be regulated.
o The Lok Adalat should be organized regularly for settling civil
and family matters.
o Gram Nyayalayas, as an effective way to manage small claim
disputes from rural areas which will help in decreasing the
workload of the judicial institution.
o Village Legal Care & Support Centre can also be established
by the High Courts to work at grass root level to make the
State litigation friendly.

Conclusion:

 The fundamental requirement of a good judicial administration is

accessibility, affordability and speedy justice, which will not be
realized until and unless the justice delivery system is made within
the reach of the individual in a time bound manner and within a
reasonable cost.
 Therefore, continuous formative assessment is the key to
strengthen and reinforce the justice delivery system in India.

Q. Briefly discuss the importance of NITI Aayog as a tool to promote

Cooperative Federalism
Approach

 Introduce with the genesis of NITI Aayog

 Discuss the importance of NITI Aayog
 Conclude accordingly.

Introduction

The National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog, established in

2015, is a critical institution aimed at fostering cooperative federalism and
ensuring sustainable development across the nation. It strives to create a
synergy between the Centre and states and is pivotal in driving India's policy-
making process. The Aayog is instrumental in bridging the economic and social
disparities among states, offering a platform for holistic development.

Genesis of NITI Aayog

  Replaced the Planning Commission that had been critiqued for its top-
down approach and one-size-fits-all policy, providing limited room for
states' uniqueness.
 The Planning Commission was also criticized for its control over the
allocation of funds, violating the spirit of federalism. 

Seven Pillars of Effective Governance

The Importance of NITI Aayog

 The NITI Aayog is the embodiment of cooperative federalism with better

representation of states and more direct interaction with ministries.
 It promotes competitive federalism, publishing reports like the
Composite Water Management Index.
 It evaluates the performance of various ministries through the
Development Monitoring and Evaluation Office, instilling accountability. 
 It aids in policy-making by suggesting strategic, long-term policies and
programme frameworks. It is involved in the creation of Three Years
Action Agenda, Fifteen-Year Vision, and Seven Year Strategy.
 It generates innovation and entrepreneurial support systems and serves
as a source of best practices in governance.
 Despite being an advisory body, it helps in resolving similar issues faced
by different sectors and states.

Issues with the NITI Aayog

 The NITI Aayog faces criticism for its lack of discretion in fund allocation
to states and enforceability power.
 It's often accused of favouritism towards government and private sector
projects.
 The Aayog has yet to achieve its goal of developing mechanisms for
credible planning at the village level.

Initiatives of the NITI Aayog

 The NITI Aayog has taken multiple initiatives, including improving the
innovation ecosystem, ensuring greater accountability, promoting
growth in underdeveloped areas, implementing reforms in agriculture
and medical education, and encouraging digital payments.
 Other initiatives include the Aspirational District Programme, strategic
disinvestment recommendations, Poshan Abhiyan, and assistance in
framing policies and acts.
 It also oversees the SDG India Index, Atal Innovation Mission (AIM), and
Darpan Portal.

Way Forward

 There's a need to balance the roles of the NITI Aayog and the Finance
Commission. The Aayog should be given funding power to address
development disparities among states.
 It should also focus on increasing accountability within bureaucracy and
involving a wider range of stakeholders in policy-making.
  The NITI Aayog is an essential cog in the wheel of India's policy-making
machinery.
 It's integral to achieving the vision of a 'New India' characterized by
inclusive growth and sustainable development. To ensure this, it needs
to address its challenges and evolve with a more bottom-up approach,
reflecting the diverse aspirations of states and regions.
 Its role in transforming India cannot be overstated, and it must be given
the necessary support to further boost its efficacy and influence in
guiding India towards a more prosperous future.

Q. The Rajya Sabha, as the permanent upper house, has a significant role in
shaping India's legislative trajectory. However, discuss concerns arising from
the recent decline in its productivity.

Approach

 Start with data and facts.

 Discuss the concerns arising from decline in productivity of Rajya Sabha.
 Conclude accordingly.

Introduction

The Indian Constitution, under Articles 79 to 122 , establishes the Indian

Parliament. Composed of the President, the Lok Sabha, and the Rajya Sabha, it
embodies the spirit of the world's largest democracy. Of these, the Rajya
Sabha, as the permanent upper house, has a significant role in shaping India's
legislative trajectory. However, concerns arise from the recent decline in its
productivity.

Decline in Productivity of Rajya Sabha

 From 2014 onwards, the Rajya Sabha held 329 sittings across 18
sessions, passing 154 bills, translating to less than one bill per two
sittings.
 The legislative output decreased compared to previous two terms
(2009-2014 and 2004-2009), where it passed 188 and 251 bills,
respectively.
 Since 2014, the Rajya Sabha has been unable to function for
approximately 40% of its allocated time due to disruptions.

Relevance and Role of Rajya Sabha

  Permanent House: Provides national stability and leadership.
 Check against Populism: Can review bills in a non-populist manner.
 Representation of States: Protects states' interests, maintaining
federal balance.
 Space for Experts: Allows participation of eminent personalities who
may not contest elections.
 Safety Valve of India’s Federal Polity: Eases federal tensions,
represents a crucial component of the constitutional checks and
balances scheme.
 Representing Vulnerable Sections: Offers a platform for
underrepresented groups.
 Promotes Deliberation: Corrects directions of constitutional
amendments, articulates views on matters of national importance.
 Private Members Bills: Allows for important bills not on the
government's agenda to be introduced.
 Sharing Legislative Burden: Scrutinizes bills passed hastily in the Lok
Sabha.

Reasons for Low Productivity

 Political tussle and lack of consensus between the government and

opposition.
 Inadequate time allocated to opposition MPs for expressing their
grievances.
 Breaches of Parliamentary norms by political parties.
 Use of Rajya Sabha for backdoor entry for those unelected.
 Low participation from nominated members.
 Increase in criminalization due to backdoor entries.
 Government's tactic of passing bills as Money Bills which cannot be
rejected by Rajya Sabha.

Recent Reforms in Rajya Sabha

 Use of regional languages.

 Enhancing participation of members from smaller parties.
 Focus on efficient functioning of select and standing committees.
 Holding the government accountable through mechanisms like question
hour.

Position of Rajya Sabha vis-à -vis Lok Sabha

  Equal in introduction and passage of ordinary bills, constitutional
amendment bills, and financial bills involving expenditure from
Consolidated Fund of India. 
 Unequal in financial matters, control over council of ministers, and
passage of Money Bills.

Way Forward

 Implement stricter Rules of Procedure and Conduct for managing violent

behaviour.
 Legislative measures like the Parliament (Enhancement of Productivity)
Bill, 2017.
 Re-examining the Anti-Defection Law.
 Continued evaluation of parliament and MPs performance by citizen’s
pressure groups.
 Emulating international practices such as the UK's procedure for
nominations. 

The Rajya Sabha's declining productivity calls for immediate attention and
remediation. We could take a leaf out of the parliaments of Europe and
Australia's books, where a bill rejected twice in the Upper House leads to a
joint sitting of both houses and an absolute majority vote.

Q. Just as a mirror reflects an individual's visage, a country's Parliament

embodies the collective ethos and aspirations of its society. Discuss socio-
economic profile of a Parliament that offers invaluable insights into societal
changes and the transformations needed for the greater good. Also discuss
briefly about criminalisation of Politics

Approach

 Introduce with Statistics

 Discuss about criminalization of politics and the reforms needed.
 Conclude accordingly.

Introduction

Just as a mirror reflects an individual's visage, a country's Parliament embodies

the collective ethos and aspirations of its society. The socio-economic profile of
a Parliament offers invaluable insights into societal changes and the
transformations needed for the greater good.
First Phase (1947-1967):

 Parliament was primarily comprised of Brahmins, Other Backward

Classes (OBCs), and significantly under- represented women.
 Predominantly consisted of foreign university graduates, mostly lawyers,
followed by agriculturists.

Second Phase (1967-1989):

 Known as the "Democratic Upsurge", it saw the consolidation of the

OBCs.
 OBC representation increased, with agriculturists and social workers
emerging as the majority profession.

Third Phase (1989-Present):

 Termed as the "Plebeianisation phase", it was marked by OBC

dominance and an influx of business personalities into politics.
 An increase in individuals from the business profession, rising from 23%
in 2014 to 29% in 2019.
 This phase also witnessed the criminalization of politics.

Socio-economic Profile of the 17th Lok Sabha

 38% of the MPs are agriculturists, 39% social workers, and 29%
business personalities.
 27% MPs are 12th pass, 72% are graduates, and 29% hold postgraduate
degrees.
 Changes were observed in terms of religion, caste, profession, gender,
and the number of first-time MPs.
 The 17th Lok Sabha sees 90.4% of the MPs being Hindus, 5.2%
Muslims, and the rest, Sikhs and Christians.

The Criminalization of Politics

 The involvement of criminal elements in politics and their subsequent

election as representatives is referred to as the criminalization of
politics.
 According to the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR), 24% of
Rajya Sabha members face criminal cases.
 Factors contributing to this phenomenon include a lack of political will,
issues in enforcement, voter self-interest, Money-Muscle-Men (MMM)
 nexus, legal loopholes, violation of the Model Code of Conduct, limited
awareness, lack of governance, and corruption.
 Criminalization affects free and fair elections, good governance, the
integrity of public servants, public faith in the judiciary, and societal
harmony, and presents a poor image of the nation.

Measures for Reform

 Ensuring transparency
 Promoting citizen awareness
 Providing statutory status to the Model Code of Conduct
 Empowering Election Commission of India
 De-recognizing parties supporting criminals
 Establishing Fast Track Courts
 Breaking the criminal-politician nexus and
 Demonstrating political will.

Conclusion

As the mirror image of our society, the Parliament's composition indicates the
ongoing societal transformations. While it has evolved over time, the present
scenario calls for drastic measures to purge the criminal elements and improve
women representation, thereby maintaining the sanctity of our democratic
machinery.

Q. Discuss the advantages and issues faced by Fast-track Courts.

Approach

 Start with defining the Fast track courts.

 Discuss the advantages and issues ‘
 Conclude accordingly.

Introduction:

Fast Track Courts are ad-hoc institutions set up to deal with a particular type of
cases under a shortened and simplified procedure. e.g. ad hoc courts set up to
deal just with cases involving sexual assault or POSCO.

Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court has proposed setting up fast-track

courts for a limited time to clear dishonoured cheque cases.
Ministry of Law and Justice - scheme for setting up 1023 FTCs for rape and
POSCO act cases, as a part of National Mission for Safety of Women (NMSWI).

Constitutional provision: Article 247 - Parliament to establish certain additional

courts for the better administration of laws made by it or of any existing laws
with respect to a Union List.

Historical evolution:
o 11th finance commission (2000): Establish 1734 Fast track courts->
speedy disposal of pending cases especially undertrials in the lower
judiciary.
o HG appointed judges on an ad hoc basis from retired HC judges, eligible
bar members, etc
o 2005:1562 FTC functional -> scheme extended till 2011 -> 2011:1192 FTC
functional.
o Post-2011: No central funding and state to establish FTC with their fund.
o 14th Finance Commission: Setting up 1800 FCs (Rs.4144.00 crore) and
urged the State to utilize the enhanced devolution of central taxes (42%)
to fund this effort.
o Important cases handled: 26/11 attack case, Best bakery case.

Advantages of FTC:

o Reducing pendency: FTCs have solved millions of cases to reduce the

burden on other courts.
o Judicial efficacy: Simplified procedure-> High case clearance rate and
speedy trial rate -> increases Judicial efficacy.
o Promote specialization: FTC are established to handle specific types of
cases. This enables the appointment of experts in that field as judges.
consistency and predictability: FTCs have high-performance rates and
are stable and steady. It renders justice with high accuracy.
o Act as a deterrent: speedy justice acts as an effective deterrence in
reducing crime in society.
o Increase in effectiveness: Speedy justice results in enhanced efficiency
and effectiveness of our judicial system, promoting people's confidence
in the justice delivery mechanism in India.

Issues faced:
  Systemic issues: An insufficient number of FTCs and judges compared to
cases to be handled. E.g. Delhi FTCs have only one or two judges
 Ad-Hocism: Instead of establishing to address pendency, established
based on specific incidents.
 Heavy workload: Increasing cases assigned without increasing number
of judges -> Increased pendency in FCs e.g. As per PRS data 5.9 lakh
pending cases in 581 operational FTC(March-19)
 No special or speedier procedure: Usual delay like the regular courts.
CRB (2018): 78% out of 28,000 trials done in FTCs took more than a year
to complete.
 Lack of infrastructure: Often housed in an existing court and various
equipment’s needed to conduct video and audio recordings of victims ->
Reduces the effectiveness
 Financial constraints: SC in Brij Mohan Lal case: continuation of FCs is in
the state domain with their funds. E.g. As per PRS date(March 2019) 56%
of the States and UT had no FTCs.
 Lack of Coordination: tribunals -> managed by different ministries. fast-
track courts and special courts -> under different judicial bodies, with
little coordination or uniformity among them.

Way Forward:

 Capacity building and improving infrastructure: Appointment of

additional judges, making FTC permanent, dedicated courtrooms,
technological facilities, etc shall be the priority.
 Modern technologies: Tools like Big data analysis, AI shall be used to
ensure better grouping of cases and decide
 Sensitizing State Governments: Conference of Chief Ministers and Chief
Justices, the State in consultation with Chief Justices of HC -> establish a
suitable number of FTC and provide adequate funds.
 Cooperation: States should engage with senior district judges to get a
sense of issues the courts are facing in various districts.
 Coordination: FTCs and special courts -> under different judicial bodies
with little coordination -> a lead agency to be established by Central and
State Governments to streamline the functioning of courts
systematically.
 Holistic approach: Police reforms to improve investigation, Special
procedure for speedy disposal of cases.
Q. Discuss the features of Tribunal Reforms Act 2021 and issues related with
it.

Approach

 Start with the reasons for the reforms.

 Features and issues related with Tribunal Reforms Act 2021
 Conclude accordingly.

Introduction

The Tribunals Reforms Bill, 2021 was introduced in Lok Sabha by the Finance
Minister, Ms. Nirmala Sitharaman, on August 2, 2021. Now it became an Act,
after presidential assent.

The Bill seeks to dissolve certain existing appellate bodies and transfer their
functions (such as adjudication of appeals) to other existing judicial bodies.

REASON FOR REFORM

 Ineffective and overcrowded: Data analysis over the last three years has
revealed that tribunals in various sectors have not necessarily resulted in
faster justice delivery, and they also come at a significant cost to the
government. This prompted the decision to rationalize the operation of
tribunals, which began in 2015.
 The Supreme Court recently expressed its dissatisfaction with the
functioning of the country's tribunals, citing the fact that several of these
important quasi-judicial bodies are understaffed. As the Supreme Court
has noted, India now has 16 tribunals, including the National Green
Tribunal, the Armed Forces Appellate Tribunal, and the Debt Recovery
Tribunal, all of which have crippling vacancies.

FEATURES

 Finance Act 2017 Amendments: The Finance Act of 2017 merged

tribunals based on domain.
 It also empowered the federal government to issue rules governing the
composition of search and selection committees.
 Qualifications of tribunal members: Their service terms (such as
removal and pay).
 The measure repeals these provisions of the Finance measure of 2017.
  The statute includes provisions for selection committee composition and
length of office.
 Search and selection committees: The Chairperson and Members of the
Tribunals shall be selected by the central government based on the
recommendations of a Search-cum-Selection Committee.
 State administrative tribunals will have their own search and selection
panels.
 The central government shall act on the recommendations of selection
committees as soon as possible, preferably within three months of the
date of the recommendation.
 Eligibility and term of office: The act establishes a four-year tenure for
tribunal members. It establishes a maximum age of 70 years for the
chairperson and 67 years for the other members. The minimum age for
appointments is 50 years.
 Uniform compensation and rules: The statute establishes uniform pay
and rules for search and selection committees across tribunals.
 It also allows for the removal of tribunal members. It provides that the
central government may remove any Chairperson or Member from
office upon the suggestion of the Search-cum-Selection Committee.
 Pay and allowances: The statute specifies that the Chairpersons and
Members of the tribunal being disbanded would cease to hold office and
will be entitled to compensation equal to three months' pay and
allowances for their premature termination.

ISSUES WITH THESE REFORMS

 The Tribunal Reforms (Rationalisation and Conditions of Service)

Ordinance of 2021 was knocked down by the Supreme Court two days
before the Act was tabled in the Lok Sabha.
 The Act reinstated the ordinance's provisions that had been overturned
by the Supreme Court.
 All of this was done without even deleting the basis for the Supreme
Court's decision.
 Undermines independence of Judiciary: The 2021 Act abolishes nine
vital tribunals and poses a serious danger to judicial independence by
granting the government broad authority over key tribunal members'
selections, service conditions, wages, and so on.
 ECONOMY CURRENT AFFAIRS

Q. How does e-Technology help farmers in production and marketing of

agricultural produce? Explain it.

Approach

 Start your answer with a brief introduction to e-Technology.

 Discuss the benefits of e-Technology in the fields of agriculture and
marketing.
 Conclude the answer by mentioning the achievements of e-Technology.

Introduction
e-Technologies include digital information-based systems which have grown
exponentially in the past few years pervading all parts of our life. Agriculture too
has redeemed benefits with its integration.

Body

Benefits in agriculture

 Irrigation: With the induction of artificial intelligence (AI) enabled

methods, watering the crops has become much easier and more
efficient with reduced water usage.
 Climate Prediction: Predicting the climate via processing of data
gathered from sensors over a period can help the farmer make decision
on crop cycles and cropping patterns.
 Crop Safety: Using sensors and integrated systems, the safety of crops
from vermin and pests can be ensured.
 Easy Financing: Faster sanction of loans is possible due to increased
banking networks established upon internet and databases.
 Alternative Methods: Methods such as aquaponics and hydroponics can
be integrated with e-technology to automate, control and perform
functions generally done by humans.

Benefits in marketing
  Online Marketplace: Selling of agricultural produce has become much
easier thanks to online platforms that can show real-time availability of
products.
 Shorter Supply Chain: This can be achieved due to increased information
dispersal leading to an optimised transportation and warehousing
process.
 Real Time Price Updation: Farmer and the consumer can both benefit
from real time price updation due to enhanced transparency.

Conclusion

e-Technology has made agriculture much more transparent and provided

farmers with efficient crop production tools that greatly reduce the stress.

Q. In recent times, there has been a growing trend towards the use of electric
vehicles. What obstacles are currently present in the Indian market, and
what measures have the Indian government implemented to address them?

Approach

 Give a general introduction briefing on why there is a surge in demand

for electrical wheels.
 Mention the obstacles present in the Indian market.
 Mention the steps taken by the Government to address the challenges.
 Conclude on a positive note.

Introduction

The surge in the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is a global phenomenon,

driven by environmental concerns and technological advancements. In India,
this trend is no exception. The Indian government has set a target to achieve 30
percent electrification of the country's vehicle fleet by 2030. However, the
Indian EV market faces several obstacles that impede its rapid growth, requiring
strategic interventions from the government.

Body

Obstacles in the Indian EV Market

  High Initial Costs: EVs tend to have a higher upfront cost than traditional
vehicles due to the cost of batteries. This deters price-sensitive Indian
consumers.
 Charging Infrastructure: Inadequate charging infrastructure is a
significant challenge. Range anxiety is a real concern, as people fear
running out of charge without a nearby charging point.
 Battery Technology: The battery technology used in EVs needs
improvement in terms of range, charging speed, and longevity.
 Supply Chain: The production of lithium-ion batteries, which are a key
component of EVs, requires specific minerals and rare earth elements.
 India currently relies heavily on imports from China for battery
manufacturing, leading to supply chain challenges.

Government Measures
 FAME Scheme: The government has implemented the FAME scheme to
provide incentives for the adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles,
aiming to reduce the upfront cost for consumers.
 Charging Infrastructure: Schemes like 'Charging Infrastructure for
Electric Vehicles' and 'Go Electric' have been launched to bolster
charging infrastructure, encouraging states to develop public charging
points.
 Delhi government's 'Switch Delhi' campaign aims to install 100 charging
stations in the city, but more such initiatives are needed.
 GST Reduction: The reduction in the Goods and Services Tax (GST) rate
on EVs from 12% to 5% has made them more affordable.
 The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme: It provides incentives for
the manufacturing of electric vehicles and components.

Conclusion

The Indian government is taking steps to overcome the obstacles in the EV

market, recognizing the importance of sustainable transportation for the
nation's future. By addressing cost concerns, improving infrastructure, and
supporting research and development, India is making progress towards a
cleaner, more sustainable transportation sector, which will in turn help India
achieve its ‘Nationally Determined Contributions’ for climate action.

Q. Examine the role of agricultural marketing in India's rural economy and

the challenges it faces in achieving a robust and efficient marketing system.
What measures can be taken to address these challenges and promote
agricultural marketing for the benefit of farmers and the overall economy?
Discuss with relevant examples.

Approach

 Begin by providing a brief overview of the Agricultural Marketing

System.
 Discuss the challenges faced in achieving a robust and efficient
agricultural marketing system.
 Describe measures to be taken to address these challenges and promote
agricultural marketing.
 You can conclude by summarizing the key factors in the Agricultural
Marketing System along with relevant examples.
Introduction

Agricultural marketing refers to the process of buying, selling, and distributing

agricultural produce from the farmer's field to the consumers. It involves a
complex network of intermediaries, including commission agents, wholesalers,
retailers, and various government agencies, all of which play vital roles in the
movement of agricultural goods. The role of agricultural marketing in India's
rural economy is multifaceted.

Body

Role of Agricultural Marketing in India's Rural Economy:

 Income Generation: Agricultural marketing provides a source of income

for millions of people, particularly in rural areas. Farmers, traders,
laborers, and transportation workers all derive their livelihoods from the
agricultural marketing system.
 Price Discovery: It helps in determining fair prices for agricultural
produce, allowing farmers to get a reasonable return on their
investments.
 However, the present marketing system often leaves farmers at the
mercy of intermediaries, resulting in price exploitation.
 Market Access: It connects remote rural areas to urban markets,
ensuring that agricultural produce reaches consumers efficiently. This
reduces wastage and helps meet the food requirements of the
population.
  Integration with the Food Supply Chain: Agricultural marketing is an
integral part of the food supply chain, ensuring that food products reach
consumers. A well-functioning marketing system is crucial for food
security.

Challenges in Agricultural Marketing:

• Middlemen Exploitation: Farmers often find themselves at the mercy of

middlemen who manipulate prices and charge high commissions. This
exploitation results in farmers receiving a lower share of the final
consumer price.
• Lack of Infrastructure: Many rural areas in India lack proper
infrastructure such as cold storage facilities and warehouses. This leads
to substantial post-harvest losses, particularly for perishable
commodities.
• Inadequate Market Information: Lack of timely and accurate market
information hampers farmers' ability to make informed decisions about
when and where to sell their produce, leading to inefficiencies.
• Inefficient Price Discovery Mechanisms: The prevailing price discovery
mechanisms are often flawed, leading to volatile and unpredictable
prices for farmers. This volatility poses significant risks to their income
stability.
• Regulatory Hurdles: The agricultural marketing system in India is subject
to various regulations, which can be cumbersome and complex. These
regulations vary from state to state and add to the difficulties faced by
farmers and traders.

Measures to Address the Challenges:

• Strengthening Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs): FPOs can help

farmers collectively market their produce and negotiate better prices.
Government support and capacity-building programs can enhance the
effectiveness of FPOs.
• Investing in Infrastructure: Developing modern storage facilities,
transportation networks, and market yards can reduce post-harvest
losses and improve market access. Promoting direct marketing by
farmers to consumers or bulk buyers can reduce the role of
intermediaries and increase farmers' income.
• Market Information Systems: Implementing technology-driven market
information systems can provide farmers with real-time information on
 prices and demand. Initiatives like e-NAM (National Agriculture Market)
are steps in the right direction.
• Reforming APMC Acts: State governments should reform the
Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) Acts to make them
more farmer-friendly and encourage competition in agricultural
markets. Policymakers should review and simplify the regulatory
framework governing agricultural marketing to make it more investor-
friendly and efficient.
• Contract Farming: Encouraging contract farming can provide farmers
with price stability and access to better technology and inputs. Clear
contracts and dispute resolution mechanisms are essential in this regard.

Examples:
• Amul Cooperative in Gujarat: One successful example of agricultural
marketing reform is the case of the Amul cooperative in Gujarat. Amul,
which began as a cooperative of dairy farmers, has become one of
India's most prominent and successful agricultural marketing
organizations.
• e-NAM Initiative: Another notable example is the e-NAM initiative,
which aims to create a unified national market for agricultural
commodities. By providing a digital platform for transparent price
discovery and trade, e-NAM has the potential to significantly improve
the marketing system's efficiency.

Conclusion

Agricultural marketing is a crucial component of India's rural economy.

However, it faces various challenges that hinder its efficiency and the well-being
of farmers. Addressing these challenges through reforms, investment in
infrastructure, and technology-driven solutions can lead to a more robust and
efficient agricultural marketing system. This, in turn, will benefit farmers,
consumers, and the overall Indian economy, ensuring food security and
reducing post-harvest losses. Agricultural marketing reform is an essential step
towards achieving the goal of doubling farmers' income and enhancing the
overall agricultural sector's productivity.

Q. India’s roll out of Goods and Services Tax (GST) regime heralded a paradigm
shift in taxation structure, but it has been marred down with certain glitches
downgrading its effectiveness. Discuss
Approach

• Begin by providing a brief overview of the Goods and Services Tax (GST)
regime.
• Discuss the role and importance of GST structure in improving the
taxation system.
• Describe how the GST regime can be improved further on account of its
shortcomings.
• You can conclude by summarizing the key factors in the GST system and
its different economic prospects.

Introduction
The introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India was heralded as a
historic reform that promised to revolutionize the country's taxation structure.
GST, a comprehensive indirect tax, aimed to streamline the complex and
fragmented tax system that existed before its implementation. It required a
constitutional amendment, which was enacted through the 101st Constitutional
Amendment Act, 2016 to promote the idea of "One Nation, One Tax."

Body

The Promises and Significance of GST structure:

• Simplification and Unification: GST replaced multiple indirect taxes like

excise, service tax, VAT, and others with a single, comprehensive tax.
This move simplified the tax structure, making it easier for businesses to
comply and reducing tax evasion.
• Promoting Ease of Doing Business: A simplified tax system was
supposed to improve the ease of doing business, encourage
investments, and promote economic growth.
• Digitization in Compliance: Automation of tax compliances by the
government has been a massive win and has worked efficiently,
especially in comparison with the erstwhile regime. This has been
possible because of the introduction of a ‘one-stop-shop’ portal i.e. the
GST Network (GSTN), for all compliances under GST.
• Use of Technology Tools: GSTN’s next focus was to leverage technology
and data available to improve compliance, detect frauds and support
policymaking and to this end, GSTN formed a Business Intelligence and
Fraud Analytics (BIFA) unit.
 • Cooperative Federalism: The GST Council is a true testament to the
fiscal federal and consensus-based structure, which is a cornerstone of
the GST regime. The central and state governments have been working
together on critical legal issues.
• Enlargement of the Tax Base: In general, GST has reduced the overall
indirect tax burden on consumers and made Indian products more
competitive in international markets. There has been a phenomenal
enlargement of the tax base, resulting in increased revenue collection.
• GST Eliminates the Cascading Effect of Tax: GST is a comprehensive
indirect tax that was designed to bring indirect taxation under one
umbrella. More importantly, it is going to eliminate the cascading effect
of tax that was evident earlier. Cascading tax effects can be best
described as ‘Tax on Tax’.
Challenges and Glitches in GST Implementation:

• Multiple Tax Slabs: One of the most significant challenges in the GST
regime is the presence of multiple tax slabs. GST has five tax slabs - 0%,
5%, 12%, 18%, and 28%.
• This multiplicity has made the system complex and led to classification
disputes, as products and services need to be categorized under one of
these slabs. Moreover, it results in confusion and compliance issues for
businesses.
• Compliance Burden: GST compliance involves filing multiple returns and
adhering to various rules and regulations.
• For small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), this has increased the
compliance burden, making it challenging for them to adapt to the new
tax system. The need for regular filing and the digital interface often
causes difficulties for smaller businesses.
• Technology Issues: The GST Network (GSTN), the IT backbone of the GST
system, has faced technical glitches and server downtimes, affecting
taxpayers' ability to file returns and comply with the law. This not only
results in delays but also adds to the frustration of businesses.
• Input Tax Credit (ITC) Mismatch: The ITC mechanism, which allows
businesses to set off taxes paid on inputs against their output liability,
has faced issues with reconciliation. Mismatches in ITC claims have led
to disputes between businesses and the tax authorities, creating a
burden on businesses.
• Evasion and Fraud: GST was expected to reduce tax evasion, but it has
not been entirely successful in doing so. Some businesses still engage in
 tax fraud and evasion, taking advantage of the complexity of the system
and exploiting loopholes.
• Anti-Profiteering Measures: The introduction of anti-profiteering
measures aimed to ensure that businesses pass on the benefits of
reduced tax rates to consumers. However, the implementation of these
measures has faced criticism for being cumbersome and leading to
disputes.
• Interstate Transaction Issues: Businesses involved in interstate
transactions have reported complexities in dealing with multiple state
tax authorities and compliance requirements. The issue of dual control
between the central and state tax authorities further complicates the
matter.
• Impact on the Informal Sector: The informal sector, which constitutes a
significant portion of India's economy, has been adversely affected by
the formalization brought about by GST. Many small businesses in this
sector have struggled to adapt to the new tax system.

Conclusion

The introduction of the Goods and Services Tax in India was undoubtedly a
significant milestone in tax reform. However, its effectiveness has been marred
by several glitches and challenges, including multiple tax slabs, compliance
burden, technology issues, and tax evasion. Despite these issues, GST represents
a transformative change in India's taxation structure and has the potential to
drive economic growth and simplify the tax regime further. Addressing these
challenges and fostering a culture of tax compliance will be essential for the
continued success of GST in India.

Q. Explain the significance of foreign direct investment (FDI) for the Indian
economy and analyze the reasons behind the recent decline in FDI inflows.
Suggest remedial measures to enhance FDI in India.

Approach

• Begin your answer by giving a brief introduction preferably with some data
related to growth and FDI inflow.
• Enumerate the significance of FDI for India.
• Enumerate the reasons for the decline in FDI and the remedial measures
needed.
 • Conclude by summarizing the key points of your answer and reiterate the
importance of FDI for India.

Introduction

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a type of cross-border investment in which an

investor from one country establishes a lasting interest in an enterprise in
another country. According to the Global Investment Report 2023, the total
foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows have slumped by 12% in 2022.

Body

Significance of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):

• Economic Growth: FDI drives economic growth by infusing foreign capital

for infrastructure, industrial expansion, and technological advancement.
E.g. Manufacturing of silicon chips in India due to FDI, PLI, etc.
• Job Creation: FDI generates employment, addressing India's population-
related challenges such as unemployment and poverty reduction.
• Technology Transfer: Multinational corporations bring advanced
technology and expertise, fostering domestic innovation like Brahmos
and Jet Engine or Submarine from France.
• Balance of Payments: FDI boosts foreign exchange reserves, vital for
economic stability and trade deficit management.
• Industrial Development: It stimulates growth in sectors like
manufacturing and aligns with the "Make in India" initiative. E.g. Airbus's
investment with TATA in airplane manufacturing.
• Global Integration: FDI integrates India into the global economy,
promoting international cooperation.
Reasons for Decline in FDI Inflows:

• High inflation and weak demand in the US and Europe: These factors
have reduced the attractiveness of India as an investment destination.
• Lack of new policy reforms and state-level improvements: There were
few steps to liberalize FDI regulations or improve the business
environment at the state level in recent years.
• Global Pessimism: Global growth pessimism is an important reason for
this big decline in cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As).
Western corporations are cautious about making big investments.
 • Geopolitics: Geopolitical strategy is also important. India had begun to
shun Chinese FDI after the 2020 border clashes with China.
• Tech and Other Industries: The FDI decline affects industries beyond
technology.
• Policy Uncertainty: Investors face unpredictability and policy changes
mid-course.
• Uneven Playing Field: Disparities discourage investments.
• Absence from Trade Agreements: India's absence from agreements like
RCEP and lack of EU trade deals hinder FDI attraction.
• Infrastructure Bottlenecks: Inadequate infrastructure deters investors,
especially in the logistics and energy sectors.

Remedial Measures to Enhance FDI:

• Stable and Predictable Policies: Ensure a stable and predictable

regulatory environment.
• Ease of Doing Business: Streamline processes, reduce bureaucracy, and
improve the ease of doing business.
• Investment in Infrastructure: Develop transportation, energy, and digital
infrastructure to support FDI.
• Participation in Trade Agreements: Engage in regional and bilateral trade
agreements for improved market access.
• Promotion of 'Make in India': Encourage manufacturing investments
through initiatives like the PLI scheme.
• Investor Protection: Strengthen investor protection mechanisms and
dispute resolution systems.
• Skill Development: Invest in skill development programs to support
technology transfer and innovation.

Conclusion
Enhancing FDI is crucial for India's economic growth. However, India should not
rely solely on FDI and foreign investment for its growth but also explore other
sources of investment.

Q. Explore the potential of micro-irrigation in revolutionizing farming

towards profitability and sustainability within the framework of the Pradhan
Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana.

Approach
• Define what is micro-irrigation and explain briefly PMKSY and try to create a
link between the two.
• Discuss how micro-irrigation can contribute to the achievement of PMKSY’s
goals.
• Conclude by summarizing the main points and highlighting the potential of
micro-irrigation in revolutionizing farming within the framework of PMKSY.

Introduction

The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) is a national mission launched
in 2015 to improve farm productivity and ensure better utilization of the
resources in the country. The motto of PMKSY is “Har Khet Ko Pani” (water for
every field) and “More crop per drop”. Micro-irrigation is a low-pressure, low-
flow-rate type of irrigation that can reduce the likelihood of overwatering a
landscape. It delivers water directly to where it is needed most-the root zone of
plants.

Body

Some of the ways in which micro-irrigation can contribute to the objectives of

PMKSY are:

• It can help expand cultivated areas under assured irrigation by enabling

farmers to grow crops that would not be possible under conventional
systems with lower water quantities.
• It can help improve water use efficiency by reducing water consumption
and energy use for pumping. Micro-irrigation can also help in fertigation,
which is the application of fertilizers through irrigation water, thus saving
on fertilizer costs and improving nutrient use efficiency.
• It can help in precision farming, which is the application of water and
agrochemicals according to the soil and plant status and needs. This can
be achieved by using emerging computerized GPS-based technologies and
wireless sensor networks that can monitor and control micro-irrigation
systems.
• It can help in enhancing recharge of aquifers and introducing sustainable
water conservation practices by reducing surface runoff and deep
percolation, and by promoting rainwater harvesting and micro-watershed
development.
• It can help in improving the livelihoods and well-being of the farming
community by increasing crop yields and incomes, reducing input costs
 and risks, and enhancing crop diversification and resilience to climate
change.

Conclusion

Therefore, micro-irrigation can be a key component of PMKSY to achieve the

vision of extending the coverage of irrigation and improving water use efficiency
in a focused manner with end to end solution on source creation, distribution,
management, field application and extension activities.

Q. What is the status of digitalization in the Indian economy? Examine the

problems faced in this regard and suggest improvements.

Approach:

• Begin with a brief introduction to Digitalization, discussing the factors that

increased digitization in the Indian economy.
• Discuss the status of Digitalization in the Indian economy along with the
problems faced by Digitalization in India and Solutions to improve it.
• You can conclude the answer by summarizing the key points.

Introduction:

Digitalization is the process of using digital technologies to transform various

aspects of the economy and society. It can enable greater efficiency, innovation,
inclusion and empowerment of citizens and businesses. India has been
witnessing a rapid growth of digitalization in recent years, driven by factors such
as increased internet accessibility, government-led digital initiatives, a thriving
start-up ecosystem, and a large and growing base of digital consumers.
Body:

Status of Digitalization in the Indian Economy:

• Internet Penetration: India has witnessed substantial growth in internet

penetration, with over 759 million internet users. This has facilitated digital
access for a considerable portion of the population.
• E-Governance: The government's Digital India program has played a pivotal
role in promoting digitalization, enhancing service delivery, and increasing
transparency in governance. Initiatives like Aadhar, e-governance
platforms, and digital payment systems have gained widespread adoption.
• E-commerce: India has a burgeoning e-commerce industry, with several
homegrown platforms and global giants operating in the country. This
sector has created new opportunities for businesses and consumers alike.
• Start-up Ecosystem: India's digital transformation has fuelled the growth of
a vibrant start-up ecosystem, with many innovative companies emerging in
areas like fintech, edtech, healthtech, and more.

Problems Faced in Digitalization in India:

• Digital Divide: Despite improvements, a significant digital divide still exists,

with rural areas lagging urban centres in terms of digital infrastructure and
access. This divide hinders inclusive growth.
• Only about 50% of the population has an internet subscription, indicating
that a substantial portion of the population still lacks access to the digital
economy.
• Cybersecurity Concerns: As digitalization increases, so do cybersecurity
threats. India faces challenges in securing digital infrastructure and
protecting data from cyberattacks.
• Privacy Issues: Concerns regarding data privacy and protection have gained
prominence. India needs robust data protection laws and mechanisms to
ensure citizens' privacy rights are safeguarded.
• Infrastructure Challenges: Poor digital infrastructure, including slow
internet speeds and inconsistent connectivity in some areas, hampers the
full potential of digitalization.
• The availability and penetration of broadband, Wi-Fi, optical fibre and 4G
networks are also limited, especially in rural and remote areas.
• Regulatory and Policy Challenges: India's digital landscape grapples with
regulatory issues due to outdated laws and overlapping rules across sectors
like IT, telecom, e-commerce, cybersecurity, and consumer protection. This
complexity leads to uncertainty for stakeholders.

Suggestions for Improvement:

• Digital Inclusion: To bridge the digital divide, there should be concerted

efforts to expand digital infrastructure and connectivity to remote and rural
areas. Government schemes like BharatNet need to be expedited.
• Digital Literacy Programs: Promote digital literacy through government
initiatives and collaborations with NGOs and private sector organizations.
This can include training programs and awareness campaigns.
• Data Protection and Privacy Laws: Enforce comprehensive data protection
and privacy laws to ensure citizens' data is secure and their privacy rights are
respected.
• The government has recently passed the Personal Data Protection Act, 2023,
which is yet to come into effect.
• Cybersecurity Measures: Strengthen cybersecurity measures through
public-private partnerships, investment in advanced technologies, and
proactive threat detection and response systems.
• Ease of Doing Business: Simplify and digitize government processes further
to improve the ease of doing business in India. This will attract more
investments and boost economic growth.
• Promote Digital Payments: Encourage the adoption of digital payment
systems to reduce cash transactions, improve transparency, and drive
financial inclusion.
• Research and Development: Invest in research and development in
emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, blockchain, and 5G to stay
competitive in the global digital landscape.

Conclusion:

The status of digitalization in the Indian economy has witnessed significant

progress, but challenges like the digital divide, cybersecurity concerns, and data
privacy issues persist. To further enhance digitalization, India must focus on
inclusivity, cybersecurity, digital literacy, and the development of a robust
regulatory framework. This will not only accelerate economic growth but also
ensure that the benefits of digitalization are accessible to all citizens.

Q. Faster economic growth requires increased share of the manufacturing

sector in GDP, particularly of MSMEs. Comment on the present policies of the
Government in this regard.

Approach:

• Start your answer with the significance of the manufacturing sector with a
focus on MSMEs. You can substantiate your introduction with relevant
data and stats.
• Discuss various policy measures taken by the Government to boost the
manufacturing sector and increase the share of MSMEs in GDP.
• You can conclude your answer by mentioning the impacts of these policy
measures.
Introduction:

Faster economic growth requires increased share of the manufacturing sector

in GDP, particularly of MSMEs. This is because the manufacturing sector is a
major driver of economic growth, employment, and exports. It also helps to
reduce dependence on imports and improve the balance of payments.
The MSME sector in India employs over 100 million people and accounts for 45%
of manufacturing output and over 40% of the country’s exports. The sector
contributes around 6% of the manufacturing GDP and 25% of the GDP from
service activities. MSMEs are also more agile and innovative than large
enterprises, and they can quickly adapt to changing market conditions.

Body:

The Government has taken several steps to boost the manufacturing sector and
increase the share of MSMEs in GDP. These include:

• Make in India: Launched in 2014, this initiative aims to transform India

into a global manufacturing hub by facilitating investment, fostering
innovation, enhancing skill development, and creating a conducive
business environment.
• National Manufacturing Policy (NMP): The National Manufacturing Policy
(NMP) is a comprehensive policy that was launched in 2011 with the
objective of increasing the share of manufacturing in GDP to 25% within a
decade and creating 100 million jobs. It also provides incentives for setting
up National Investment and Manufacturing Zones (NIMZs) as integrated
industrial townships.
• MSME Development Act, 2006: This act provides a legal framework for
the promotion and development of MSMEs in India. It defines the criteria
for classification of MSMEs, provides for registration and credit facilities,
and establishes a National Board for MSMEs.
• Public Procurement Policy for MSEs, 2012: This policy mandates that 25%
of the total annual purchases of goods and services by central ministries
and public sector enterprises should be from MSEs, out of which 4%
should be from SC/ST-owned MSEs and 3% from women-owned MSEs. It
also provides for price preference and tender set-aside for MSEs.
• Credit Linked Capital Subsidy Scheme (CLCSS): This scheme provides a
15% capital subsidy to MSEs for technology upgradation and
modernization of their plant and machinery.
 • ASPIRE Scheme: Launched in 2015, this scheme aims to promote
innovation, entrepreneurship, and agro industry in rural areas. It provides
support for setting up incubation centres, technology business incubators,
and livelihood business incubators.
• SFURTI Scheme: This scheme supports the development of clusters of
traditional industries such as khadi, coir, and bamboo. It aids with
infrastructure, technology, marketing, skill development, and capacity
building.

Conclusion:

These policies and programs have had a positive impact on the manufacturing
sector and the MSMEs in India. According to the Ministry of Commerce and
Industry, the manufacturing sector in India grew by 11.8% in the first quarter of
2022-23, compared to the same period in the previous year. This is the highest
growth rate in the manufacturing sector in over a decade.
The MSME sector has also shown strong signs of recovery. According to the
Economic Survey 2022-23, the MSME sector contributed 29.6% to India's GDP
in 2021-22. The sector is also expected to generate 1.25 crore new jobs in the
next five years.

Q. Food inflation in India has been rising due to various factors, including
supply chain constraints. What are the main causes of these constraints and
how can they be addressed? Discuss.

Approach:

• Introduction: Start your answer with a brief overview of Food inflation and
its causes.
• Body: Discuss main reasons behind supply chain constraints and ways to
address them.
• Conclusion: Conclude the answer with a way forward approach.

Introduction:

Food inflation refers to the increase in the prices of food items over time. It
affects the purchasing power and welfare of consumers, especially the poor and
vulnerable sections of the society. Food inflation in India has been on the rise,
with consumer food price inflation increasing from 0.68% to 8.38% between
September 2021 and April 2022. The main causes of food inflation in India can
be classified into demand-side and supply-side factors. On the supply side, one
of the factors is the disruption of the supply chain.

Body:

Main reasons behind Supply Chain disruptions in India:

• Fragmented supply chain: The long and fragmented supply chain results in
the wastage and price escalations. This is because of the large share of
unorganised players in the supply chain and operating commercial viability
challenges.
• Inadequate cold storage and warehousing facilities: Warehousing is a key
requirement in the overall supply chain it is mostly dominated by
unorganised players. 20% of warehousing is organized currently with 70% of
the organised market controlled by the Government.
• Lack of adequate cold storage facilities leads to post-harvest losses of
perishable commodities such as fruits, vegetables, dairy, meat, etc.
• Climatic factors: Extremes in temperature and rainfall can adversely affect
the production and yield of food grains.
• Global Factors: food inflation is also influenced by global factors such as the
COVID-19 pandemic-induced supply chain disruptions, the Russia-Ukraine
war, and the surge in international commodity prices.
• These factors have increased the input costs and reduced the availability of
food items such as edible oils, cereals and sugar.
• Logistics issues: Logistics in India still face challenges related to quality and
connectivity. Indian national highways account for only about 2% of the
total road network but carry 40% of all cargo. Port capacity may be
increasing, but lack of connectivity to these ports leads to cost escalations
and delays in the goods transferred.
Ways to address supply chain constraints:

• Strengthening the infrastructure: There is a need to invest in improving the

road connectivity, rail network, power supply, irrigation facilities, etc. that
facilitate the smooth movement of food products across regions.
• There is also a need to augment the cold storage and warehousing capacity
and ensure their quality standards.
• Addressing structural bottlenecks: India needs to push through long-
pending legislation that aims to address the structural bottlenecks (4Ls:
Land, Labour, Law, Liquidity) that continue to plague and hinder domestic
competitiveness.
• Promoting market integration: There is a need to reduce the
intermediaries and inefficiencies in the food supply chain by promoting
direct linkages between farmers and consumers.
• This can be done by encouraging farmer producer organisations (FPOs),
contract farming, e-NAM (electronic National Agriculture Market), etc.
• Enhancing resilience to climate change: There is a need to adopt climate-
smart agriculture practices that can help farmers cope with weather
variability and reduce crop losses.
• This can include crop diversification, improved seeds, water conservation,
soil health management, etc.
• Diversifying food basket: There is a need to diversify the food consumption
pattern of Indians by increasing the intake of protein-rich and
micronutrient-rich foods such as milk, pulses, eggs, fruits and vegetables.
• This can help reduce the dependence on cereals and edible oils and
improve the nutritional security of the population.

Conclusion:

Addressing the supply chain constraints causing food inflation in India requires
a comprehensive approach. This includes investing in rural infrastructure,
reducing post-harvest losses through improved storage and processing facilities,
upgrading transportation systems, and enhancing market access for farmers. By
implementing these measures, India can significantly improve its supply chain
efficiency, reduce food wastage, and mitigate the impact of inflation on food
prices.

Q. Recently, the RBI has withdrawn the higher value currency notes as part of
its Clean Note policy. Analyze the potential benefits and drawbacks of this
step, considering its implications on the Indian economy.

Approach

• Start your answer by mentioning RBI’s recent move to withdraw 2000

Rupee Note.
• In the body section, mention potential benefits and drawbacks of such
move.
• Conclude accordingly.

Introduction
The RBI, recently, announced that in pursuance of the “clean note policy”, it has
been decided to withdraw the ₹2,000 denomination bank note from circulation.
The note was introduced in November 2016 to address the process of re-
monetisation in the aftermath of demonetisation to meet the currency
requirement of the economy.

Body

Potential benefits and drawbacks of withdrawing the higher value currency

notes:

Benefits:

• It may help curb black money and counterfeiting, as these notes are easier
to hoard and circulate in the informal economy.
• It may also encourage digital payments and financial inclusion, as people
may shift to using more electronic modes of transactions and bank
accounts.
• It may reduce the operational costs and logistical challenges of handling
high-value currency notes, as these notes require more security, storage
and transportation.
• The withdrawal aligns with the RBI's Clean Note Policy, which aims to
improve the quality and hygiene of banknotes in circulation.

Drawbacks:

• It may cause inconvenience and disruption to the public, especially those

who rely on cash for their daily transactions and do not have access to
digital or banking facilities.
• It may create a shortage of currency in circulation, as these notes constitute
about 10.8% of the total value of notes in circulation as on March 31, 2023.
• It may affect the rural economy and small businesses, as these sectors
depend largely on cash transactions and may face difficulties in exchanging
or depositing their old notes.
• Withdrawal of high-value notes can cause temporary liquidity shortage and
disrupt cash-based transactions if alternative denominations are not
available, affecting economic activities.

Conclusion:
The withdrawal of the 2000 rupee note has pros and cons for the Indian
economy. It can help curb black money, reduce counterfeiting, promote digital
transactions, and streamline currency management. However, there are
concerns about inconvenience, challenges for cash-dependent sectors, liquidity
impact, and currency substitution. The policy's success depends on effective
implementation and addressing these drawbacks for a smooth transition.

Q. Global economy is seeing the phenomenon of de-dollarisation. What are

the underlying factors driving this trend? In the context of India, what
measures can be taken to address the challenges posed by de-dollarisation?

Approach

• Start your answer with a brief introduction about De-dollarisation.

• In body discuss the factors contributing to trend of de-dollarisation.
• Discuss the challenges associated with de-dollarisation.
• Conclude with way forward approach.

Introduction

De-dollarisation refers to the process of reducing the dominance of the US

dollar in global financial transactions. The trend of de-dollarisation has been
witnessed in recent years, with many countries diversifying their reserve
currencies and reducing their dependence on the US dollar.

Body

Some of the underlying factors driving this trend are:

• Geopolitical tensions: The increasing tensions between the US and other
countries, particularly China and Russia, have led to a shift in their
economic policies towards reducing the reliance on the US dollar.
• For instance, US sanctions on its foes cause barriers to free trade.
• US economic policies: The Monetary tightening policies of the US Federal
Reserve have led to a flight of capital from other countries to USA, which
can lead to a reduction in foreign investment, which can affect economic
growth.
• Risk of Financial Crisis: The dominance of the dollar in global trade also
increases the risk of a global financial crisis, as a crisis in the US economy
can have a ripple effect on the global economy.
• Emerging economies: Many emerging economies, such as India, China, and
Russia, have been investing in their domestic economies, which has led to a
shift towards local currencies and reducing the dependence on the US
dollar.
• Increasing use of alternative currencies: The rise of alternative currencies,
such as the euro, the yen, and the yuan, has provided an alternative to the
US dollar in global transactions.

De-dollarization poses several challenges to countries due to the dominant

position of the US dollar in the international financial system. Some of these
challenges include:

• Not fully convertible national currencies: National currencies are not fully
convertible, which means that the US dollar still dominates despite the rise
of alternate systems of trade and multiple currency circulation systems.
• For instance, recently Russia has suspended rupee trade settlement with
India due to same reason.
• Currency fluctuations: National currencies can fluctuate in value relative to
the dollar, making it difficult for countries to plan their economic policies
and for businesses to make long-term investments.
• Limited use of national currencies in international trade: The dollar is
widely used in international trade, making it difficult for national
currencies to compete. This can make it harder for countries to conduct
trade with one another and for businesses to expand internationally.
• Dependence on the dollar: Many countries are heavily dependent on the
dollar for trade and financial transactions, which can make them vulnerable
to changes in the value of the dollar and to the policies of the US
government.
• Financial instability: The dollar's dominance in the international financial
system can contribute to financial instability in other countries, as they may
be more susceptible to financial crises.

To address the challenges posed by it, India can take the following measures:

• Diversify foreign exchange reserves: India can diversify its foreign exchange
reserves by investing in other currencies such as the euro, yen, and yuan,
which can reduce its dependence on the US dollar.
• Encourage international trade in local currencies: India can promote
international trade in local currencies, such as the Indian rupee, which can
reduce the need for US dollars in global transactions.
• India’s push for rupee trade settlement with its trade partners is a step in
this direction.
• Develop domestic markets: India can develop its domestic markets,
particularly the bond market, which can attract foreign investors and
reduce India's dependence on foreign capital.
• Strengthen economic ties with other countries: India can strengthen its
economic ties with other countries, particularly those that are reducing
their dependence on the US dollar, such as China and Russia, which can
provide new opportunities for trade and investment.

Conclusion:

The de-dollarisation trend in the global economy presents both challenges and
opportunities for India. By diversifying its foreign exchange reserves, promoting
international trade in local currencies, developing its domestic markets, and
strengthening economic ties with other countries, India can address the
challenges posed by de-dollarisation and take advantage of the opportunities
it presents.

Q. What are the key features and potential impacts of the newly announced
Foreign Trade Policy 2023 by India on the country's international trade and
economic growth?

Approach

• Start your answer by briefly explaining the Foreign Trade Policy.

• Discuss its key features and impacts on the country's international trade
and economic growth.
• Conclude accordingly.

Introduction

Foreign Trade Policy (2023) is a policy document which is based on continuity of

time-tested schemes facilitating exports as well as a document which is nimble
and responsive to the requirements of trade.

The Key Approach to the policy is based on these 4 pillars:

(i) Incentive to Remission
(ii) Export promotion through collaboration - Exporters, States, Districts,
Indian Missions
 (iii) Ease of doing business, reduction in transaction cost and e-initiatives
and
(iv) Emerging Areas – E-Commerce Developing Districts as Export Hubs and
streamlining SCOMET policy.

Body

Key Features of the Policy

Export Target:

• The USD2 trillion target for exports set for 2030 endorsed by FTP 2023
comprises USD1 trillion of goods exports and USD1 trillion of services
exports.

Process Re-Engineering and Automation:

• The policy emphasizes export promotion and development, moving away

from an incentive regime to a regime which is facilitating, based on
technology interface and principles of collaboration.

Recognition of Exporters:

• Firms that have been acknowledged for their export performance with
ratings such as 2-star, 4-star, or 5-star will now be involved in training and
developing skills, akin to the 'each one teach one' initiative.

Promoting Export from the Districts:

• It seeks to establish collaborations with state governments and advance the
Export Hubs (DEH) initiative at the district level to boost exports and
expedite the growth of the local trade ecosystem.

Streamlining SCOMET Policy:

• India is giving greater importance to its "export control" system in order to

adhere to the international treaties and agreements it has entered into.
• SCOMET items, which stand for "Special Chemicals, Organisms, Materials,
Equipment and Technologies," have the potential for both civilian use and
as weapons of mass destruction, and therefore, are considered dual-use
items.
Facilitating E-Commerce Exports:

• It outlines a plan and strategy for creating e-commerce hubs and associated
components, such as payment settlement, record-keeping, return policies,
and export privileges.

Facilitation under (EPCG) Scheme:

• The EPCG Scheme, which permits duty-free import of capital goods for
export production, is undergoing further streamlining.
• Furthermore, new schemes such as PM MITRA have been included to avail
benefits under the Common Service Provider program.

Facilitation under Advance authorization Scheme:

• The Advance Authorization Scheme (AAS) enables duty-free import of raw

materials for producing export goods.
• Recently, it has also been extended to cover exports from the Apparel and
Clothing industry.

Amnesty Scheme:

• The government has launched a unique one-time Amnesty Scheme that

resembles the "Vivaad se Vishwaas" initiative. This scheme allows
Exporters who have failed to fulfill their commitments under EPCG and
Advance Authorizations to regularize their status by paying all customs
duties exempted in proportion to their unfulfilled export obligations.
Impacts of the Policy on the International Trade and Economic Growth

Increase Exports:

• With the simplification of export procedures and expansion of export

credit, exporters are expected to be able to increase their production and
export volumes, which could help boost India's overall exports.
• Additionally, the promotion of high-value exports could help increase the
value of exports, which could positively impact India's balance of trade.

Increase Foreign Exchange:

 • The policy could also have a positive impact on India's economic growth.
An increase in exports could lead to increased foreign exchange earnings,
which could help improve India's foreign reserves.

Create Employment Opportunities:

• An increase in exports could create employment opportunities and help

boost domestic manufacturing, which could contribute to the growth of
the Indian economy.

Conclusion

The Foreign Trade Policy 2023 by India has the potential to positively impact
India's international trade and economic growth by boosting exports and
promoting domestic manufacturing. However, effective implementation and
monitoring of the policy will be crucial to achieving these outcomes. There may
also be challenges in terms of global economic conditions and competition from
other exporting countries. Therefore, the government may need to continuously
evaluate and update the policy to ensure its effectiveness.

Q. Discuss the impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on the global

economy and job market, and the implications for future policy and workforce
development.

Approach

• Start your answer by briefly introducing fourth industrial revolution.

• Discuss its impact on global economy, job market and its implications on
future policy and workforce development.
• Conclude accordingly.

Introduction

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) refers to the current trend of

automation and data exchange in manufacturing and other industries. It is
characterized by the increasing use of digital technologies such as artificial
intelligence, robotics, and the Internet of Things (IoT).

Body
Impact on global economy and job market:

• Increased productivity and competitiveness: The integration of new

technologies is improving the efficiency of many industries, which could
lead to increased productivity and competitiveness.
• Job displacement: At the same time, automation and the use of robots are
replacing traditional jobs, leading to job displacement for some workers.
• Creation of new jobs: 4 IR is also creating new job opportunities in areas
such as data analytics, cyber security, and artificial intelligence.
• Skills gap: There is a growing need for workers to acquire new skills to
adapt to the changing job market and fill the skills gap created by 4IR.
• Uneven distribution of benefits: The benefits of 4IR are not being
distributed evenly across the global economy, with some countries and
regions reaping more benefits than others.
• Widening income inequality: The displacement of workers and the
concentration of high-skilled jobs in certain industries and regions is
contributing to widening income inequality.
• Need for retraining: With many traditional jobs being replaced, there is a
growing need for retraining programs to help workers transition to new
jobs in the 4IR.
• In India, the impact of 4 IR can be seen in sectors such as manufacturing,
agriculture, and services. For instance, the use of drones and precision
agriculture is improving farm productivity, while the growth of the IT
services sector is creating new job opportunities in areas such as data
analytics and cyber security.

Implications for future policy and workforce development:

• In terms of future policy and workforce development, it is crucial for

governments to invest in education and training programs to help workers
acquire the skills needed in the 4IR. Additionally, policies that support job
creation and retraining for workers displaced by automation are important
for ensuring a fair and inclusive transition to the new economy.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) has significant implications for future
policy and workforce development. Some of the key implications are:
 • Skills development and retraining: The integration of new technologies
into various industries is leading to the demand for new skills and the need
for retraining for workers.
• Developing policies that support education and training programs are
crucial to ensure that workers are equipped with the necessary skills to
succeed in the 4IR.
• Job creation and support for displaced workers: The 4IR could lead to job
displacement as automation replaces traditional jobs.
• Thus, there is need for policies that support job creation and retraining for
workers displaced by automation are essential for ensuring a fair and
inclusive transition to the new economy.
• Investment in technology infrastructure: The widespread adoption of new
technologies in the 4IR requires investment in technology infrastructure,
including high-speed internet and data storage.
• Governments need to invest in these areas to support the growth of 4IR
industries and to ensure that all citizens have access to the tools they need
to succeed in the new economy.
• Data privacy and security: The growth of data-intensive industries in the
4IR has led to concerns about data privacy and security.
• Regulations are needed to protect the privacy of citizens and ensure that
their data is used responsibly.
• Inclusiveness: The 4IR has the potential to leave some populations behind,
including low-skilled workers and those living in rural areas.
• Hence, government need to support inclusiveness and ensure that the
benefits of 4IR are widely shared are crucial for ensuring a fair and
equitable transition to the new economy.

Conclusion

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is bringing about significant changes to

the global economy and job market, with impacts including increased
productivity, job displacement, creation of new jobs, and a skills gap.

In India, it is having an impact on sectors such as manufacturing, agriculture,

and services. To ensure a fair and inclusive transition to the new economy,
future policies should focus on skills development and retraining, job creation
and support for displaced workers, investment in technology infrastructure,
data privacy and security regulations, and inclusiveness.