[Link]

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Why we can’t store AC in Batteries instead of [Link] Can we store AC in batteries

instead of DC?
We cannot store AC in batteries because AC changes their polarity up to 50 (When
frequency = 50 Hz) or 60 (When frequency = 60 Hz) times in a second. Therefore the
battery terminals keep changing Positive (+ve) becomes Negative (-Ve) and vice
versa, but the battery cannot change their terminals with the same speed so that’s why
we can’t store AC| in Batteries.
Also when we connect a battery with AC Supply, then It will charge during positive half
cycle and discharge during negative half cycle because the Positive (+ve) half cycle
cancel the negative (-Ve) half cycle, so the average voltage or current in a complete
cycle is Zero. So there is no chance to store AC in the Batteries.
Also note that Average Voltage x Average Current ≠ Average Power.
Click image to enlarge
Why Motor rated in kW instead of kVA?

Why Motor rated in kW/Horsepower instead of kVA?

We know that Transformer rating may be expressed in kVA as well as
Generator and Alternator rated in kVA Designer doesn’t know the actual
consumer power factor while manufacturing transformers
and generators i.e. the P.F (Power factor) of Transformer and
Generator/Alternator depends on the nature of connected load such as
resistive load, capacitive load, and inductive load as Motors, etc. But Motor
has fixed Power factor, i.e. motor has defined power factor and the rating
has been mentioned in KW on Motor nameplate data table. That’s why we
are rated Motor in kW or HP (kilowatts/ Horsepower) instead of kVA.
In addition, Motor is a device which converts Electrical power into
Mechanical power. In this case, the load is not electrical, but mechanical
(Motor’s Output) and we take into the account only active power which has
to be converted into mechanical load. Moreover, the motor power factor
does not depend on the load and it works on any P.F because of its design.

Why AC rated in Tons, Not in kW?

AC (Air-conditions and Refrigeration are always rated in Tons.
Air conditioners are always rated in Tons capacity instead of kW because Air
conditioners are designed on the basis of quantity of heat removal from room, hall or
specific area. Quantity of heat is termed in Tons means if an air conditioner is able to
remove 1000 kilocalories of heat or 4120 kilojoules or 12000 BTU of heat in an hour that
AC rated as 1Ton of AC because 1000 Kilocalories or 4120 kilojoules or 12000 BTU
equal to one Ton of heat. Also, this is the same case for freezer and refrigerator
i.e. refrigeration system.
Good to know:
BTU = British thermal unit. A measurement of heat, specifically, the amount of heat
needed to raise the temperature of a pound of water by 1°F.
Definition of Ton
A Ton of refrigeration (RT) is approximately equivalent to 12,000 BTU/h or 3,516.8528 W
or 4.7142Hp.
A Ton of refrigeration (RT) is a unit of power used to describe the heat-extraction
capacity of air conditioning and refrigeration equipments. It is defined as the heat of
fusion absorbed by melting 1 short ton of pure ice at 0 °C (32 °F) in 24 hours.
How many kW and HP are there in 1 Ton?
1 Ton = 3.5168525 kW = 4.714Hp
Explanation
1 Ton = 12,000 BTU/h
1 Watt = 3.412141633 BTU/h
1 Ton = 12,000 / 3.412141633 = 3,516.8528 Watts = 3.5168528 kW.
1 Ton = 3,516.8528 Watts = 3.516 kW.
Also
1 Ton = 3,516.8528W / 746 = 4.7142798928 Hp →→→ (1 Hp = 746 Watts)
1 Ton = 4.714 Hp
How to convert Ton to Kw and vice versa?
One RT(Refrigeration Ton) = 3.5168528 kW…
1 RT = 3.5168528 kW
1 kW = 0.284345 RT(Refrigeration Ton)
1 kW = 0.28434517 RT
So,
The power P in kW = Power P in RT (Refrigeration Ton) times 3.5168528….
P(kW) = P(RT) × 3.5168528
Example
Convert 3 Ton AC into kW i.e. Convert 3 RT to kW.
Solution:
P(kW) = 3 RT × 3.5168528
P(kW) = 10.55 kW
3 Ton AC = 10.55 kW
How much Current in Ampere will a 2 Tons AC draw in Single Phase &
Three Phase System?
Suppose, There are 230V and Power factor = Cosθ = 0.95 in Single Phase AC
system…
1 Ton = 3,516.8528 Watts = 3.516 kW.
2 Ton = 2 x 3.516 kW = 7.032kW = 7032W
Power in a Single Phase AC System
P = VxI Cosθ and current…
I = P / (V x Cosθ)….. Where Cosθ = Power factor
I = 7032W / (230V x .95)
I = 32.18 A
Therefore, a 2 Ton AC (Air-condition in Single Phase AC system will take 31.18 Ampere
Current
Andin Three Phase System
Suppose, There are 440V and Power factor = Cosθ = 0.85 in Three Phase AC
system…
Power in a Three Phase AC System
P =√3 x VLxIL Cosθ and current….
I = P /( √3xVxCosθ)
I = 7032W / (1.732 x 440V x .85) Where Cosθ = Power factor and √3 = 1.732
I = 10.855 A
Therefore, a 2 Ton AC (Air-condition in Three Phase AC system will take 10.855
Ampere Current
Good to Know: This is just calculation based on Electrical formulas. In real, Air
conditioner current depends a lot on operating conditions such as ambient temperature,
refrigerant pressure, Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) etc. for instance, if EER is 6, then
input power for 2 Tons Air conditioner is 24000BTU/ 6 = 4000 watts..
If this is a 230 volt system, then air conditioner load current would be = 4000/(230x.95)
= 18.5 A
For More detail…Check the Air conditioner Name plate rating.
Another similar rating is Coefficient of power (COP) which is the output power in watts
divided by input power, so with a COP = 1.8, for instance, input power for 2 Tons Air
conditioner is 7032W / 1.8 = 3906 watts. Now you can find current by using the above
method which is equal to 18A approx.
How many 2 Ton A.C (Air conditioner) can I run on a 25 kVA
Generator?
2 Ton = 2 x 3.516 kW = 7.032kW = 7032W
The Efficiency of Utility Power Generator is 90% approximately.
Efficiency of Generator = 25kVA x (90/100) = 22.5kVA
Now the Number of 2 Ton AC (Air conditioners) which you can run on a 25 kVA
Generator smoothly..
22.5kVA / 7032W
=3
So you can run Three Air conditioners of 2 Tons each on a 25kVA Generator.
What is the suitable rating of MCB for 2 Ton and 1 Ton AC (Air
conditioner) and why?
As we have calculated the load current for 2 Ton AC Air conditioner…
Calculated Current for 2 Ton A.C = I = 32.18 A
Now 40A Class “C” MCB (miniature circuit breaker) would be suitable for 2 Ton AC (air-
condition) because in starting time it takes more current of the full load current
And 20 A Class “C” MCB would be better for 1 Ton AC (air-condition)
Good to Know:
Class “’C’ Type MCBs
Class “C” Type MCBs are suitable for installations with high inrush of current at the
starting switching time. in other words, equipment and devices having inductive loads
such as air-conditioners, induction motors, fluorescent lamps, transformersetc.
A general AC (Airconditioner )Name plate rating Data
Click image to enlarge

Why Battery rating in Ah (Ampere hour) and not in VA.

Battery stores charge in the form of chemical energy and then converts it
into electrical energy to utilize for a specific time. The amount of available
charge is the capacity of a cell or battery which may be expressed in Ah
(Ampere-hour). Moreover, in a charged battery, the numbers of molecules
are limited to create a flow of electron in electric circuits, so, there must be a
limited number of electrons in a cell/battery which they motivate through
a circuit tofully discharge. Now we have the option to rate the battery
capacity in Number of flowing electrons for a specific time, but, it would be a
headache, because there are a vast number of electrons in it. So we have
another option (1C (Coulomb) = 6.25 x 1018electrons, or
6,250,000,000,000,000,000 electrons.
In addition, 1A (Ampere) = 1 coulomb of electrons per second and,
1h = 3600 Seconds
Therefore;

∴ A (1 Ampere) = 1 Coulomb per second = C/s

1Ah = (1A) x (3600s) = (C/s) x (3600s) = 3600 C.

But,
Why make up a new unit for battery capacity rating when an old one unit is
doing just fine? 
Of course! To make your lives as technicians and students more difficult.

As they do for electricity units… i.e. 1 Unit of Electricity = 1kWh = 1

board of Trade Unit…
For the following reasons, a Power plant capacity rating may
be expressed in MW instead of MVA.
In a Generating station, the prime mover (Turbine) generates only and
only Active Power. That’s why we rated a power plant capacity in MW instead
of MVA. Its mean no matter how large your generator is, but it depends on
the capacity of the engine (Prime mover/Turbine) I.e. a 50MW turbine
connected to a 90MVA alternator in a power plant will generate only 50MW
at full load. In short, a power plant rating is specified in terms of prime mover
/Turbine (Turbine rating may be seen by nameplate rating which is in MW or
Horsepower (HP) not in MVA) and not by the alternator set coupled to it.

Another thing is that, electric power company charges their consumer for
kVA while they generate kW (or MW) at the power station (Power plant).They
penalize their consumer for low Power factor because they are not
responsible for low power factor and kVA but you. Moreover, in power
plant, power factor is 1 therefore MW is equal to MVA …… (MW = MVA x
P.f).
Another interesting & funny answer by one of our Facebook page
fan…“Power House means, house of the Power, and we know that the unit or
power is Watt. That’s why we rated power plant capacity in MW and not in
MVA”.

Three Phase Induction Motors MCQs with Explanatory Answers

Three Phase Induction Motors MCQs with Explanatory Answers
1. If the frequency of 3-phase supply to the stator of 3-phase induction motor is increased, then
synchronous speed is ________?

1. Increased
2. Decreased
3. Remain unchanged
4. None of the above
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 1. Increased

It is clear that f ∝ NS i.e., frequency (f) is directly proportional to the Synchronous speed (NS).
Explanation: As we know that; f = NSP/ 120

In more clear words, when frequency increases, Speed also increases.

The Main Difference between Active and passive Components
(Very Easy Explanation with Examples)
Active and passive Commonest (Very Easy Explanation with Examples)
Active Components:
Those devices or components which required external source to their operation is called Active
Components.
For Example: Diode, Transistors, SCR etc…
Explanation and Example: As we know that Diode is an Active Components. So it is required
an External Source to its operation.
Because, If we connect a Diode in a Circuit and then connect this circuit to the Supply voltage.,
then Diode will not conduct the current Until the supply voltage reach to 0.3(In case of
Germanium) or 0.7V(In case of Silicon). I think you got it

Passive Components:
Those devices or components which do not required external source to their operation
is called Passive Components.
For Example: Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor etc…
Explanation and Example: Passive Components do not require external source to
their operation.
Like a Diode, Resistor does not require 0.3 0r 0.7 V. I.e., when we connect a resistor to
the supply voltage, it starts work automatically without using a specific voltage. If you
understood the above statement about active Components, then you will easily get this
example.

In other words:
Active Components:
Those devices or components which produce energy in the form of Voltage or Current
are called as Active Components
For Example: Diodes Transistors SCR etc…
Passive Components:
Those devices or components which store or maintain Energy in the form of Voltage or
Current are known as Passive Components
For Example: Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor etc…
In very Simple words;
Active Components: Energy Donor
Passive Components: Energy Acceptor
Also Passive Components are in linear and Active Components are in non linear
category.
Battery: Batteries MCQs with Explanatory Answers
Battery: Batteries MCQs with Explanatory Answers
1. These batteries have connected in ___________.

1. Series
2. Parallel
Show Explanatory Answer
.Answer: 2. Parallel
Explanation: As we can see that Positive connected to positive terminal and Negative
connected to Negative Terminal. So the batteries configuration in Parallel. How can we connect
a load in this configuration, it is shown in the figure below.

2. In Ideal case, the Charging current for 200Ah battery would be _________ ?
1. 10 A
2. 12 A
3. 15 A
4. 20 A
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 4. 20 A.
Explanation:
Charging current should be 10% of the Ah (Ampere hour) rating of battery.
Therefore, Charging current for 120Ah battery would be = 200Ah x (10/100) = 20A.
Note: This is for Ideal case only…for real case, just check MCQs # 3.

3. In Real case, the Charging current for 200Ah battery would be _________ ?
1. 20-22 A
2. 14-16 A
3. 12-14 A
4. 10-12 A
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 1. 20-22A
Explanation:
Charging current should be 10% of the Ah (Ampere hour) rating of battery.
Therefore, Charging current for 120Ah battery would be = 200Ah x (10/100) = 20A
but due to losses, the charging current for 200Ah battery should be 20-22A.

4. In Ideal case, the Charging Time for 200Ah battery would be _________ ?
1. 5 hours
2. 10 hours
3. 15 hours
4. 20 hours
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 2. 10 hours
Explanation:
Charging current should be 10% of the Ah (Ampere hour) rating of battery.
Therefore, Charging current for 120Ah battery would be = 200Ah x (10/100) = 20A
Hence, Charging Time for 200 Ah battery = Ah rating of battery / Charging Current
= 200Ah/20 = 10 hours.
Note: This is for Ideal case only…for real case,,,just check MCQs # 5.

5. In Real case, the Charging Time for 200Ah battery would be _________ ?
1. 5 hours
2. 10 hours
3. 11 hours
4. 12 hours
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 3. 11 hours
Explanation:
Suppose for 200 Ah battery,
First of all, we will calculate charging current for 200 Ah battery. As we know that charging
current should be 10% of the Ah rating of battery.
so charging current for 200Ah Battery = 200 x (10/100) = 20 Amperes.
but due to losses, we can take 20-22Amperes for charging purpose.
suppose we took 22 Amp for charging purpose,
then charging time for 200Ah battery = 200 / 22 = 9.09 Hrs.
but this was an ideal case…
practically, this is noted that 40% of losses ( in case of battery charging)
then 200 x (40 / 100) = 80 …..(200Ah x 40% of losses)
therefore, 200 + 80 = 280 Ah ( 200 Ah + Losses)
Now Charging Time of battery = Ah/Charging Current
280 / 22 = 12.72 or 12.5 Hrs ( in real case)
Therefore, a 200Ah battery would take 12 Hrs for completely charging (with 22A charging
current).

6 One (1) Ah = ________?

1. 1C
2. 1200C
3. 2400C
4. 3600C
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 4. 3600C
Explanation:

∴ A (One Ampere) = One Coulomb per second = C/s

1Ah = (1A) x (3600s) = (C/s) x (3600s) = 3600 C.

7. The commercial lead acid cell has 13 plates. The number of positive plates
would be_______.
1. 6
2. 7
3. 8
4. 9
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 1. 6
Explanation:
The number of negative plates in a lead acid cell is one more than the number of positive
plates ; the outside plates being negative. So the number of positive plates would be 6.

8. The commercial lead acid cell has 15 plates. The number of negative plates
would be_______.
1. 6
2. 7
3. 8
4. 9
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 3. 8
Explanation:
The number of negative plates in a lead acid cell is one more than the number of positive plates
; the outside plates being negative. So the number of negative plates would be 8.

9. A lead acid cell has 15 plates. In absence of manufacturer’s data [nameplate],

the charging current should be________.
1. 3A
2. 6A
3. 7A
4. 13A
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer. 4. 7A
Explanation:
The charging current for battery should be 1A for every positive plate of a single cell. Also we
know that The number of negative plates in a lead acid cell is one more than the number of
positive plates ; the outside plates being negative. therefore, the number of Negative and
Positive plates would be 8 and 7 respectively. Thus, the charging current for this battery would
be 7A.
How to find the value of Burnt Resistor (By three handy Methods)
How to find The value of Burnt Resistor (By three handy Methods) We can find the Values of
burnt resistors by these three handy methods.
Click Image to Enlarge

Method 1
1. Scarp the outer coating.
2. Clean the Burnt Section of the resistor
3. Measure resistance from one end of the resistor to the damaged section
4. Again measure the resistance from damaged section to the other end of the resistor.
5. Add these two value f resistances
6. This is the approximate value of Burn resistor
7. Just add a small value of resistance for damaged section .i.e., suppose the value of burnt
resistor was 1k Ω, but you got 970 Ω. So just add 30 Ω, and you will have 1k Ω.
Method 2
This method also can be used for finding the value of resistors (Also, for connected resistors in
the circuit) if you don’t know about Resistance Color Coding.
1. Connect Resistor to Multimeter and measure voltage drop across Resistor.
2. Now measure the current flowing into the resistor.
3. Multiply both values and you will get the wattage of Resistor (As P = VI)
4. This Wattage must be less than the wattage of the resistor being replaced
Method 3
This method can be better used if you know the expected Output Voltage of the circuit and you
have resistors set of same wattage as burnt resistor. Perform this method if you don’t know the
value of resistor.
1. Start with a high value of resistance and temporarily connect this resistor instead of burnt
resistor
2. Measure the expected output voltage of the circuit. If you obtained same voltage as
expected voltage then you have done.
3. If you don’t know about the expected voltage, then keep reducing the value of resistor until
you satisfy with work of circuit for which purpose it was designed.

Capacitors MCQs with Explanatory Answers

1. The Mark on Ceramic or Non-Polarized Capacitors is “104”. What is the value of Capacitor?

1. 104 µF
2. 10000 µF
3. 10000 nF
4. 100000 pF
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 4. 100000 pF
Explanation:
Here is the Capacitor marking is “104”
It’s mean that = 10 + 4 Zeros = 1,000,00 pF
= 100 nF = 0.1 µF

Capacitor Code: How to find the value of Ceramic Capacitors?

Capacitor Code: How to Calculate the value of Ceramic / Non-Polarized

Capacitors?
Below is a very useful chart for calculation the right value of Ceramic / Non – Polarized
Capacitors.

There are special codes and marking on capacitor, which tell about the value of capacitor.
Example:
Here is the Capacitor marking is “105”
It’s mean that = 10 + 5 Zeros = 1,000,000 pF
= 1000 nF = 1 µF

Read More about Capacitors

Click image for zooming

Why Power is Zero (0), in Pure Inductive, Pure Capacitive or a
circuit in which Current and Voltage are 90 Degree out of phase?

Why Power is Zero (0), in Pure Inductive, Pure Capacitive or a circuit in which Current
and Voltage are 90 Degree out of phase?

1. Why Power in a circuit is Zero (0), in which Current and Voltage are 90 Degree
out of phase?
If Current and Voltage are 90 Degree Out of Phase, Then The Power (P) will be zero.
The reason is that,
We know that Power in AC Circuit
P= V I Cos φ
if angle between current and Voltage are 90 ( φ = 90) Degree. then
Power P = V I Cos ( 90) = 0
[ Note that Cos (90) = 0]
So if you put Cos 90 = 0→Then Power will be Zero (In pure Inductive circuit)

2. Why Power in pure Inductive Circuit is Zero (0).

We know that in Pure inductive circuit, current is lagging by 90 degree from voltage ( in
other words, Voltage is leading 90 Degree from current) i.e the pahse difference
between current and voltage is 90 degree.
So If Current and Voltage are 90 Degree Out of Phase, Then The Power (P) will be
zero. The reason is that,
We know that Power in AC Circuit
P= V I Cos φ
if angle between current and Voltage are 90 ( φ = 90) Degree. then
Power P = V I Cos ( 90) = 0
[ Note that Cos (90) = 0]So if you put Cos 90 = 0→Then Power will be Zero (In pure
Inductive circuit)
3. Why Power in pure Capacitive Circuit is Zero (0)?
We know that in Pure capacitive circuit, current is leading by 90 degree from voltage
( in other words, Voltage is lagging 90 Degree from current) i.e the phase difference
between current and voltage is 90 degree.
So If Current and Voltage are 90 Degree Out of Phase, Then The Power (P) will be
zero. The reason is that,
We know that Power in AC Circuit
P= V I Cos φ
if angle between current and Voltage are 90 ( φ = 90) Degree. then
Power P = V I Cos ( 90) = 0
[ Note that Cos (90) = 0]So if you put Cos 90 = 0→Then Power will be Zero (In pure
capacitive circuit)
Basic Concepts (MCQs With Explanatory Answers)

Basic Concepts (Electrical Fundamentals) MCQs With Explanatory Answers

1. What is The Basic Three Electrical Quantities.

1. Resistance, Capacitance, Inductance
2. Power, Voltage, Conductance
3. Voltage, Current, Resistance(Impedance)
4. Current , Reluctance, Inductance
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 3. Voltage, Current, Resistance (Impedance)
Explanation: The reader may select option 1, but do not forget that there is no concept of
Option 1 ( Resistance, Capacitance , inductance ) without Option 3 ( Voltage, Current, Power )
Hence The basic Electrical Quantities are Voltage, Current and Power ( Option 3).

2. In case of Short Circuit,_______Current will flow in the Circuit.

1. Zero.
2. Very Low
3. Normal.
4. Infinite
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 4. Infinite
Explanation: At the short circuited point, the voltage difference is very low (about Zero)
So then put the value in → I = P/V …. so if we put V = 0, Then Current will be infinite.

3. Ω (Ohm) is the Unit of ___________?

1. Resistance (R)
2. Inductive Reactance ( XL)
3. Capacitive Reactance (Xc)
4. All of the above
5. None of the above
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 4. All of the above
Explanation: As we better know that Inductive and Capacitive reactances are resistances, so
the unit of all these quantities should be same i.e Ohm (Ω)

4. Siemens or Mho (℧) is the unit of ____________?

1. Conductance
2. Admittance
3. Both 1 & 2
4. None of the above
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 3. Both 1 & 2.
Explanation: Conductance (G) is the inverse/reciprocal of Resistance (R) and the SI unit of
Conductance (G) is Siemens (S) or Mho (℧)
and Admittance (Y) is the inverse/reciprocal of Impedance(Z).
but we also know that impedance(Z) is resistance in AC Circuits. So both of (R) and (Z) are
Resistances. Therefore the reciprocal/inverse of R and Z = G and Y respectively. And G and Y
are same. So the SI unit of these Quantities ( G and Y ) = Siemens (S) or (or Mho (℧).

5. What quantity of charge must be delivered by a battery with a Potential

Difference of 110 V to do 660J of Work?
1. 0.6 C
2. 6 C
3. 60 C
4. 600 C
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 2. 6C
Explanation:
Q=W/V
= 660J / 110V = 6C

6. The quantity of a charge that will be transferred by a current flow of 10 A over

1 hour period is_________ ?
1. 10 C
2. 3.6 x 104 C
3. 2.4 x 103 C
4. 1.6 x 102 C
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 2. 3.6 x 104 C
Explanation:
Q=Ixt
= 10A x ( 60 x 60 Sec)
= 3.6 x 104 C

7. If a 100Watts Bulbs ON for 10 hours, then what will be the amount of

consumed Electricity?
1. 100Watts
2. 100Watts per Hour
3. 1000 Watts ( 1kW)
4. 1kWh = 1 Unit of electricity
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 4. 1kWh = 1 Unit of Electricity.
Explanation: The Basic Unit for Consumed Electricity is kWh = one unit (also Called Board of
Trade Unit =BTU).
Now, 10 hours x 100 Hours = 1kWh. Watts = 1000Watts.

DC Circuits MCQs with Explanatory Answers

1. In a DC Circuit, Inductive reactance would be_________
1. Equal As in AC Circuits
2. High
3. Extremely High
4. Zero
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 4. Zero
Explanation:
2. In DC Circuits, We can improve the Circuit power factor by Capacitors.
1. True
2. False

Show Explanatory Answer

Answer 2 False
Explanation: There is no concept of power factor improvement in DC Circuitsbecause the
phase angle (θ) between Current (I) and voltage (V) is 0 and the then power factor becomes
Cos θ = 1. So power factor in DC Circuits is 1 and Only 1. In other words there is no reactive
component in DC Circuits so the power factor is 1. And the Power Formula in DC Circuits is P =
V x I.
Alternator / Generator MCQs with Explanatory Answers)
Posted by: Electrical Technology 05/01/2013in Alternator, MCQs ( With Explanatory
Answers), Questions/Answers (Electrical) 5 Comments

Alternator / Generator MCQs with Explanatory Answers

1. The rating of Alternator / Generator may be expressed in ___________

1. kW
2. kVA
3. kVAR
4. HP
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 2. kVA
Explanation: The power √3 VL IL Cos φ delivered by the alternator for the same value of
current, depends upon p.f. (Power Factor=Cos φ) of the load. But the alternator conductors are
calculated for a definite current and the insulation at magnetic system are designed for a definite
voltage independent of p.f. (Cos φ) of the load. For this reason apparent power measured in
kVA is regarded as the rated power of the alternator.

Transformers MCQs With Explanatory Answers

Transformers (MCQs With Explanatory Answers)
1. A Transformer is designed to be operated on both 50 & 60 Hz [Link] the
Same rating, which one will give more out put; when,
1. Operates on 50 Hz
2. Operates on 60 Hz
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 1. operates on 50 Hz

Suppose,

When Transformer operates on 50 Hz Frequency

Transformer = 100kVA, R=700Ω, L=1.2 H, f= 50 Hz.

XL = 2πfL = 2 x 3.1415 x 50 x 1.2 = 377 Ω

impedance Z = √ (R2+XL2) = √ (7002 + 3772) = 795 Ω

Power factor Cos θ = R/Z = 700/795 =0.88

Transformer Output (Real Power)

kVA x Cos θ = 100kVA x 0.88

88000 W = 88kW

Now,

When Transformer operates on 60 Hz Frequency

Transformer =100kVA, R=700Ω, L=1.2 H, f= 60 Hz.

XL = 2πfL = 2 x 3.1415 x 60 x1.2 = 452.4 Ω

impedance Z = √ (R2+XL2) = √ (7002 + 452.4 2) = 833.5 Ω

Power factor = Cos θ = R/Z = 700/833.5 =0.839

Transformer Output (Real Power)

kVA x Cos θ 100kVA x 0.839

=83900W = 83.9kW Output

Now see the difference (real power i.e., in Watts)

88kW- 83.9kW = 4100 W = 4.1kW

If we do the same (As above) for the power transformer i.e, for 500kVA Transformer, the
result may be huge, as below.

(Suppose everything is same, without frequency)

Power Transformer Output (When operates on 50 Hz)

500kVA x 0.88 = 44000 = 440kW

Power Transformer Output (When operates on 60 Hz)

500kVA x 0.839 = 419500 = 419.5kW

Difference in Real power i.e. in Watts

440kW – 419.5kW = 20500 = 20kVA

2. In a Transformer , The primary flux is always _________ the secondary ( flux).

1. Greater then
2. Smaller then
3. Equal
4. Equal in both step up and Step down Transformer
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 4. Equal in both step up and Step down Transformer

Flux in Primary and Secondary Winding is always equal.

Explanation:
Given Data;

Primary Number of Turns N1 = 524,

Secondary Number of Turns N2 = 70

Primary Input Voltage V1= 3300 Volts.

Secondary Current I2= 250 A.

Find/Calculate?

Secondary Voltage V2 =?

Primary Current I1=?

Φm 1 = Φm2

We Know that,

N2/N1 = V2/V1 ====> V2 = (N2 x V1)/N1

Putting the Values

V2 = (70 x 3300)/525 = 440 Volts Ans.

Now if Neglecting Losses,

V1I1= V2I2 ====> I1/I2 = V2/ V1 …..Or…..I1 = (V2 x I2) / V1

Putting the Values,

I1 = 440 x 250/3300 = 33.3 Amp Ans.

Now turn around the Transformer equation.

E1 = 4.44 f N1 φm1

φm1 = E1 / 4.44 f N1

Putting the Values

Φm 1 = 3300 / (4.44 x 50 x 525) = 0.0283 Weber’s

Φm 1 = 28.3mWeber’s = Flux in Primary Windings

Same is on the other side,

E2 = 4.44 f N2 φm2

Φm2 = E2 / 4.44 f N2

Putting the values,

Φm2 = 440 / (4.44 x 50 x 70) = 0.0283 Weber’s

Φm2 = 28.3mWeber’s = Flux in secondary Windings

So You can see the flux (Φm) produced in Both Primary and Secondary Winding is same.

3. What would happen if we operate a 60 Hz Transformer on 50 Hz Source of

Supply.(and how can we do that?
1. Current will decrease (so increase the current)
2. Current will increase ( so decrease the current)
3. Current will be same in both cases.
4. No Effect ( We can do that without changing anything)
5. We can’t perform such an operation.
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 2. Current will increase ( so decrease the current)
Explanation: Suppose this is a 60 Hz transformer
4. A Step-Up Transformer which has 110/220 turns. What would happen if we
replace it with 10/20 turns? (because Turns ratio would be same in both cases)
1. induced E.M.F wold be same
2. Induced E.M.F would be decreased

Show Explanatory Answer

Ans: 2. Induced E.M.F would be decreased
Explanation:
 Click image to enlarge

5. The rating of transformer may be expressed in ____________.

1. kW
2. kVAR
3. kVA
4. Horse power.
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 3. kVA
Explanation:
There are two type of losses in a transformer;
1. Copper Losses
2. Iron Losses or Core Losses or Insulation Losses
Copper losses ( I²R )depends on Current which passing through transformer winding while Iron
Losses or Core Losses or Insulation Losses depends on Voltage.
That’s why the rating of Transformer is in kVA,Not in kW.

6. What will happen if the primary of a transformer is connected to D.C supply?

1. Transformer will operate with low efficiency
2. Transformer will operate with high efficiency
3. No effect
4. Transformer may start to smoke and burn
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 4. Transformer may start to smoke and burn.

Explanation:

7. What would happen if a power transformer designed for operation on 50 Hz

(frequency) were connected to a 500 Hz (frequency) source of the same voltage?
1. Current will be too much high
2. Transformer may start to smoke and burn
3. Eddy Current and Hysteresis loss will be excessive
4. No effect
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 3. Eddy Current and Hysteresis loss will be excessive
8. What would happen if a power transformer designed for operation on 50 Hz
(frequency) were connected to a 5 Hz (frequency) source of the same voltage?
1. Current will be too much low
2. Transformer may start to smoke
3. Eddy Current and Hysteresis loss will be excessive
4. No effect
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 2. Transformer may start to smock

Explanation:

9. A Step Up transformer _____________.

1. Step Up the level of Voltage

2. Step down the level of current
3. Step up level the power
4. Step up the level of Frequency
5. 1 and 2 only
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 5. 1 and 2 only.
Explanation:
A Step up transformer only step up the level of voltage and step down the level of current.
because the input power is same.
So according to P=VI→ I = P/V…. We can see that, when Voltage increases, current decreases.
So in Step up transformer, input power is same, therefore, when voltage increases, then current
decreases.

10. Under what condition is D.C supply applied safely to the primary of a
transformer?
1. We can connect directly to DC. No condition required
2. We can’t connect to DC Supply
3. A High resistance should be connect in series with primary, but circuit will be useless.
4. The above statement is wrong
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 3. A High resistance should be connect in series with primary, but circuit will
be useless.
Explanation:
11. An Auto-transformer (which has only one winding) may be used as a ______?
1. Step-Up Transformer
2. Step-Down Transformer
3. Both Step-Up and Step-Down transformer
4. None of the above
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 3. Both Step-Up and Step-Down transformer

Explanation:

12. E.M.F Equation of the Transformer is _________.

1. E1 = 4.44 f N1 Øm , E2=4.44 f N2 Øm
2. E1= 4.44 f N1 Bm A , E2 = 4.44 f N2 BmA
3. E1= 4.44 N1 Øm/T , E2=4.44 N2 Øm/T
4. All of the above
5. None of the above
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 4. All of the above
Explanation:
Take the basic Equation of the transformer (Option 1) E1 = 4.44 f N 1 Øm , E2=4.44 f
N2 Øm ,

and then, first put the value of Øm = Bm A. So the equation becomes as in Option 2.

Now put the value of Frequency ( f = 1/T ) in Equation on Option (1). So the equation becomes
as in Option 3.

13. The friction losses in Real Transformers are _________?

1. 0%
2. 5%
3. 25%
4. 50%
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 1. 0%
Explanation: Transformer is a Static Devise. So, no rotation, No Friction losses.

14. In Three Phase Transformer, The load Current is 139.1A, and Secondary
Voltage is 415V. The Rating of the Transformer would be ___________.
1. 50kVA
2. 57.72kVA
3. 100kVA
4. 173kVA
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 3. 100kVA
Explanation:
Rating of a Three Phase Transformer:
P = √3. V x I
Rating of a Three phase transformer in kVA
kVA = (√3. V x I) /1000
Now
P = √3 x V x I (Secondary voltages x Secondary Current)
P= √3 x 415V x 139.1A = 1.732 x 415V x 139.1A= 99,985 VA = 99.98kVA=100kVA
For more Detail
How to Calculate/Find the Rating of Transformer (Single Phase and Three Phase)?

15 In Single Phase Transformer, The Primary Current and Primary Voltage is 4.55
and 11kV respectively. The Rating of the transformer would be________?
1. 50kVA
2. 86kVA
3. 100kVA
4. 150kVA
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 1. 50kVA
Explanation:
Rating of a Single Phase Transformer:
P= VxI
Rating of a Single phase transformer in kVA
kVA = (V x I) /1000
Now
P = V x I (Primary voltages x Primary Current)
P = 11000V x 4.55A = 50,050VA = 50 kVA
For more Detail .. Read the rating of transformer post in MCQs No 14 explanatory section titled
as
“How to Calculate/Find the Rating of Transformer (Single Phase and Three Phase)”?

16. An Isolation Transformer Has Primary to Secondary turns ratio of

__________.
1. 1 : 2
2. 2 : 1
3. 1 : 1
4. Can be any ratio
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 3. 1:1
Explanation: Isolation Transformer is used for isolation purpose only. Isolation transformer
transfer electrical power from the source circuit to another circuit with connecting electrically (but
magnetically) for preventing electric shock and also used in sensitive devices (like medical
equipment etc). Thus, isolation between two electrical circuit can be done by Isolation
transformer with turns ratio of 1:1.

17. In an Auto Transformer, The Primary and Secondary are__________Coupled.

1. Only Magnetically
2. Only Electrically
3. Magnetically as well as Electrically
4. None of the above
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 3. Magnetically as well as Electrically
Explanation: As we know that in a Transformer, Primary and Secondary winding are
magnetically coupled. But in case of Auto transformer, there is only one winding (which is used
both as a Primary and Secondary). Thus, in an In an Auto Transformer, The Primary and
Secondary are Magnetically as well as Electrically Coupled.
for More detail: Check MCQs No 11 with diagram.

18. A Transformer______________.
1. Changes ac to DC
2. Changes dc to AC
3. Steps up or down DC Voltages & Current
4. Steps up or down AC Voltages & Current
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 4. Step up or Step down AC Voltage & Current
Explanation: A Transformer does not work on DC and operates only and only on AC, therefore
it Step up of Step down the level of AC Voltage or Current.
For More detail: Check MCQs No 9

19. Transformer is a device which:________________.

1. Transfer Electrical power from one electrical circuit to another Electrical circuit
2. It’s working without changing the frequency
3. Work through on electric induction.
4. When, both circuits take effect of mutual induction
5. Can step up or step down the level of voltage.
6. Its Working without changing the Power.
7. All of the above
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 7. All of the above
Explanation: Transformer

A (50/60 Hz) Transformer. Which one will give more Output?

(When operates on 50 or 60 Hz frequency)
Posted by: Electrical Technology 04/26/2013in AC Fundamentals, Alternating Current, Basic Electrical
Fundamentals, MCQs ( With Explanatory Answers), Questions/Answers (Electrical), Single Phase AC
Circuits, Three Phase AC Circuits2 Comments
A Transformer is designed to be operated on both 50 & 60 Hz frequency.

For the Same rating, which one will give more out put; when,

1. Operates on 50 Hz
2. Operates on 60 Hz
Obviously! It will give more out put when we operate a transformer (of same rating) on
50 Hz instead of 60 Hz.
Because in previous posts, we proved that, in inductive circuit, when frequency increases, the
circuit power factor decreases. Consequently, the transformer out put decreases.

Let’s consider the following example.

Suppose,

When Transformer operates on 50 Hz Frequency

Transformer = 100kVA, R=700Ω, L=1.2 H, f= 50 Hz.

XL = 2πfL = 2 x 3.1415 x 50 x 1.2 = 377 Ω

Impedance Z = √ (R2+XL2) = √ (7002+ 3772) = 795 Ω

Power factor Cos θ = R/Z = 700/795 =0.88

Transformer Output (Real Power)

kVA x Cos θ

100kVA x 0.88

88000 W = 88kW

Now,

When Transformer operates on 60 Hz Frequency

Transformer =100kVA, R=700Ω, L=1.2 H, f= 60 Hz.

XL = 2πfL = 2 x 3.1415 x 60 x1.2 = 452.4 Ω

Impedance Z = √ (R2+XL2) = √ (7002+ 452.4 2) = 833.5 Ω

Power factor = Cos θ = R/Z = 700/833.5 =0.839

Transformer Output (Real Power)

kVA x Cos θ

100kVA x 0.839

=83900W = 83.9kW Output

Now see the difference (real power i.e., in Watts)

88kW- 83.9kW = 4100 W = 4.1kW

If we do the same (As above) for the power transformer i.e, for 500kVA Transformer, the
result may be huge, as below.

(Suppose everything is same, without frequency)

Power Transformer Output (When operates on 50 Hz)

500kVA x 0.88 = 44000 = 440kW

Power Transformer Output (When operates on 60 Hz)

500kVA x 0.839 = 419500 = 419.5kW

Difference in Real power i.e. in Watts

440kW – 419.5kW = 20500 = 20kVA

Automatic UPS system wiring circuit diagram (New Design Very

simple) for Home or Office
Posted by: Electrical Technology 11/21/2012 in Batteries, Electrical Wiring (Basic for Home)54
Comments

Automatic UPS system wiring circuit diagram (New Design Very simple) for
Home or Office
This is an Automatic UPS system wiring circuit diagram (New Design Very simple)
for Home or Office.. Which I have tried successfully in my friend Home…

This Automatic UPS wiring diagram number 1….. After that you may also read this diagram
number 2 her…i think it will be more simple.
Automatic UPS system wiring circuit diagram for Home or Office (New Design With One
Live Wire)
 click image to enlarge

Purpose:

This wiring circuit diagram is design for when you want to give supply to particular rooms in the
home oroffice in the building in case of failing the power supply. And you want to supply
power continuously to the laptop, computer etc in that specific rooms or office in case of low
wattage UPS or single battery or in case of when generator system is not available. .

Now take a review of this circuit diagram.

How to do this wiring in Home or Office.

First of all, remove those Live (Phase) wires from the main distribution board (from the circuit
breaker) of those particular Rooms (As shown in Fig) which you want to give automatic supply
(in both cases from Battery and Power House without any interrupt or disturbance). Suppose I
want to connect only these two rooms with this system as shown in fig. Then connect these two
live (phase) wires at the end as shown in fig. Now do the same wiring (Connect UPS, Battery,
Home appliances etc) as shown in fig. Done

Working Principle:

1. In case of, when Power supply is not available from power house
Then power flow will continue to those particular rooms or office at this way from Battery
The Blue Line show the power flow.

Ads by SenseAd Options

click image to enlarge

2. In case of, Power Supply available from power House.

Then power flow will continue to those particular rooms or office at this way from Power supply
(Not from Battery, because when power supply available, then battery will start to charge
through UPS.
The Blue Line show the power flow.
 click image to enlarge

You may also read…

Automatic UPS system wiring circuit diagram for Home or Office (New Design With One
Live Wire)
The Star-Delta (Y-Δ) 3-phase Motor Starting Method by Automatic
star-delta starter with Timer.
The Star-Delta (Y-Δ) 3-phase Motor Starting Method by Automatic star-delta
starter with Timer.
 One line Diagram of Simple Contactor circuit.
 A Simple Circuit Diagram of Contactor with Three Phase Motor.
Abbreviations: ( FOR 3-phase Motor Starting Method by Automatic star-delta starter)

R , Y, B = Red, Yellow, Blue ( 3 Phase Lines)

C.B = General Circuit Breaker
Main = Mai Supply
Y = Star
Δ = Delta
1a = Timer
C1, C2, C3 = Contactors’ (For Power & Control Diagram)
O/L = Over Load Relay
NO = Normally Open
NC = Normally Closed K1 = Contactor (Contactor coil)
K1/NO = Contactor Holding Coil (Normally Open)
 Three Phase Motor Connection STAR/DELTA Without Timer Power & Control Diagrams
 Control 3-Phase Motor from more than Two buttons Power & Control Diagrams
Operation and Working Principle of Automatic Star
Delta Starter:
From L1 The phase current flows to thermal overload contact through Fuse, then OFF
Push button, On Push button Interlocking Contact 2, and then C3. This way, the circuit
is completed, as a result;
1. Contactor coil C3 and Timer coil (I1) is energized at once and the motor winding then
connected in Star. When C3 is energized, its auxiliary open links will be closed and vice
versa (i.e. close links would be open). Thus C1 Contactor is also energized and Three Phase
Supply will reach to the motor. Since winding is connected in Star, hence each phase will get
√3 times less than the line voltage i.e. 230V. Hence Motor starts safely.
2. The close contact of C3 in the Delta line opens because of which there would be no chance
of activation of contactor 2 (C2) .
3. After leaving the push button, Timer coil and coil 3 will receive a supply through Timer
contact (Ia) , Holding contact 3 and the close contact 2 of C2.
4. When Contactor 1 (C1) is energized, then the two open contact in the line of C1 and C2 will
be closed.
5. For the specific time (generally 5-10 seconds) in which the motor will be connected in star,
after that the Timer contact (Ia) will be open (We may change by rotating the timer knob to
adjust the time again) and as a result;
Also read;
(I) Starting & Stopping of 3-Phase Motor from more than One Place Power & Control
diagrams
(ii) (ON / OFF Three-Phase Motor Connection Power & Control Schematic and Wiring
Diagrams)
 Contactor 3 (C3) will be off, because of which the open link of C3 will be close (which is in
the line of C2) thus C2 will also energize. Similarly, When C3 off, then star connection of
winding will also open. And C2 will be closed. Therefore, the motor winding will be connected
in Delta. In addition, Contact 2 (which is in the line C3) will open, by which, there would not
be any chance of activation of coil 3 (C3)
 Since the motor is connected in Delta now, therefore, each phase of the motor will receive
full line voltage (400V) and the motor will start to run in full motion.
Also Read;
1. Main Difference between contactor and Starter.
2. A simple circuit diagram for understanding the Working of contactor.
3. Why We Need to Install a Starter with a Motor?
Power Circuit Diagram:
Click image to enlarge

Control Circuit Diagram:

Click image to enlarge

Advantages of Automatic Star Delta Starter

 Simple Design and Operation
 Comparatively cheaper than other voltage controlling methods
 Torque and Current performance of the Star delta starter is well.
 It draws two times starting current of the FLA (Full Load Ampere) of the connected motor.
 It reduced the starting current to one-third (approximately) as compared to DOL (Direct ON
Line Starter)
Also read:
1. Three Phase Motor Connection Reverse and Forward Power and Control wiring diagrams
2. Two Speeds One Direction Three Phase Motor Connection Power and Control Diagrams
3. 2 Speeds, 2 Directions Multispeed 3-phase Motor Power & Control Diagrams
Disadvantages of Automatic Star Delta Starter
 Starting Torque is also reduce to one-third because starter reduce the starting current to
one-third of the rated current [as Line voltage also reduced to 57% (1/√3)]
 It required Six leads or terminals Motor (Delta Connected)
 For Delta connection, the supply voltage must be same as the rated motor voltage.
 At switching time (From Star to Delta), if the motor does not reach at least 90% of its rated
speed, then the current peak may be equally high as in Direct ON Line starter( D.O.L), thus it
may cause harmful effects on the contactors contacts, so it would not be reliable.
 We may not use star delta starter if the required (application or load) torque is morethan
50% of the three phase induction motors rated torque
You may Also Read Other Power & Control Diagrams here:
 Three Phase Motor Power & Control Wiring
Diagrams
2 Speeds 1 Direction 3 Phase Motor Power and Control Diagrams
Two Speeds One Direction Three Phase Motor Connection Power and Control
Diagrams
Abbreviations:
O/L = Over Load Relay
NO = Normally Open
NC = Normally Close
Low = Low Speed
High = High Seed
2 Speeds 1 Direction 3 Phase Motor Power and
Control Diagrams
2 Speeds 1 Direction 3 Phase Motor Connection Power Diagram

Power Diagram:
2 Speeds 1 Direction 3 Phase Motor Connection Tap wound Control Diagram

Control Diagram:
Comparison between Star and Delta Connections
Comparison between Star and Delta Connections

Comparison between Star (Y) and Delta (Δ)

Connections
Star (Y) Connection Delta (Δ) Connection
In STAR connection, the starting or In DELTA connection, the opposite ends
finishing ends (Similar ends) of three of three coils are connected together. In
coils are connected together to form the other words, the end of each coil is
neutral point. A common wire is taken out connected with the start of another coil,
from the neutral point which is called and three wires are taken out from the
Neutral. coil joints
There is a Neutral or Star Point No Neutral Point in Delta Connection
Three phase four wire system is derived Three phase three wire system is
from Star Connections (3-Phase, 4 derived from Delta Connections (3-
Wires System) We may Also derived 3 Phase, 3 Wires System)
Phase 3 Wire System from Star
Connection

Line Current is Equal to Phase Current. Line Voltage is Equal to Phase Voltage.
i.e. i.e.
Line Current = Phase Current Line Voltage = Phase Voltage
IL = IPH VL = VPH
Line Voltage is √3 times of Phase Line Current is √3 times of Phase
Voltage. i.e. Current. i.e.
VL = √3 VPH IL = √3 IPH
The Total Power of three phases could The Total Power of three phases could
be found by be found by
P = √3 x VL x IL x CosФ …. Or P = √3 x VL x IL x CosФ … or
P = 3 x VPH x IPH x CosФ P = 3 x VPH x IPH x CosФ
The speeds of Star connected motors are The speeds of Delta connected motors
slow as they receive 1/√3 voltage. are high because each phase gets the
total of line voltage
In Star Connection, the phase voltage is In Delta connection, The phase voltage
low as 1/√3 of the line voltage, so, it is equal to the line voltage, hence, it
needs low number of turns, hence, needs more number of turns.
saving in copper.
Low insulation required as phase voltage Heavy insulation required as Phase
is low voltage = Line Voltage.
In Power Transmission, Star Connection In Power Distribution and industries,
system is general and typical to be used. Delta Connection is general and typical
to be used.
Why the circuit Current (I) decrease, when Inductance (L) or
inductive reactance (XL) increases in inductive circuit?
Explain the statement that ” In Inductive circuit, when Inductance (L) or inductive reactance (XL)
increases, the circuit Current (I) decrease”
OR
Why the circuit Current (I) decrease, when Inductance (L) or inductive reactance (XL) increases
in inductive circuit?

Explanation:
We know that, I = V / R,
but in inductive circuit, I = V/XL
So Current in inversely proportional to the Current ( in inductive circuit.
Let‘s check with an example..
Suppose, when Inductance (L) = 0.02H
V=220, R= 10 Ω, L=0.02 H, f=50Hz.

XL = 2πfL = 2 x 3.1415 x 50 x 0.02 = 6.28 Ω

Z = √ (R2+XL2) = √ (102 + 6.282) = 11.8 Ω

I = V/Z = 220/11.8 = 18.64 A

Now we increases Inductance (L) form 0.02 H to 0.04 H,

V=220, R= 10 Ω, L=0.04 H, f=50Hz.

XL = 2πfL= 2 x 3.1415 x 50 x 0.04 = 12.56 Ω

Z = √ (R2+XL2) = √ (102 + 12.562) = 16.05 Ω

I = V/Z = 220 / 16.05 = 13.70 A

Conclusion:

We can see that, When inductance (L) was 0.02, then circuit current were 18.64 A,

But, when Circuit inductance increased from 0.02H to 0.04 H, then current decreased from13.70
A to 18.64A.

Hence proved,

In inductive circuit, when inductive reactance XL increases, the circuit current decreases, and
Vice Virsa.
What is the difference between AC and DC Resistance & How to
calculate it?
Resistance
The property of a substance or material which oppose the flow of electricity through it is
called resistance OR,
Resistance is the ability of a circuit or element (which is called resistor) to oppose current.

Examples of Resistors with the ability of high resistance are Wood, Air, Mica, Glass, Rubber,
Tungsten etc.

Unit of Resistance is “Ohm” and it is denoted by Ω and it is represented by “R”.

AC Resistance

In Simple words, Resistance in AC circuits is called Impedance. Or

The Overall resistance (Resistance, Inductive reactance and Capacitive reactance) in AC

circuits is called Impedance (Z).

Explanation:

When AC Current pass through a wire (resistor, inductor), then current produces a magnetic
field across that wire which opposes the flow of AC Current in it along with the resistance of that
wire. This oppose cause is called Inductance or Inductance is the property of Coil (or wire) due
to which opposes any increase or decrease of current or flux through it. Also, we know that
inductance is only exist in AC because the magnitude of current continuously changing
Inductive Reactance XL, is the property of Coil or wire in an AC circuit which opposes the
change in the current. The unit of Inductive reactance is same as Resistance, capacitive
reactance i.e. Ohm (Ω) but the representative symbol of capacitive reactance is XL.

Likewise,

Capacitive Reactance in a capacitive circuit is the opposition to current flow in AC circuits only.
The unit of capacitive reactance is same as Resistance, Inductive reactance i.e. Ohm (Ω) but
the representative symbol of capacitive reactance is XC.

Measuring AC Resistance

Electrical Resistance & Impedance Formulas in AC Circuits

In AC Circuits (Capacitive or inductive Load), Resistance = Impedance i.e., R = Z

Z = √ (R2 + XL2)… In case of Inductive Load

Z = √ (R2 + XC2)…In case of Capacitive Load

Z = √ (R2 + (XL- XC)2…In case of both inductive and capacitive Loads.

*Good to know:

Where;

XL = Inductive reactance

XL = 2πfL…Where L = Inductance in Henry

And;

Xc = Capacitive reactance

Xc = 1/2πfC… Where C = Capacitance in Farads.

DC Resistance

We know that there is no concept of Inductive and Coactive reactances in DC Circuits. i.e.
capacitive and inductive reactances in DC circuits zero because there is no frequency in DC
circuits, i.e. magnitude of DC current is constant. Therefore, only the original resistance of wire
comes into play.

Good to know:

That’s why the resistance offered by a wire is lower for DC than AC.

Measuring DC Resistance

Electrical Resistance Formulas

In DC Circuits, we calculate the resistance by Ohm’s Law.

R = V/I.

Good to Know:

When solving electric circuits for finding resistance and you are not sure which one should you
take into account whether AC or DC resistances, then, if the current passed is AC, then take
AC resistance else if the current passed is DC, take DC resistance.

Ohm’s Law with simple explanation

Ohm’s Law

The relationship between Current through and Voltage across a conductor was first discovered by a
German scientist George Simon Ohm. This relationship is called Ohm’s Las and be stated as;

The Current “I” flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference
i.e. Voltage “V” across its ends provided the physical conditions (i.e. temperature, strain, etc) do not
change.

In other words;

In any electric circuit, the Current “I” is directly proportional to the applied Voltage “V” and
inversely proportional to the total circuit Resistance “R” if the physical condition of the circuit remain
unchanged i.e. (Temperature of the circuit does not change)

Mathematically,

I∝V or V/I = Constant = R

Where “R” is a Constant of proportionality and is called Resistance of the Conductor.

Current = Potential Difference / Resistance

I=V/R
Good to know

For calculation and simplifying of electric circuits (measuring of Current, Voltage and Resistance), we
can use Ohm’s law in the following three forms

I = V/R

R = V/I or

V = IR

Better funny explanation of Ohm’s Law

Click image to enlarge

Or another funny way to explain Ohm’s Law

Example:
If the apply Voltage across a Circuit is 50V, and a series connected Resistor in the circuit which
resistance is 10 Ω, then what would be the Current in that Circuit?

Why the Circuit Power factor (Cos θ) Decreases, when

Inductance (L) or inductive reactance (XL) increases, In inductive
circuit?

Why the Circuit Power factor (Cos θ) Decreases, when Inductance (L) or inductive reactance
(XL) increases, In inductive circuit?
OR
Explain the statement that “ the Circuit Power factor (Cos θ) Decreases, when Inductance (L)
or inductive reactance (XL) increases”

Explanation:

Suppose,

when Inductance (L) = 0.02H

V=220, R= 10 Ω, L=0.02 H, f=50Hz.

XL = 2πfL = 2 x 3.1415 x 50 x 0.02 = 6.28 Ω

Z = √ (R2+XL2) = √ (102 + 6.282) = 11.8 Ω

Cos θ = R/Z = 10/11.05 = 0.85

Now we increases Inductance (L) form 0.02 H to 0.04 H,

V=220, R= 10 Ω, L=0.04 H, f=50Hz.

XL = 2πfL= 2 x 3.1415 x 50 x 0.04 = 12.56 Ω

Z = √ (R2+XL2) = √ (102 + 12.562) = 16.05 Ω

Cos θ = R/Z = 10/16.05 = 0.75

Conclusion:

We can see that, When inductance (L) was 0.02, then circuit current were 18.64 A, and Circuit
power factor was (Cos θ) = 0.85.

But, when Circuit inductance increased from 0.02H to 0.04 H, then Power Factor (Cos θ)
decreased from 0.85 to 0.75.

Hence proved,

In inductive circuit, when inductive reactance XL increases, the circuit power factor also
Decreases.

Single Phase AC Circuits MCQs ( With Explanatory Answers)

Single Phase AC Circuits MCQs ( With Explanatory Answers)
1. In case of Inductive circuit, Frequency is ___________Proportional to the inductance
(L) or inductive reactance (XL).
1. Directly
2. Inversely
3. No Effect
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 1…Directly Proportional
Explanation:
XL =2πfL….. i.e.…. XL∞ f…… and also…..L ∞ f

2. In case of Inductive circuit, Frequency is ___________ Proportional to the Current.

1. Directly
2. Inversely
3. No Effect
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 2…Inversely Proportional
Explanation:
3. In case of Inductive circuit, inductance (L) is ___________Proportional to the
inductive reactance (XL).
1. Directly
2. Inversely
3. No Effect
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 1…Directly
Explanation:
XL =2πfL….. i.e.…. XL∞L.

4. In inductive circuit, when Inductance (L) or inductive reactance (XL) increases, the
circuit current decreases, but the circuit power factor ________?
1. Increases
2. Also Decreases
3. Remain Same
4. None of the above
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 2…Also Decreases
Explanation:
Suppose, when Inductance (L) = 0.02H
V=220, R= 10 Ω, L=0.02 H, f=50Hz.
XL = 2πfL = 2 x 3.1415 x 50 x 0.02 = 6.28 Ω
Z = √ (R2+XL2) = √ (102 + 6.282) = 11.8 Ω
I = V/Z = 220/11.8 = 18.64 A
Cos θ = R/Z = 10/11.05 = 0.85
Now we increases Inductance (L) form 0.02 H to 0.04 H,
V=220, R= 10 Ω, L=0.04 H, f=50Hz.
XL = 2πfL= 2 x 3.1415 x 50 x 0.04 = 12.56 Ω
Z = √ (R2+XL2) = √ (102 + 12.562) = 16.05 Ω
I = V/Z = 220 / 16.05 = 13.70 A
Cos θ = R/Z = 10/16.05 = 0.75
Conclusion:
We can see that, When inductance (L) was 0.02, then circuit current were 18.64 A, and
Circuit power factor was (Cos θ) = 0.85.
But, when Circuit inductance increased from 0.02H to 0.04 H, then current decreased
from13.70 A to 18.64A, also Power Factor (Cos θ) decreased from 0.85 to 0.75.
Hence proved,
In inductive circuit, when inductive reactance XL increases, the circuit current
decreases, but the circuit power factor also Decreases.
5. In inductive circuit, when Inductance (L) or inductive reactance (XL) increases, the
circuit current ________?
1. Also Increases
2. Decreases
3. Remain Same
4. None of the above
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer:…2…Decreases
We know that, I = V / R,
but in inductive circuit, I = V/XL
So Current in inversely proportional to the Current ( in inductive circuit.
Let’s check with an example..
Suppose, when Inductance (L) = 0.02H
V=220, R= 10 Ω, L=0.02 H, f=50Hz.
XL = 2πfL = 2 x 3.1415 x 50 x 0.02 = 6.28 Ω
Z = √ (R2+XL2) = √ (102 + 6.282) = 11.8 Ω
I = V/Z = 220/11.8 = 18.64 A
Now we increases Inductance (L) form 0.02 H to 0.04 H,
V=220, R= 10 Ω, L=0.04 H, f=50Hz.
XL = 2πfL= 2 x 3.1415 x 50 x 0.04 = 12.56 Ω
Z = √ (R2+XL2) = √ (102 + 12.562) = 16.05 Ω
I = V/Z = 220 / 16.05 = 13.70 A
Conclusion:
We can see that, When inductance (L) was 0.02, then circuit current were 18.64 A,
But, when Circuit inductance increased from 0.02H to 0.04 H, then current decreased
from13.70 A to 18.64A.
Hence proved,
In inductive circuit, when inductive reactance XL increases, the circuit current
decreases, and Vice Virsa.
6. In case of Capacitive circuit, Frequency is ___________Proportional to the
Capacitance (C) or Capacitive reactance (XC).
1. Directly
2. Inversely
3. No Effect
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 2. Inversely
Explanation:
In capacitive circuit,
XC= 1/2πfC, and
f = 1/2πXC C
So here we can see that,
f = 1/ C …and also…f = 1/ XC.
So, in a capacitive circuit, frequency is inversely proportional to the Capacitance (C) and
Capacitive reactance (Xc)
7. In case of Capacitive circuit, Frequency is ___________ Proportional to the Current.
1. Directly
2. Inversely
3. No Effect
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 1 Directly
Explanation:
We know that,
I = V/R
but in capacitive circuit
I = V/Xc……(1)
But we also know that
Xc = 1/2πfC ….(2)….. i.e ….. Xc ∞ 1/f
Puttint (2) into (1)
I = V/ (1/2πfC)…i.e ..I = V x 2πfC
Hence Proved, I ∞ f
8. In case of Capacitive circuit, Capacitance (C) is ___________ Proportional to the
Capacitive reactance (XC).
1. Directly
2. Inversely
3. No Effect
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 2. Inversely
Explanation:
In capacitive circuit,
XC = 1/2πfC, …i.e,
Xc ∞ 1/C
So, in a capacitive circuit, Capacitance (C) is inversely proportional to the Capacitive
reactance (Xc)
9. In a Capacitive circuit, when Capacitance (C) increases, ( the circuit current also
increases), then the circuit power factor ________?
1. Increases
2. Decreases
3. Remain Same
4. None of the above
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 1. Increases.
Explanation:
Suppose, when Capacitance (C) = 500µF = or 5×10-04F
V=220, R= 10 Ω, C=500µF = (5×10-04F), f=50Hz.
XC = 1/2πfC = 1/(2 x 3.1415 x 50 x 5×10-04F) = 6.37 Ω
Z = √ (R2+XC2) = √ (102 + 6.372) = 11.85 Ω
I = V/Z = 220/11.8 = 18.56 A
Cos θ = R/Z = 10/11.85 = 0.84
Now we increased Capacitance (C) = 1000µF = or 1×10-3F,
V=220, R= 10 Ω, C=1000µF =1×10-3F
XC = 1/2πfC = 1/(2 x 3.1415 x 50 x 1×10-3F) = 3.18 Ω
Z = √ (R2+XC2) = √ (102 + 3.18 2) = 10.49 Ω
I = V/Z = 220/11.8 = 20.97A = 21A
Cos θ = R/Z = 10/11.85 = 0.95
Conclusion:
We can see that, When Capacitance (C) was 500µF, then circuit current were 18.56 A,
and Circuit power factor was (Cos θ) = 0.84.
But, when we increased Circuit Capacitance from 500µF to 1000µF, then current also
increased from18.56 A to 21A, also Power Factor (Cos θ) increased from 0.84 to 0.95.
Hence proved,
In inductive circuit, when Capacitance C increases, the circuit current also increases,
moreover, the circuit power factor also increases.
10. In a Capacitive circuit, when Capacitive reactance increases, then the circuit power
factor ________?
1. Increases
2. Decreases
3. Remain Same
4. None of the above
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 2. Decreases
Explanation:
Suppose, when Capacitive reactance (Xc) = 6 Ω
V=220, R= 10 Ω, Xc = 6 Ω
Z = √ (R2+XC2) = √ (102 + 62) = 11.66 Ω
Cos θ = R/Z = 10/11.66 = 0.85
Now we increased Capacitive reactance = 10 Ω
V=220, R= 10 Ω, Xc = 10 Ω
Z = √ (R2+XC2) = √ (102 + 10 2) = 14.14 Ω
Cos θ = R/Z = 10/14.14 = 0.70
Conclusion:
We can see that, When Capacitive reactance (Xc) = 6 Ω, then circuit power factor was
(Cos θ) = 0.85.
But, when we increased Capacitive reactance from 6 Ωto 10 Ω, then Power Factor (Cos
θ) decreased from 0.85 to 0.70.
Hence proved,
In Capacitive circuit, when Capacitive reactance (Xc) increases, then the circuit power
factor also increases.
11. If Current and Voltage are 90 Degree Out of Phase, Then The Power (P) will
be__________.
1. Infinite
2. Maximum
3. Normal
4. Minimum
5. Zero
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 5. Zero
Explanation:If Current and Voltage are 90 Degree Out of Phase, Then The Power (P)
will be zero. The reason is that,
We know that Power in AC Circuit
P= V I Cos φ
if angle between current and Voltage are 90 ( φ = 90) Degree. then
Power P = V I Cos ( 90) = 0
[ Note that Cos (90) = 0]
So if you put Cos 90 = 0→Then Power will be Zero
12. In pure inductive circuit, the power is __________?
1. Infinite
2. Maximum
3. Normal
4. Minimum
5. Zero
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer 5. Zero
Explanation: We know that in Pure inductive circuit, current is lagging by 90 degree
from voltage ( in other words, Voltage is leading 90 Degree from current) i.e the pahse
difference between current and voltage is 90 degree.
So If Current and Voltage are 90 Degree Out of Phase, Then The Power (P) will be
zero. The reason is that,
We know that Power in AC Circuit
P= V I Cos φ
if angle between current and Voltage are 90 ( φ = 90) Degree. then
Power P = V I Cos ( 90) = 0
[ Note that Cos (90) = 0]
So if you put Cos 90 = 0→Then Power will be Zero (In pure Inductive circuit)
13. In pure capacitive circuit, the power is __________?
1. Infinite
2. Maximum
3. Normal
4. Minimum
5. Zero
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 5. Zero
Explanation:
We know that in Pure capacitive circuit, current is leading by 90 degree from voltage ( in
other words, Voltage is lagging 90 Degree from current) i.e the phase difference
between current and voltage is 90 degree.
So If Current and Voltage are 90 Degree Out of Phase, Then The Power (P) will be
zero. The reason is that,
We know that Power in AC Circuit
P= V I Cos φ
if angle between current and Voltage are 90 ( φ = 90) Degree. then
Power P = V I Cos ( 90) = 0
[ Note that Cos (90) = 0] So if you put Cos 90 = 0→Then Power will be Zero (In pure
capacitive circuit)
14. If Power factor = Cos θ = 1, it means that _____________.
4. Input = Output
5. PIN = POUT
6. The circuit is resistive only
7. The angle (θ) between Voltage and Current is Zero.
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 4. Theangle θ between Voltage and Current is Zero
Explanation: We know that Power factor = Cos θ
Given value of Power factor is = 1.
But, this is only possible when θ = 0 ( in case of Power factor = Cos θ).
I.e, Cosθ = Cos (0) = 1.
15. Using P=VI Cos φ Formula, We Can Find_______.
1. Power of Single phase Circuit.
2. Voltage of Single Phase Circuit
3. Current of Single phase Circuit.
4. Power Factor of Single Phase Circuit
5. All of the above
6. None of the above
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 5. All of the above
Explanation: As we know that it depends of the given values or data. but generally we
can find all these quantity this way by this formula.
For Power: P=VI Cos φ
For Voltage = V = P / (I Cos φ)
For Current = I = P / (V Cos φ)
For Power Factor = Cos φ = P / VI
16. Reciprocal of Power Factor = _________?
1. Q Factor
2. Demand Factor
3. Diversity Factor
4. Utilization Factor
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 1. Q Factor
Explanation:
Opposite of Power factor is called the Q-Factor or Quality Factor of a Coil or its figure of
merit.
Q Factor = 1/ Power Factor=1/Cosθ= Z/R … (Where Power Factor Cosθ = R/Z)
If R is too small with respect to Reactance
Then Q factor = Z/R = ωL/R = 2πfL / R … (ωL/R = 2πf)
Also Q = 2π (Maximum Energy Stored/Energy dissipate per Cycle) in the coil.
For More Detail : Q Factor in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
17. Power Factor (Cos θ) =_________?
1. kW/kVA
2. R/Z
3. The Cosine of angle between Current and voltage
4. All of the above
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer. 4. All of the above.
Explanation: As we know that power in single phase AC Circuits = P = VI Cos θ.
Therefore Cos θ = P / V I ===> Cos θ = P (in Watts) / V I (in Volt- Ampere) ===> Cos θ
= W/VI .
And Cos θ = R/Z = the ratio between Resistance and Impedance = Resistance /
Impedance = R / Z
Also Cos θ = The Cosine of angle between Current and voltage = P = V I Cos θ.
18. The relationship between Impedance (Z) and Admittance(Y) is ___________ ?
1. Z=1/Y
2. Z=1+Y
3. Z=1-Y
4. Z=Y2
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: 1. Z=1/Y
Explanation:
Impedance: The overall resistance in AC Circuit is Called Impedance. It is represented
by Z and the unit of impedance is same like resistance i.e. = Ω (Ohm) where is
Impedance = Z =√ ( R2+XL2) …. In case of Inductive Circuit (*XL = Inductive Reactance)
Impedance = Z =√ ( R2+XC2) … in Case if Capacitive Circuit (*Xc = Capacitive
Reactance)
Admittance: The Admittance is defined as the reciprocal of impedance just as
conductance is the reciprocal of resistance i.e. it is represented by Y.
Admittance,
Y = 1/Z
= 1/ (V/I)
= I/V———> I=VY
The unit of admittance is Siemens and its unit symbol is S.
You may also read about Admittance here
What is Admittance and how does calculate it?

What is the Admittance and how does it calculate?

Admittance: The admittance is defined as the reciprocal of impedance just as
conductance is the reciprocal of resistance i.e.,

Admittance, Y = 1/Z = 1/ (V/I) = I/V———> I=VY

The unit of admittance is Siemens and its symbol is S. the admittance of a circuit
may be considered as a measure of the ease with which a circuit can conduct
alternating current. Thus a circuit with a higher value of admittance will have a
higher value of current. The reader ( You) may wonder about the utility of the new
term admittance, “ the reciprocal of impedance” in the parallel circuit analysis.
Soon we will see its importance,

As we know that there are two components(X and R) of impedance Z,) as shown in
fig 1, similarly, there are two components (G and B) of admittance Y. (As shown in
fig 2)

For More Detail chick the next post as a tittle ” Components of Admittance. ( Simple
Explanation)“

Components of Admittance.

Conductance:

A component of admittance in phase with the applied voltage is called conductance. Or the X
component of admittance is called conductance. It’s represented by G and the unit of
conductance is Mho or Siemens.
G = Y Cos φ = (1/Z) * (R/Z) = R/Z2 = R/ (R2 + X2)

(Since Cos φ = R/Z and Y = 1/Z)

And Total Conductance GT = G1 +G2 +G3+…..

Susceptance:

That component of admittance, which has an angle of 90 degree with applied voltage is called
suserptance. ..or Y component of admittance is celled susceptnce, its represented by B. and the
unit of susceptance is also Mho or Siemens.

OR

A Component of admittance in quadrature ( at 90 degree) with the applied Voltage is called

susceptance.

B = Y Sin Φ = 1/Z * X/Z = X/Z2 = X/ (R2 + X2) ——–> (Since Sine Φ = X/Z)

And total Susceptance = BT = B1 + B2 + B3 +…Bn

Also Note that inductive suseptance of a circuit is negative (-), while Capacitive Susceptance of
a circuit is always positive (+).

Y = G – j BL …… (In case of inductive Circuit)

Y = G + BC ……. (In case of capacitive circuit)

For More explanation, consider the following circuit, (fig 1)

The Total conductance = algebraic sum of the conductance in each branch.

The Total conductance =GT= G1 +G2 +G3

Similarly,

Total susceptance = algebraic sum of the susceptance in each branch,

Total susceptance BT = (-B1) + (-B2) + (B3).

And total circuit admittance,

YT = √ (GT2 + BT2)

In case of inductive Circuit YT = √ (G2 + BL2) and Phase angle φ tan-1 (-BL/G)

In Case of Capacitive Circuit YT = √ (G2 + BL2) and phase angle φ tan-1 (Bc /G)

And Total current, I = VY,

And Power factor = Cos φ = G/Y.

In inductive circuit, Why Current increases, when frequency
Decreases?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 04/22/2013in AC Fundamentals, Alternating Current, MCQs ( With
Explanatory Answers), Questions/Answers (Electrical), Single Phase AC Circuits, TransformerLeave a
comment
In inductive circuit, Why frequency increases, when Current Decreases? OR

Explain that “In inductive circuit, when frequency increases,The circuit Current Decreases”

Explanatory Answer:

Click images to enlarge

dir=”ltr” style=”text-align: left;”>
Three Phase AC Circuits (MCQs With Explanatory Answers)
All kinds of Three Phase AC Circuits mcqs with explanation. For explanatory answer.
click on the toggle button labeled as” check explanatory answer”.
1. Power in a Three Phase Circuit = _________.
1. P = 3 VPh IPh CosФ
2. P = √3 VL IL CosФ
3. Both 1 & 2.
4. None of The Above
Show Explanatory Answer
Answer: (3)…Both 1 & 2.
Explanatory Answer:
Total Power in a Three Phase Circuit,
P = 3 x Power per Phase,
P = 3 x VPh IPh CosФ
P = 3 VPh IPh CosФ…………(1)

[For a Delta Connection] [VPh = VL and IPh = IL/√3.]

then putting the values in eq …..(1)

P = 3 x VL x ( IL/√3) x CosФ
P = √3 x√3 x VL x ( IL/√3) x CosФ …{ 3 = √3x√3 }
P = √3 x VLx IL x CosФ ….Ans.
Also
[For Star Connection] [VPh = VL/√3 and IPh = IL] Putting the values again in eq…….(1)
P = 3 x (VL/√3 ) x IL x CosФ
P = √3 x√3 x (VL/√3 ) x IL x CosФ …{ 3 = √3x√3 }
P = √3 x VL x IL x CosФ ….Ans.

Why the reactance of a system under fault condition is low and

faults currents may raise dangerously high value. ? (With simple
example)
Because the total Power is same, and under fault condition (Short circuit)…There is no load
(Impedance (Z), or Reactance ( XL)= Resistance, and in case of no load, there will be no
reactance or resistance, so current will be high) in this condition…So current will be too high,
and when power is same, and current increases, voltage will be decrease.

Example,

Suppose, (In normal condition)

P= 10 watt, V = 5 Volts, and Current = 2 Amp.

But in Short circuit Condition, (When current is too high)

Then,

P = 10 Watts, I= 10 A, so

V = P/I….. 10 Watts/10A=1 V.
In case of short circuit, there will be no load (load = may be inductive (XL) or resistive) so when
XL (We can say it resistance or opposition of current) = Zero, then Current will be too high.

So we can see that, in case of short circuit, (Faults condition) XL (inductive Reactance)
=0, so Current increase, voltage decreases.

ON / OFF Three-Phase Motor Connection Power & Control

Diagrams
Posted by: Electrical Technology 06/19/2014 in Controlling, Electrical Wiring (Basic for Home), Motors1
Comment
Start & Stop of 3-Phase Induction Motor with the help of Magnetic Starter

(ON / OFF Three-Phase Motor Connection Power & Control Schematic and Wiring
Diagrams)
Abbreviations:
R , Y, B = Red, Yellow, Blue ( 3 Phase Lines)

N = Neutral

C.B = General Circuit Breaker

O/L = Over Load Relay

NO = Normally Open

ON / OFF Three-Phase Motor Connection Power Diagram

Power Diagram:
ON / OFF Three-Phase Motor Connection Control Diagram
 Control Diagram:

Control 3-Phase Motor from more than Two buttons Power & Control
Diagrams
Abbreviations:
L1 , L2, L3 = Red, Yellow, Blue ( 3 Phase Lines)
N = Neutral
O/L = Over Load Relay
NO = Normally Open
K1 = Contactor (Contactor coil)
K1/NO = Contactor Holding Coil (Normally Open)

Control 3-Phase Motor from more than Two buttons Power Diagram

Power Diagram:
Control 3-Phase Motor from more than Two buttons Control Diagram

Control Diagram:
Starting & Stopping of 3-Phase Motor from more than One Place
Power & Control diagrams
Posted by: Electrical Technology 06/20/2014 in Controlling, Electrical Wiring (Basic for Home), Motors5
Comments

Starting & Stopping of 3-Phase Motor from more than One Place Power &
Control diagrams

Whenever we need to start and stop the motor from more than one point, then we may expand it
through push buttons in the motor control circuit ( for example, You may usethis alternative power
control wiring diagram of controlling a three phase motor from more than two places) .

We may connect;

Start push buttons in Parallel and,

Stop push buttons in Series,

to control ON / OFF operation of the motor from more than one place.

Whenever we need to provide emergency stop to the 3-Phase Motor, apart the motor Start and Stop
push buttons, we may use many more (as needed) Stop push buttons (Use Start Push buttons in
parallel and Stop push buttons in series).

The main advantage of using the Contactor, we can control i.e. Start and Stop the motor from any
location

Suppose, you have to Control the Motor ON/OFF operation from more than two or three places, for
this propose, you may use the following simple control circuit.

Abbreviations:
L1 , L2, L3 = Red, Yellow, Blue ( 3 Phase Lines)

N = Neutral

O/L = Over Load Relay

NO = Normally Open

K1 = Contactor (Contactor coil)

K1/NO = Contactor Holding Coil (Normally Open)

 you might Also read:

1. Main Difference between contactor and Starter.
2. A simple circuit diagram for understanding the Working of contactor.
3. Three Phase Motor Power & Control Wiring Diagrams
Starting & Stopping of 3-Phase Motor from more than One Place Power diagram

Power Diagram:
Starting & Stopping of 3-Phase Motor from more than One Place Control diagram

Control Diagram:

Three Phase Motor Connection Star/Delta (Y-Δ) Reverse /

Forward with Timer Power & Control Diagram
Posted by: Electrical Technology 06/03/2014 in Controlling, Electrical Wiring (Basic for Home), Motors2
Comments
Three Phase Motor Connection Star/Delta (Y-Δ) Reverse and Forward with Timer
Power & Control Diagram

As we have already shared the Starting method of Three Phase Motor by Star Delta
Starter with Timer Circuit (Power and Control Circuits). Now in the below diagrams,
Three phase Motor will rotate in two directions viz Forward and Reverse. But We have
controlled the direction of rotation of this three phase motor by a Timer circuit.
Abbreviations:
O/L = Over Load Relay
NO = Normally Open
NC = Normally Close
FOR = Forward
REV = Reverse
T = Timer
3 Phase Motor Connection Star/Delta (Y-Δ) Reverse / Forward with
Timer PowerDiagram
Power Diagram:

3 Phase Motor Connection Star/Delta (Y-Δ) Reverse / Forward with

Timer ControlDiagram

Control Diagram:
REV / FOR Three-Phase Motor Connection Power and Control
diagrams
Posted by: Electrical Technology 06/15/2014 in Controlling, Electrical Wiring (Basic for
Home), MotorsLeave a comment

Three Phase Motor Connection Reverse and Forward Power and Control
wiring diagrams
(Two Direction one speed)
Abbreviations:
O/L = Over Load Relay
NO = Normally Open
NC = Normally Close
REV = Reverse
FOR = Forward
REV / FOR Three-Phase Motor Connection Power & Control Diagram
REV / FOR Three-Phase Motor Connection Power diagram

Power Diagram:
REV / FOR Three-Phase Motor Connection Control diagram

Control Diagram:
What is Main Difference b/w Electrical and Electronics Engineering? ( Very Simple)

Acoording To Wikipedia;
Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and
application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism.
and,
Electronics engineering, is an engineering discipline where non-linear and active
electrical components such as electron tubes, and semiconductor devices, especially
transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, are utilized to design electronic circuits,
devices and systems
but this is the main difference between electrical and electronics engineering
Difference between Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

Electrical Engineering = Study and Utilization/Application of Flow of Electrons

Electronics Engineering = Study and utilization/Application of Flow of Charge
( Electron & Holes).
As we know that we study only the flow of Electrons in a Conductor and insulator,
but in case of Semiconductor, we study both of flow of electrons ( Negatively
Charge) and hols ( Positively Charge).

Also Note that ” Electronics Engineering is one of the Field/branch of Electrical

Engineering
in other words, Electronics Engineering is Son of Electrical Engineering :).
Easy Charging Time and Charging Current Formula for Batteries.
( with Example of 120Ah Battery).
Posted by: Electrical Technology 03/23/2013in Batteries, Electrical Wiring (Basic for Home), How
To, Questions/Answers (Electrical), Repairing, Solar Panel System, Troubleshooting43 Comments
How to Calculate the time for battery Charging?
Easy Charging Time Formula for Batteries. ( with Example of 120Ah Battery).

Here is the formula of Charging Time of a Lead acid battery.

Charging Time of battery = Battery Ah / Charging Current
T = Ah / A

Example,
Suppose for 120 Ah battery,
First of all, we will calculate charging current for 120 Ah battery. As we know that
charging current should be 10% of the Ah rating of battery.
so charging current for120Ah Battery = 120 x (10/100) = 12 Amperes.
but due to losses, we can take 12-14Amperes for charging purpose.
suppose we took 13 Amp for charging purpose,
then charging time for 120Ah battery = 120 / 13 = 9.23 Hrs.
but this was an ideal case…
practically, this is noted that 40% of losses ( in case of battery charging)
then 120 x (40 / 100) = 48 …..(120Ah x 40% of losses)
therefore, 120 + 48 = 168 Ah ( 120 Ah + Losses)
Now Charging Time of battery = Ah/Charging Current
168 / 13 = 12.92 or 13 Hrs ( in real case)
Therefore, an 120Ah battery would take 13 Hrs for completely charging ( with 13A
charging current).
How To remember the direction of PNP and NPN Transistor. One
of the Easiest way.
Posted by: Electrical Technology 03/19/2013in Basic Electronics, Electrical/Electronics Symbols, How
To, Questions/Answers (Electrical) 7 Comments
How To remember the direction of PNP and NPN Transistor. One of the Easiest way.
The Easiest way to remember the direction of PNP and NPN Transistor.
Click image to enlarge.

PNP = Pointed In
NPN = Not Pointed In.
if you think that is little bit complex, then try this one..it’s more simple.
Click image to enlarge.
PNP NPN
P = Points N = Never
N = iN P = Points
P = Permanently N = iN

What is the Rule of Capacitor in AC and DC Circuit?

Performance of Capacitor in AC Circuits:In an AC circuit, reverses its charges as the current
alternates and produces a lagging voltage
( in other words leading current )
Performance of Capacitor in DC Circuit
In a DC Circuit, the capacitor once charged to the applied voltage acts as an open switch.
Ammeter Question: What is the Current in Ampere-meter?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 01/24/2013in Basic Concepts, Basic Electrical
Fundamentals, Questions/Answers (Electrical) 8 Comments

Ammeter Question and Answers:

Clear you Basic Electrical Engineering concepts

Clear Your Concept. What will be the Current In ampere-meter which connected in Short path
in This Basic Circuit.?

Here Ampere meter connected in Parallel with the load. also current always chose a low
resistance path, so in the above circuit, current will flow in this way..

So the Current will

not flow in the Resistance (Load) because current having a choice of a low resistance path to
flow. Theoretically, current will be infinite in the Ampere meter. because according to Oh Law,

I = V/ R,

I = 50 / 0,

I = infinite..

at the result,

 Current will be infinite. because , this is short circuit. I = V/R === 50/0 = Infinite current.
 And Am-Meter may start to smoke.

Ammeter Connected in Short Circuit?

Posted by: Electrical Technology 01/21/2013 in Questions/Answers (Electrical) 2 Comments

Ammeter Basic Concept: Ampere meter Connected in Short Circuit?

Ampere meter is connected in series with load. if there is also a short path, then what will be the
current in Amp-Meter? (As shown Below)

Current will be Zero (0) Because all ampere (Flow of Charge) will directly move to short
Circuited path, Because amperes (Flow of Charge) take easiest way to move.
So in this case, current will not flow in the load, so the reading of Ampere-Meter will be
Zero.
The flow of electron will be in this way.
But Remember: This is a short circuit, So never ever try it to make at home or
elsewhere. This is only for clearing the basic concepts about Electrical and Electronics
Engineering interviews Questions and Answers
Bulb connected in strange way? will it glow? What is the Current
Posted by: Electrical Technology 01/24/2013in Basic Concepts, Basic Electrical
Fundamentals, Questions/Answers (Electrical) 5 Comments

Bulb connected in strange way? will it glow? What is the Current

A Bulb is Connected in this strange way with Ammeter as shown in fig. then what will
be the current in Amp-Meter? (As shown Below)

The Circuit does

not make sense, so Bulb will not glow and The Current in Ampere – Meter is Zero (0).
As you can see the above circuit is like this one. in other words circuit is not complete.
so bulb will not glow also there will be no current flowing in the Ampere meter. so the
reading of Ampere meter is Zero. in other words there is no current flowing in the amp-

meter.
What is the normal or average life expectancy of a Transformer ?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 01/12/2013 in Questions/Answers (Electrical), Transformer2 Comments
When a Transformer is operated under ANSI / IEEE basic loading conditions (ANSI C57.96), its
normal life
expectancy is about 20 years. The ANSI / IEEE basic loading conditions for Transformer are:

i. The Transformer is continuously loaded at rated kVA (kilo Volt Ampere) and rated
Voltages (Transformer must be operated at the rated Voltage and kVA)

ii. The average temperature of the ambient air during any 24-hour period is equal to 30°C
(86 °F) and at no time exceeds 40°C (104 °F).

iii. The height where the transformer is installed,

does not above 3300 feet or 1000 meters.

Why Flux in Primary and Secondary Winding of the Transformer

is Same? With a Simple Explanation and Example.
Posted by: Electrical Technology 01/05/2013 in Questions/Answers (Electrical), Transformer1 Comment
Is Flux in Primary Winding always greater than the Secondary winding in Transformer?

Ans:

Flux in Primary and Secondary Winding is always equal.

In ideal case, the flux produced in Primary winding will pass through the secondary winding, so
generated flux in primary winding will be same as in secondary winding.

Here is a very simple example to explain my answer.

Suppose,

A 50Hz Single phase Transformer has 525 Primary turns and 70 Secondary Turns. If the
primary is connected to 3300 Volts supply, Find the secondary Voltage. If neglecting losses,
What is the primary current when the secondary current is 250 Amperes? Also Prove that the
Flux produced in Both Primary and Secondary Winding is Same.?

Solution:

Given Data;

Primary Number of Turns N1 = 524,

Secondary Number of Turns N2 = 70

Primary Input Voltage V1= 3300 Volts.

Secondary Current I2= 250 A.

Find/Calculate?

Secondary Voltage V2 =?

Primary Current I1=?

Φm 1 = Φm2

We Know that,

N2/N1 = V2/V1====> V2 = (N2 x V1)/N1

Putting the Values

V2= (70 x 3300)/525 = 440 Volts Ans.

Now if Neglecting Losses,

V1I1= V2I2 ====> I1/I2 = V2/ V1 …..Or…..I1 = (V2 x I2) / V1

Putting the Values,

I1= 440 x 250/3300 = 33.3 Amp Ans.

Now turn around the Transformer equation.

E1= 4.44 f N1 φm1

φm1= E1 / 4.44 f N1

Putting the Values

Φm 1 = 3300 / (4.44 x 50 x 525) = 0.0283 Weber’s

Φm 1 = 28.3mWeber’s = Flux in Primary Windings

Same is on the other side,

E2= 4.44 f N2 φm2

Φm2= E2 / 4.44 f N2

Putting the values,

Φm2 = 440 / (4.44 x 50 x 70) = 0.0283 Weber’s

Φm2 = 28.3mWeber’s = Flux in secondary Windings

So You can see the flux (Φm) produced in Both

Primary and Secondary Winding is same.
According to Ohm’s Law, Current increases, when Voltage
increases,(I=V/R), But Current decreases, when Voltage
increases according to (P=VI). Explain?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 01/03/2013in AC Fundamentals, Basic Concepts, Basic Electrical
Fundamentals, Questions/Answers (Electrical)13 Comments
If pressure (Voltage) increases, current_________.
if your answer is ” also Increases”.
Then why we say that P = V x I, and V = P/I,
in other words V = 1/I
How can you explain This ?

Actually, according to Ohm,s Law I= V/R, clearly Current is directly proportional

to the Voltage, But according to P=VI or I=P/V, it shows that current is inversely
proportional to the Voltage.
Now Lets me try to explain this statement.
It depends on how you increase the voltage if you increase it by keeping the
power of the source constant or not,,
if the power of the source is constant then the current would decrease when
voltage increasing ….if you don’t care about the power and just simply replace
the battery with a new one’s with higher power rating this can increase the
current.
in Transformer, when voltage increases then current decrease because power
remains constant…both side power is P=VI
By Ohm’s Law, Current (I) is directly proportional to the Voltage (V) if Resistance
(R) and Temperature remain same.
I = V/R…..or…R=V/I…..or……V=IR.
According to P=VI…or…I=P/V….or …V=P/I,….. It says that Current inversely
proportional to the voltage if power remain same.
as we know that in Transformer, If power remain same, and voltage increase, then
current decreases in Step Up Transformer. also Voltage decreases when current
increases as in Step Down Transformer.

Also on the generation side, same story will be there if power is constant.
but if we improve the power, then current and Voltage both will be increase.
So Do Not Confuse about this statement.

What is the difference between a battery and a capacitor?

Posted by: Electrical Technology 12/12/2012 in Questions/Answers (Electrical) 2 Comments
 There are many differences..but the major one is that Electrical Energy is stored in battery or
cell in the form of chemical energy, and transformed again in the form of electrical energy, while
in a capacitor, electrical charge or energy stored in the form of electrostatic field.
Note: This post will be updated soon with a detail.

Why A.C needs more insulation than D.C at same voltage level?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 12/11/2012 in Questions/Answers (Electrical) 8 Comments
For the same working voltage, the potential stress on the insulation is less than in case
of DC system than that AC system. therefore , a DC line require less insulation.
in other words A DC System has a less potential stress over AC system for same Voltage
level, this is why AC needs more insulation over DC system?

What is The Difference between a VOLTAMETER and a

VOLTMETER?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 12/10/2012in Electrical Instruments/Measurements, Questions/Answers
(Electrical) Leave a comment

A VOLTA-METER is a device used to carry out electrolytes and a VOLTMETER is a high

resistance device used for measuring potential difference or voltage between two points in an
electrical Circuits.
What is the objection to have lamps in a house-lighting circuit
connected in series?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 12/10/2012in Electrical Wiring (Basic for Home), Questions/Answers
(Electrical) Leave a comment

What is the objection to have lamps in a house-lighting circuit connected in series?

1) If breaks occurs in any part of the circuit, no current will flow and the entire circuit become
useless ( whole lamps will be off)
2) A High Supply voltage is required if the lamps ( or other electrical devices) are to be
connected in series.

For example,

3) Therefor series wiring connection is not suitable and practicable for lighting circuits.
For efficient operation, only those lamps or devices should be connected in series that have the
same current rating. however, electrical devices (e.g., heater, toaster, grinder, lamp etc.) have
different current ratings. obviously, they cannot be connected in series for efficient operation.
How To Find/Calculate the Number of Fluorescent Lamps in a
Sub Circuit?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 12/10/2012in Basic/Important Electrical Formulas, Electrical Wiring
(Basic for Home), How To, Questions/Answers (Electrical), Repairing, Troubleshooting4 Comments
The number of installed incandescent lamps is not equal the the number of fluorescent lamps of
same power because of the role of chowk in the fluorescent lamp circuit. chowk works as a
controller in this kind of circuit.
Suppose we want to instal fluorescent lamps instead of incandescent lamps and the rating
of the sub circuit is 5 Amp and the supply Voltage is 220 Volts.
Then the number of 75 Watts fluorescent lamp will be find by this formula.
How to Determine the Number of Lamps in Final Sub Circuit?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 12/10/2012in Basic/Important Electrical Formulas, Electrical Wiring
(Basic for Home), How To, Questions/Answers (Electrical), Repairing, Troubleshooting6 Comments
If it is decided the current rating and already cable installed according to the rating of final sub
circuit. and we want to know that how many light point will be on this final sub circuit.
Suppose for a normal lighting in a home,office or hall, the current rating of sub circuit or final sub
circuit is 5Amp and supply Voltage is 220 Volts. then how many 100 Watt Lamps we can instal
on that specific sub circuit.
We can find the number of lamps by using this formula.
How much Watts Solar Panel We need for our Home Electrical
appliances?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 12/05/2012in Basic/Important Electrical Formulas, Electrical Wiring
(Basic for Home), How To, Questions/Answers (Electrical), Solar Panel System15 Comments

How much Watts Solar Panel We need for our Home Electrical appliances?
How much Watts Solar Panel will be Suitable for Home Electrical appliances?
We can find it by very easy and simple example and explanation.

Suppose we want to power up 5 lights of 15 Watts and we need to use these 5 lights for 4 hours
every day. So first we get a total Watts usage.

PTotal= 15 x 5 = 75Watts.

Than we multiply 75 Watts with 4 hours.

PDaily = 75 x 4 = 300 Watts.

We are going to use 300 Watts daily. Let us say we are going to have complete sunshine 6
hours each day.

Now we divide 300W with 6 hours,

so we will get hourly power charge that we need

So here will be hour power charge that we need i.e watts of solar panel that we want for our
electrical appliances.

PHourly = 300 / 6 = 50W.

So we need a 50 watt solar panel.

Key Point:

The above calculation is based on Ideal case. therefore it is recommended that always choose
a panel some bigger then we need. Because when solar panel charges the battery so it is
wasting some power on charging too due to losses.
 click to enlarge image

Also Don’t Miss this Great Article about Solar Panel installation.
A Complete Note on Solar Panel Installation. Calculation about No of Solar Panels, batteries
Rating / Backup time, Inverter/UPS Rating, Load and required Watts. with Circuit Diagrams .
By Wasim Khan
Copyright @ [Link]
Will a D.C Shunt Motor operate on an A.C Supply?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 05/13/2012 in Motors, Questions/Answers (Electrical) 2 Comments

The Shunt winding has a large number of turns so that it has appreciable inductance. When A.C
is applied to a shunt motor, the large inductive reactance of shunt winding will reduce the field
current too much. Consequently, Shunt motor will not usually run on A.C Supply.

Explain the statement that induction motor is fundamentally a

Transformer?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 04/20/2012 in Motors, Questions/Answers (Electrical), Transformer5
Comments

The induction motor is fundamentally a transformer in which the stator is the

primary and the rotor is short circuited secondary. This is evident; particularly hen
the rotor is stationary. The rotor current establishes a flux which opposes and,
therefore, tends to weaken the stator flux. This causes more current to flow in the
stator winding just as increase in secondary current in a transformer causes a
corresponding increase in primary current. Very often the analysis of an induction
motor is made on the same lines as the transformer with the modification that short
circuited secondary is considering rotating.

Also note that the working principle of both (Transformer and Induction Motor) is
same i.e. Faraday law’s of Electromagnetic induction or Mutual induction.
Will a D.C Shunt Motor operate on an A.C Supply?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 05/13/2012 in Motors, Questions/Answers (Electrical) 2 Comments

The Shunt winding has a large number of turns so that it has appreciable inductance. When A.C
is applied to a shunt motor, the large inductive reactance of shunt winding will reduce the field
current too much. Consequently, Shunt motor will not usually run on A.C Supply.

Explain the statement that induction motor is fundamentally a

Transformer?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 04/20/2012 in Motors, Questions/Answers (Electrical), Transformer5
Comments

The induction motor is fundamentally a transformer in which the stator is the

primary and the rotor is short circuited secondary. This is evident; particularly hen
the rotor is stationary. The rotor current establishes a flux which opposes and,
therefore, tends to weaken the stator flux. This causes more current to flow in the
stator winding just as increase in secondary current in a transformer causes a
corresponding increase in primary current. Very often the analysis of an induction
motor is made on the same lines as the transformer with the modification that short
circuited secondary is considering rotating.

Also note that the working principle of both (Transformer and Induction Motor) is
same i.e. Faraday law’s of Electromagnetic induction or Mutual induction.
What is the difference between Power Transformers and
Distribution Transformers?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 04/18/2012 in Questions/Answers (Electrical), Transformer5 Comments
Those transformers installed at the ending or receiving end of long high voltage transmission
lines are the power transformers. The distribution transformers (generally pole mounted) are
those installed in the location of the city to provide utilization voltage at the consumer terminals.

 Power transformers are used in transmission network of higher voltages for step-up and
step down application (400 kV, 200 kV, 110 kV, 66 kV, 33kV) and are generally rated above
200MVA.
 Distribution transformers are used for lower voltage distribution networks as a means to end
user connectivity. (11kV, 6.6 kV, 3.3 kV, 440V, 230V) and are generally rated less than 200
MVA.
 A power transformer usually has one primary and one secondary, and one input and output.
A distribution transformer may have one primary and one divided or “Tapped” secondary, or
two or more secondaries.
 Power transformers generally operate at nearly full – load. However, a distribution
transformer operates at light loads during major parts of the day.
 The performance of the power transformers is generally judged from commercial efficiency
whereas the performance of a distribution transformer is judged from all – day – efficiency.
 The rating of a high transformer is many times greater than that of distribution transformer.
 In Power Transformer the flux density is higher than the distribution transformer.
 Power transformer’s primary winding always connected in star and secondary winding in
delta while in distribution transformer primary winding connected in delta and secondary in
star.
 In The Sub station end of the transmission line, The Power Transformer Connection is Star-
Delta.( For the purpose of Step down the Voltage Level)
 In the star up of the Transmission line (H-T), The Connection of the power Transformer is
Delta – Star (For the purpose of Step Up the Voltage Level) But in case of Distribution
Transformer, But Generally it is used in there-phase Step down distribution
transformer( Delta – Star).
(Click To enlarge the image)
What is the purpose of ground wires in over-Head Transmission
lines?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 04/12/2012in Generation Transmission and Distribution, Over Head
Lines, Power System, Questions/Answers (Electrical)1 Comment

What is the purpose of ground wires in over-Head Transmission lines?

Ground wires are bare conductors supported at the top of transmission towers. They
serve to shield the line and intercept lighting stroke before it hits the current carrying
conductors below. Ground wires normally do not carry current. Therefore, they are often
made of steel. The ground wires are solidly connected to ground at each tower
intransmission and distribution system.

Click image to enlarge

What is the difference between real ground and virtual ground?

Posted by: Electrical Technology 04/11/2012in Generation Transmission and Distribution, Over Head
Lines, Power System, Questions/Answers (Electrical)Leave a comment
Real ground is when a terminal is connected physically to the ground or earthed.
where as virtual ground is a concept used in Op-Amps in which a node a assumed to
have the potential that of the ground terminal.
How To Calculate Your Electricity Bill. Easy and simple
Explanation.
Posted by: Electrical Technology 03/30/2012 in How To, Questions/Answers (Electrical) 43 Comments
How To Calculate Your Electricity Bill

A consumer consumes 1000 watts load per hour daily for one [Link] The Total
Energy bill of the consumer if per unit rate is 9 (In INR ,Rs, $, DHR, or Riyal etc) [Take 1 month
= 30 Days]Solution

1unit = 1kWh.
So Total kWh = 1000 x 24 x 30 = 720000 watts/hour
we Want to convert it into Units, Where is 1unit = 1kWh.
So total Consumed units. 720000/1000…… (k=kilo=1000)
Total Units = 720.
Cost of per unit is 9.
So total Cost or bill= 720 x 9 = 6480. (In INR,Rs, $, DHR, or Riyal etc)
[Also note that…why we multiply with 24 although the daily rate is given.. It is not Daily
Rates...It’s the rate Per Unit...Where 1 unit = 1 kWh (Also Called 1 =B.T.U = Board of Trade
Unit)... It means...If you switched on a 1000 watt bulb for 1 hour...It mean you consumed 1000
watts for an hour... (1000 watts for 1 hour = 1kWh = 1 unit of Energy) So if the rate of unit is 5
Dollars, then you will pay 5 Dollars as a bill for your bulb]
Under what condition is D.C supply applied safely to the primary
of a transformer?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 02/25/2012 in Questions/Answers (Electrical), Transformer2 Comments
As i mentioned ,This is a simple electrical interview question. So if some one ask this question
in interview or somewhere..then the right answer will be this….I think u got the main Idea
Also
As we know that Transformer works only on A.C, in case of D.C Supply, the primary of
transformer may start to smoke and burn….But this is the only one condition where we can
operate a Transformer on D.C (although the Circuit is Useless)…For more information….in the
above blog…U will see a post where we talked about the topic…..1 Transformer primary with
A.C supply, 2. Transformer primary with D.C Supply.
A step up transformer which has 110/220 [Link] we replace it
with 10/20 turns? Turns ratio is same shall its rating be same?
Give appropriate reason?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 03/12/2012 in Questions/Answers (Electrical), Transformer7 Comments
What is the differences between E.M.F and Voltage (P.d)
Posted by: Electrical Technology 03/13/2012in AC Fundamentals, Basic Electrical
Fundamentals, Questions/Answers (Electrical) 4 Comments

What is the differences between E.M.F and Voltage (P.d)

Click image to enlarge

Why alternator rated in kVA. Not in kW?

Posted by: Electrical Technology 03/17/2012 in Alternator, Questions/Answers (Electrical) 1 Comment
The power √3 VL IL Cos φ delivered by the alternator for the same value of current, depends
upon p.f. (Power Factor=Cos φ) of the load. But the alternator conductors are calculated for a
definite current and the insulation at magnetic system are designed for a definite voltage
independent of p.f. (Cos φ) of the load. For this reason apparent power measured in kVA is
regarded as the rated power of the alternator.
Can we operate a 60HZ Transformer on 50Hz Supply Source and
Vice Versa?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 03/29/2012 in Questions/Answers (Electrical), Transformer2 Comments
Suppose, ( This is a 60 Hz Transformer)
What would happen if a power transformer designed for operation
on 50 Hz (frequency) were connected to a 5 Hz (frequency)
source of the same voltage?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 02/24/2012 in Questions/Answers (Electrical), Transformer4 Comments
What would happen if a power transformer designed for operation
on 50 Hz (frequency) were connected to a 500 Hz (frequency)
source of the same voltage?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 02/23/2012 in Questions/Answers (Electrical), Transformer2 Comments
What will happen if the primary of a transformer is connected to
D.C supply?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 02/22/2012 in Protection, Questions/Answers
(Electrical), TransformerLeave a comment
Why Transformer Rating In kVA, Not in KW?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 02/20/2012in AC Fundamentals, Questions/Answers
(Electrical), Transformer 45 Comments
In Simple words,
There are two type of losses in a transformer;
1. Copper Losses
2. Iron Losses or Core Losses or Insulation Losses
Copper losses ( I²R)depends on Current which passing through transformer winding while Iron
Losses or Core Losses or Insulation Losses depends on Voltage.
That’s why the Transformer Rating may be expressed in kVA,Not in kW.
Main Difference between contactor and Starter.
Posted by: Electrical Technology 02/08/2012 in Controlling, Protection, Questions/Answers (Electrical)2
Comments

Main Difference between contactor and Starter

The magnetic starter is very similar to the magnetic contactor in design and
operation. Both have the feature of operating contacts when the coil is energized.
The important difference between contactors and starters is the use of overload
heater element in the starter. (For protect the motor from over heating or over load

protection)
Why We Need to Install a Starter with a Motor?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 02/08/2012in Controlling, Motors, Protection, Questions/Answers
(Electrical) 4 Comments

Why We Need to Install a Starter with a Motor?

Essential or need of starter with motor.

Motors below 1 Hp is directly connect without starter because their armature

resistance is very high and they have ability to afford the high current due to
high resistance. So the Armature winding safe from the high starting current.

But a large size of motors has a very low armature resistance. if connect this type
of motor direct to Supply (3-phase Supply) then the large current will destroy the
armature wading due to low resistance because motor is not running in this time.
Why motor is not running in this time when we connect motor to supply? Obviously,
because their is no Back E.M.F in the motor. the back E.M.F of the motor is reach at
full rate when motor is running at full speed.
So this is the answer that why we connect a starter with motor in series. Starter in
series with motor ( I.e. Resistance) is reduce the high starting current and armature
takes a low current and motor will be start. But this is not end of our story. After
starting the motor at low current, the starter resistance reduce by turning a starter
handle ( not in each case, in other system or case, this can be automatically) so the
armature will take high current and motor armature will be rotate at full speed ( in
other words, the speed of the motor will be increase).

For more Explanation see the example.

We know that the armature current can be finding by this formula,

Ia = V-Eb/Ra , ( I=V/R, Ohm Law)

Where,

Ia =Armature current

V= Supply voltage

Eb= Back E.M.F

Ra = Armature resistance

Suppose

A 5 Hp (3.73killowatt) motor with 440 volts having armature resistance 0.25 ohm
resistance.

And the normal full load current is 50 amperes.

if we connect to direct to supply without starter the result will be.

So putting the values in equation

Ia= 440-0/0.25 = 1760 A

ahh! This high current will destroy armature winding because its 35.2 times high
with respect to normal full load current.

1760/50 = 35.2

So that’s why we need to install a starter with a motor………

Why XL Inductive Reactance In DC Supply Is Zero (0)?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 02/04/2012in AC Fundamentals, Questions/Answers
(Electrical), Transformer 2 Comments

Why XL Inductive Reactance in DC Supply Is Zero (0)?

What is motor starter?

Posted by: Electrical Technology 01/23/2012in Controlling, Motors, Protection, Questions/Answers
(Electrical) Leave a comment

What is motor starter?

Motor starter.

Starter is a device which connects with motor in series to decrease the current at starting time
and increase current after starting the motor (in other words start or stop the motor) and provide
overload protection.
What is Magnetic starter
Magnetic starter

A magnetic starter is a device designed to provide power to electric motors. It includes a

contactor as an essential component, while also providing power-cutoff, under-voltage, and
overload protection.

Also Read:

Rated characteristics of Electrical Contactors

What is a Contactor

How to calculate the value of resistor for LED’s (with different

types of LED’s circuits)
Posted by: Electrical Technology 08/11/2013in Basic Electronics, Basic/Important Electrical
Formulas, Electronics LED, FUN with LED, How To,Questions/Answers (Electrical), Troubleshooting14
Comments
This tutorial will help you to find the proper value of resistor (or resistors) for one or more LED’s
to connect with battery.

If you pick this topic, you will be able to:

Calculate the value of resistors for different LED’s Circuit diagrams

Calculate the Forward Current of LED’s

Calculate the Forward Voltage for different LED’s Circuits

Connect LED’s in Series with batter

Connect LED’s in Parallel with battery

Connect LED’s in Series-Parallel Circuits

Update: You can Also use this LED Resistor Calculator for this purpose

Typical LED Symbol, Construction and Lead Identification.

Click Image to enlarge

Before we go in detail, we will try to get ride on below simple circuit, so that the other calculation
will be easier to understand.

Click Image to enlarge

This is the Simplest LED Series circuit ever. Here, the supply voltage is 6V, LED Forward
Voltage (VF) is 1.3 Volt and Forward Current (IF) is 10mA.

Now the Value of resistor (which we will connect in Series with LED) for this circuit would be:

Resistor Value = (Vsupply- VF)/ IF

= (6 -1.3) / 10mA = 470 Ω

Current draw = 20mA

Resistor Power rating formula for this circuit

Resistor Power Rating = IF2x Resistor Value

= (10mA) 2 x 470 Ω = 0.047W = 47mW

But This is the minimum required resistor value to ensure that resistor will not overheat, so its
recommended that to double the power rating of resistor that you have calculated, therefore,
choose 0.047W x 2 = 0.094W = 94mW resistor for this circuit.

Resistor power rating (Value is doubled) = 0.094 W = (94 mW)

Also keep in mind that:

 It is too difficult to find the exact power rating resistors that you have calculated. Generally,
Resistors come in 1/4 watt, 1/2 watt, 1 watt, 2 watt, 5 watt, and so on. Therefore, select the
next higher value of power rating. For example, if you’re calculated value of resistor power
rating is 0.789W = 789mW, then you would select 1W Resistor.
 It is too difficult to find the exact value of resistors that you have calculated. Generally,
Resistors come in standard values. If you are not able to find the exact value of resistor that
you have calculated, and then select the next coming value of resistor that you have
calculated, For Example, if the calculated value is 313.5Ω, you would use the closest
standard value, which is 330 Ω. if the closest value is not close enough, then you can make it
by connecting resistors in series – parallel configuration.
 IF = Forward Current of LED: This is the amount of maximum current that LED can accept
continuously. It is recommended that provide 80% of LED forward current rating for long life
and stability. For example, if the rating current of LED is 30mA, then you should run this LED
on 24mA. Value of current over this amount will shorten LED life or may start to smock and
burn.
 If you are still unable to find the LED forward current, than assume it 20mA because a typical
LED’s run on 20mA.
 VF = Forward Voltage of LED: This is the forward voltage of LED i.e. the voltage drop when
we supply the rated forward current. You can find this data on LED’s Packages, but is
somewhere between 1.3V to 3.5V depending on type, color and brightness. If you are still
unable to find the forward voltage, simply connect the LED through 200Ω with 6V battery.
Now measure the voltage across LED. It will be 2V and this is the forward voltage.
Formula for finding the value of resistor(s) to connect LED’s in Series:
Below is another simple LED’s (LED’s Connected in Series) Circuit. In this circuit, we have
connected 6 LED’s in Series. Supply Voltage is 18V, The Forward Voltage (VF) of LED’s is 2V
and the forward Current (IF) is 20mA each.

Click Image to enlarge

Resistor Value (LED’s in Series) = (Vsupply – (VF x No. of LED’s)) / IF

Here, Total forward voltage (VF) of 6 LED’s = 2 x 6 = 12V and forward Current (IF) is same (i.e.
20mA)

(Note: this is a series circuit, so current in series circuit in each point is same while voltages are
additive)

Now, the value of resistor (for Series Circuit) would be:

= (Vsupply – (VF x No. of LED’s)) / IF

= (18 – (2 x 6)) / 20mA

= (18-12) / 20mA = 300 Ω

Total Current draw = 20mA (This is series circuit, so currents are same)

Resistor Power Rating = IF2x Resistor Value

= (20mA) 2 x 300 Ω = 0.12 = 120mW

But This is the minimum required resistor value to ensure that resistor will not overheat, so its
recommended that to double the power rating of resistor that you have calculated, therefore,
choose 0.12W x 2 = 0.24W = 240mW resistor for this circuit.

Resistor power rating (Value is doubled) = 0.24 W = (240 mW)

Formula for finding the value of resistor(s) to connect LED’s in Parallel (With Common
Resistor):

Click Image to enlarge

In this circuit, we have connected LED’s in parallel with common resistor. Supply Voltage is
18V, The Forward Voltage (VF) of LED’s is 2V and the forward Current (IF) is 20mA each.

Resistor Value (LED’s in parallel With Common Resistor)

= (Vsupply – VF)/ (IF x No. of LED’s)

Here, Total forward Current (IF) of 4 LED’s = 20mA x 4 = 0.08A, and forward Voltage (VF) is
same (i.e. 2V)

(Note: this is a parallel circuit, so voltage is parallel circuit is same in each point while currents
are additive)

Now, the value of resistor (for parallel Circuit with common resistor) would be:

= (Vsupply – VF)/ (IF x No. of LED’s)

= (18 – 2) / 0.08 = 200 Ω

Total Current draw = 20mA x 4 = 80mA (This is parallel circuit, so currents are additive)

Resistor Power Rating = IF2x Resistor Value

= (20mA) 2 x 200Ω = 0.08 W = 80mW

But This is the minimum required resistor value to ensure that resistor will not overheat, so its
recommended that to double the power rating of resistor that you have calculated, therefore,
choose 1.28W x 2 = 2.56W resistor for this circuit.

Resistor power rating (Value is doubled) = 2.56W (280 mW)

Formula for finding the value of resistor(s) for connecting LED’s in Parallel (With
Separate resistor)

Click Image to enlarge

This is another way to connect LED’s in parallel with separate resistors. In this circuit, we have
connected 4 LED’s in parallel with separate resistors. Supply Voltage is 9V and the Forward
Voltage (VF) of LED’s is 2V and the forward Current (IF) is 20mA each.

Resistor Value (LED’s in parallel with separate Resistor)

= (Vsupply – VF)/ IF

Here, Total forward voltage (VF) of LED’s = 2 and forward Current (IF) 20mA (i.e. 20mA)

(Note: this is a parallel circuit, but we are finding the value of resistor for each section, not for
whole circuit. So in each section, the circuit becomes in Series position (refer to the Series
Circuit formula or the 1st simple circuit above, you will find that these are same)

Now, the value of resistor (for parallel Circuit with separate resistors) would be:

= (Vsupply – VF)/ IF

= (9 – 2) / 20mA = 350 Ω

Total Current draw = 20mA x 4 = 80mA (This is parallel circuit, so currents are additive)
Resistor Power Rating = IF2x Resistor Value

= (20mA) 2 x 350 Ω = 0.14 = 140mW

But This is the minimum required resistor value to ensure that resistor will not overheat, so its
recommended that to double the power rating of resistor that you have calculated, therefore,
choose 0.14W x 2 = 0.28W = 280mW resistor for this circuit.

Resistor power rating (Value is doubled) = 0.28 W (280 mW)

There is another way (Series-Parallel Combination) to connect LED’s with battery; if you
understood this simple calculation then I’m sure that you can easily calculate the value of
resistors for Series-Parallel Combination LED’s connection circuit.

How to Calculate/Find the Rating of Transformer in kVA (Single

Phase and Three Phase)?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 07/13/2013in AC Fundamentals, Alternating Current, Basic
Concepts, Basic/Important Electrical Formulas, How To,Questions/Answers (Electrical), Single Phase AC
Circuits, Three Phase AC Circuits, Transformer34 Comments
How to Calculate/Find the Rating of Transformer in kVA (Single Phase and Three Phase)?
We know that, Transformer always rated in kVA. Below are two simple formulas to find the
rating of Single phase and Three phase Transformers.

Rating of Single Phase Transformer:

P = V x I.
Rating of a single phase transformer in kVA

kVA= (V x I) / 1000

Rating of a Three Phase Transformer:

P = √3. V x I

Rating of a Three phase transformer in kVA

kVA = (√3. V x I) /1000

But Wait, A question is raised here… Look at the General nameplate rating of a
100kVAtransformer.

Did you notice something????Anyway, I don’t care what is your answer  but lets me try to
explain.

Here is the rating of Transformer is 100kVA.

But Primary Voltages or High Voltages (H.V) is 11000 V = 11kV.

And Primary Current on High Voltage side is 5.25 Amperes.

Also Secondary voltages or Low Voltages (L.V) is 415 Volts

And Secondary Current (Current on Low voltages side) is 139.1 Amperes.

In simple words,

Transformer rating in kVA = 100 kVA

Primary Voltages = 11000 = 11kV

Primary Current = 5.25 A

Secondary Voltages = 415V

Secondary Current = 139.1 Amperes.

Now calculate for the rating of transformer according to

P=V x I (Primary voltage x primary current)

P = 11000V x 5.25A = 57,750 VA = 57.75kVA

Or P = V x I (Secondary voltages x Secondary Current)

P= 415V x 139.1A = 57,726 VA = 57.72kVA

Once again we noticed that the rating of Transformer (on Nameplate) is 100kVA but according
to calculation…it comes about 57kVA…

The difference comes due to ignorance of that we used single phase formula instead of three
phase formula.

Now try with this formula

P = √3 x V x I

P=√3 Vx I (Primary voltage x primary current)

P =√3 x 11000V x 5.25A = 1.732 x 11000V x 5.25A = 100,025 VA = 100kVA

Or P = √3 x V x I (Secondary voltages x Secondary Current)

P= √3 x 415V x 139.1A = 1.732 x 415V x 139.1A= 99,985 VA = 99.98kVA

Consider the (next) following example.

Voltage (Line to line) = 208 V.

Current (Line Current) = 139 A

Now rating of the three phase transformer

P = √3 x V x I

P = √3 x 208 x 139A = 1.732 x 208 x 139

P = 50077 VA = 50kVA
How to Check a Capacitor with Digital Multimeter and Analog
AVO Meter. By Four (4) Methods with pictorial View.
Posted by: Electrical Technology 06/03/2013in Capacitors, EE Instruments/Devices
&Components, Electrical Instruments/Measurements, How To,Questions/Answers
(Electrical), Repairing, Troubleshooting10 Comments
How to Check a Capacitor with Digital Multimeter and Analog AVO Meter.
By Four (4) Methods with pictorial View.

In Most Electrical and Electronics troubleshooting and repairing, we face this trouble that how to
check a capacitor? Is it Good, Bad (dead) Short or Open?

Here, we can check this with Analog (AVO Meter i.e. Ampere, Voltage, Ohm meter)

Note: To find the Value of Capacitance, you need a Digital meter with Capacitance measuring
features.

Below are four (4) methods to check that a Capacitor is Good, Bad, Open, Dead, or Short.

Also Read:

 How to find The value of Burnt Resistor (By three handy Methods)
 SMD Resistor Codes: How to Find the value of SMD Resistors
 How to calculate the value of resistor for LED’s (with different types of LED’s circuits)
Method 1.
Traditional Method (Recommended for Professionals only)

Note: This method is dangerous, please be careful to do this practice. Make sure that you are a
professional Electrical Engineer because serious damages may be occur during this practice)

Suppose you want to check the Capacitor (for example, Fan Capacitors, Room Air Cooler
Capacitors etc.)

1. Connect safety leads to the Capacitors terminal.

2. Now connect these leads with 230 V AC Supply for a very short time (1-4 Sec).
3. Remove Safety leads from the 230 V AC Supply.
4. Now Short the Capacitor Terminal (Please Be Careful to do that).
5. If it makes a strong spark, then the capacitor is good.
6. If it makes a weak spark, then it is a bad capacitor and immediately change it.
 How to Check a Capacitor by Traditional Method. (Not recommended for everyone)
Click image for Zooming

Method 2.
By Analog Multimeter ( AVO = Ampere, voltage, Ohm Meter )

1. Take an AVO meter.

2. Select analog meter on OHM.
3. Connect the Meter leads to the Capacitor terminals.
4. Note The reading and Compare with the following results.
5. Short Capacitors: Shorted Capacitor will show very low Resistance.
6. Open Capacitors: An Open Capacitor will not show any movement (Deflection) on OHM
meter Screen.
7. Good Capacitors: Initially, it will show low resistance, and then gradually increases toward
the infinite. It means that Capacitor is in Good Condition.
 How to check a capacitor by analog (AVO) meter?
Click image for Zooming
You may Also check:

 How to Calculate/Find the Rating of Transformer in kVA (Single Phase and Three Phase)?
 How To Wire Single Phase and Three Phase kWh meter?
 How to control One Lamp from three different places?

Method 3.
By Digital Multimeter

1. Set the meter on Ohm range (Set it at lease 1000Ohm = 1k).

2. Connect the Meter leads to the Capacitor terminals.
3. Digital meter will show some numbers for a second. Note the reading.
4. And then immediately it will return to the OL (Open Line). Every attempt of Step 2 will show
the same result as was in step 4 and Step 5. It’s mean that Capacitor is in Good Condition.
5. If there is no Change, then Capacitor is dead.
 How to Check a Capacitor with Digital Multimeter?
Click image for Zooming
You may Also read:
 How to install a ceiling Fan with a Dimmer Switch?
 How to Find the value of Ceramic Capacitors?
 How to Calculate the Suitable Capacitor Size in Farads & kVAR for Power factor
Improvement (Easiest way ever)
Method 4.
By Multimeter in the capacitance setting

Note: You can do this test with a multimeter if you have a Capacitance meter on your
multimeter. Also, this method is good for tiny capacitors.

1. Remove the capacitors from board or circuit.

2. Now Select “Capacitance” on your multimeter.
3. Now connect the capacitor terminal to the multimeter leads.
4. If the reading is near to the actual value of the capacitor (i.e. the printed value on the
Capacitor container box).
5. Then the capacitor is in good condition. (Note that the reading may be less than the actual
value of the capacitor (the printed value on the Capacitor container box).
6. If you read a significantly lower capacitance or none at all, then capacitor is dead and you
should change it.
How to Check a Capacitor with Digital Multimeter (In Capacitance Mode)
Q Factor in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Posted by: Electrical Technology 11/09/2013in Basic Electronics, Basic/Important Electrical
Formulas, How To, Questions/Answers (Electrical), Single Phase AC Circuits, Three Phase AC
CircuitsLeave a comment

Q Factor in Electrical and Electronics Engineering

In a Tuned Circuit, The ratio between Reactance and Resistance is called Q Factor or Quality Factor
… Or …

Opposite of the Power factor is called the Q-Factor or Quality Factor of a Coil or its figure of merit.

Q Factor = 1/ Power Factor=1/Cosθ= Z/R … (Where Power Factor Cosθ = R/Z)

If R is too small with respect to Reactance

Then Q factor = Z/R = ωL/R = 2πfL / R … (ωL/R = 2πf)

Also, Q Factor may be defined as the ratio between stored energy and Energy dissipated per cycle in
a Circuit

Q = 2π x (Stored Energy/ Power loss)

In a Resonator, Q is the ratio between stored energy in resonator and energy supplied by generator
to keep signal amplitude constant

Q = 2π (Maximum Energy Stored/Energy dissipate per Cycle) in the coil.

Good to Know *1:

In Electrical System & Circuits, The stored Energy is the sum of stored energies in losslessInductors
and Capacitors. And the lost energy is the sum of the energies dissipated in resistors (Heat, light
etc) per cycle

Whereas;

Capacitor absorbs Reactive Power and Stores Energy in the form of Electric field

Inductor absorbs Reactive Power and Stores Energy in the form of Magnetic Field

And

Resistor absorbs the real power and dissipates in the form of heat and light

Q Factor in Pure Capacitive (C) and Pure Inductive (L) Circuits

As we know that the Power in Pure Capacitive and Inductive Circuits are Zero. Thus the
Circuit Power factor is also Zero. But the circuit “Q” factor is the inverse of Power factor, thus “Q”
factor in both Pure Capacitive and Inductive Circuits are infinite (∞).

Q Factor in a Series RL Circuit

In Series RL Circuit, Impedance (Z) = the inductive Reactance = XL = 2πfL, Therefore the Quality
factor “Q”

= Z/ R → = XL /R → = 2πfrL /R

Q Factor in a Series RC Circuit

In Series RC Circuit, Impedance (Z) = Capacitive Reactance = XC = 1/2πfC, Therefore the Quality
factor “Q”

= Z/ R → = XC /R → = (1/2πfrC) /R → = 1 / 2πfrCR.

Where

Z = Impudence = Resistance in AC Circuits (Z = XL2-XC2 Ω)

R = Resistance in Ω

C = Capacitance in Farads

L = Inductance in Hennery

XL = Inductive reactance in Ω

XC = Capacitive Reactance in Ω

fr= Resonance Frequency in Hz

 Q Factor of a tuned circuit = resonance frequency / bandwidth
Q = fr / B

Q = fr / (f2 – f1)

Where

fr = Resonance Frequency in Hertz

B = Bandwidth = the difference between the upper and lower frequencies in a continuous set of
frequencies = B = (f2- f1)

Q Factor in a Series RLC Circuit (Voltage input resonance Circuit)

In an ideal series RLC circuit (Also in a (TRF) tuned radio frequency receiver) the Quality “Q” factor
is

Q = (1/R) x (√ (L/C) = ω0L/R

It is clear from the above equation that the larger the Series Resistance, the smaller the “Q” factor of
the Circuit i.e., the more energy lost and the wider bandwidth.

Good to know*2: A high Q factor of resonant circuit has a narrow bandwidth as compared to a low
“Q” factor

Q Factor in a Parallel RLC Circuit (Current input resonance Circuit)

“Q” factor in a Parallel RLC circuit is just the inverse of the “Q” Factor in Series RLC circuit

Q = R x (√ (C /L) = R /ω0L

Where

R = Resistance in Ω

C = Capacitance in Farads

L = Inductance in Henry

It is clear from the above equation that the lower the Resistance, the larger the “Q” factor of the
Circuit i.e. the less energy lost and the narrower bandwidth and it would be useful in filter design
circuits to determine the bandwidth

Q Factor in a Circuit having Complicated Impedances

As we discussed above that “In a Tuned Circuit, The ratio between Reactance and Resistance is
called Q Factor or Quality Factor … Or

Opposite of the Power factor is called the Q-Factor or Quality Factor of a Coil.
Q Factor = 1/ Power Factor=1/Cosθ= Z/R … (Where Power Factor Cosθ = R/Z)”

These for; we can also determine the “Q” factor of a Circuit having Complicated Impedances if we
know the Circuit Power factorwhere

Power factor= Cosθ = R/Z … or…

The Tangent of the phase angle (θ) between current and voltage.

Good to know *3:

A high Q factor of resonant circuit has a narrow bandwidth as compared to a low “Q” factor

A low Q factor gives a broad band (wide bandwidth)

A high Q factor gives a narrow band (small bandwidth)

How to Get Connection from Solar Panel. Back Side of The Solar
Panel Junction Box and The Function of Diodes in it.
Posted by: Electrical Technology 03/14/2013in Electrical Wiring (Basic for Home), How
To, Questions/Answers (Electrical), Repairing, Solar Panel System, Troubleshooting1 Comment

How to Get Connection from Solar panel

Back Side of The Solar Panel Junction Box and The Function of Diodes in it.
Today, i m going to show the back side of solar panel and its junction box. you will get
idea that how to get connection from solar panel junction [Link] here we go step by
step
image ( below) shows junction box on the back side of the panel. you can see two
diodes ( why diodes??? we will discuss later) and two terminal wire one of Positive (+)
and other one is Negative (-) both wire will go to charge controller ten battery ( for
charging purpose).
Note that this 60 Watts, 12 Volts, and 5 Amperes panel but . I am using it for 120 Ah
battery with 12-15 A charge controller.
Click image to Enlarge
junction box (more clearly), this is loop system, as you can see, there are three terminal,
that’s why we say that it is a loop. Also you can see two diodes which have connected
in forward bias from solar panel to output battery charging.

Click image to enlarge

Function of The Diodes in Solar panel junction Box
Actually these diodes have connected in forward bias for protection purpose. How
Protection???? yes…let see how.
Suppose we are charging battery through solar panel. When battery is fully charged.
then what will happen at night when solar panel is not active… in other words, battery
will supply voltage to the solar panel again. but here we have connected a Diode
( From Solar Panel to Battery = Forward Bias)
(From Battery to Solar Panel = Reverse Bias) See fig.
So in this way the Diodes block the revers voltage from battery to solar panel.
 How to Get Connection From Solar
Panel Junction Box.
In My Case,( 60 Watts, 12 Volts, and 5 Amperes panel but . I am using it for 120 Ah
battery with 12-15 A charge controller) so here is three terminal wires
fig clearly show that we can get 12 Volts through the left one Negate and the right one
positive.
in other hands, we can also get 6 Volts through the lift one Negative and The central

Positive wire ( Between Lift (-) and Right (+).

Note:
For Solar Panel wiring diagrams, Installation and Repairing , Check in the labels or
Above tab “Electrical Wiring” Section. There are about 30 useful wiring diagrams under
the “Electrical Wiring” Tab.
Power Factor improvement Methods with Their advantages &
Disadvantages
Posted by: Electrical Technology 10/05/2013in Generation Transmission and Distribution, How To, Over
Head Lines, Power factor, Power System,Questions/Answers (Electrical), Single Phase AC
Circuits, Three Phase AC Circuits5 Comments
Methods for Power Factor Improvement

The following devices and equipments are used for Power Factor Improvement.

1. Static Capacitor
2. Synchronous Condenser
3. Phase Advancer
1. Static Capacitor

We know that most of the industries and power system loads are inductive that take lagging
current which decrease the system power factor (See Disadvantages of Low Power factor) . For
Power factor improvement purpose, Static capacitors are connected in parallel with those devices
which work on low power factor. These static capacitors provides leading current which
neutralize (totally or approximately) the lagging inductive component of load current (i.e.
leading component neutralize or eliminate the lagging component of load current) thus power
factor of the load circuit is improved. These capacitors are installed in Vicinity of large inductive
load e.g Induction motors and transformers etc, and improve the load circuit power factor to
improve the system or devises efficiency.
 Suppose,here is a single phase inductive load which is taking lagging current (I) and the load
power factor is Cosθ as shown in fig-1.
In fig-2, a Capacitor (C) has been connected in parallel with load. Now a current (Ic) is flowing through
Capacitor which lead 90° from the supply voltage ( Note that Capacitor provides leading Current i.e., In a
pure capacitive circuit, Current leading 90° from the supply Voltage, in other words, Voltage
are 90° lagging from Current). The load current is (I). The Vectors combination of (I) and (Ic) is (I’) which
is lagging from voltage at θ2 as shown in fig 3.

It can be seen from fig 3 that angle of θ2 < θ1 i.e. angle of θ2 is less than from angle of θ2. Therefore
Cosθ2 is less than from Cosθ1 (Cosθ2> Cosθ1). Hence the load power factor is improved by capacitor.

Also note that after the power factor improvement, the circuit current would be less than from the low
power factor circuit current. Also, before and after the power factor improvement, the active
component of current would be same in that circuit because capacitor eliminates only there-active
component of current. Also, the Active power (in Watts) would be same after and before power factor
improvement.

Advantages:

 Capacitor bank offers several advantages over other methods of power factor improvement.
 Losses are low in static capacitors
 There is no moving part, therefore need low maintenance
 Itcan work innormalairconditions (i.e. ordinary atmospheric conditions)
 Do not require a foundation for installation
 They are lightweight so it is can be easy to installed
Disadvantages:

 The age of static capacitor bank is less (8 – 10 years)

 With changing load, we have to ON or OFF the capacitorbank, which causes switching surges on the
system
 If the rated voltage increases, then it causes damage it
 Once the capacitors spoiled, then repairing is costly
2. Synchronous Condenser

When a Synchronous motor operates at No-Load and over-exited then it’s called a synchronous
Condenser. Whenever a Synchronous motor is over-exited then it provides leading current and works
like a capacitor. When a synchronous condenser is connected across supply voltage (in parallel) then it
draws leading current and partially eliminates the re-active component and this way, power factor is
improved. Generally, synchronous condenser is used to improve the power factor in large industries.

Advantages:

 Long life (almost 25 years)

 High Reliability
 Step-less adjustment of power factor.
 No generation of harmonics of maintenance
 The faults can be removed easily
 It’s not affected by harmonics.
Require Low maintenance (only periodic bearing greasing is necessary)

Disadvantages:

 It is expensive (maintenance cost is also high) and therefore mostly used by large power users.
 An auxiliary device has to be used for this operation because synchronous motor has no self starting
torque
 It produces noise
3. Phase Advancer

Phase advancer is a simple AC exciter which is connected on the main shaft of the motor and operates
with the motor’s rotor circuit for power factor improvement. Phase advancer is used to improve the
power factor of induction motor in industries. As the stator windings of induction motor takes lagging
current 90° out of phase with Voltage, therefore the power factor of induction motor is low. If the
exciting ampere-turns are excited by external AC source, then there would be no effect of exciting
current on stator windings. Therefore the power factor of induction motor will be improved. This
process is done by Phase advancer.

Advantages:

 Lagging kVAR (Reactive component of Power or reactive power) drawn by the motor is sufficiently
reduced because the exciting ampere turns are supplied at slip frequency (fs).
 The phase advancer can be easily used where the use of synchronous motors is Unacceptable
Disadvantage:
 Using Phase advancer is not economical for motors below 200 H.P. (about 150kW)

Causes of low Power Factor

Posted by: Electrical Technology 10/08/2013in Generation Transmission and Distribution, How To, Over
Head Lines, Power factor, Power System,Questions/Answers (Electrical), Single Phase AC
Circuits, Three Phase AC Circuits1 Comment

Causes of low Power Factor

The main cause of low Power factor is Inductive Load. As in pure inductive circuit, Current lags 90° from
Voltage, this large difference of phase angle between current and voltage causes zero power factor.
Basically, all those circuit having Capacitance and inductance (except resonance circuit (or Tune Circuit)
where inductive reactance = capacitive reactance (XL = Xc), so the circuit becomes a resistive circuit),
power factor would be exist over there because Capacitance and inductance causes in difference of
phase angle (θ) between current and voltage.

there are a lot of disadvantages of low Pf and we must improve Pf .

Following are the causes of low Power factor:

1. Single phase and three phase induction Motors(Usually, Induction motor works

at poor power factor i.e. at:

Full load, Pf = 0.8 -0.9

Small load, Pf = 0.2 -0.3

No Load, Pf may come to Zero (0).

2. Varying Load in Power System(As we know that load on power system is varying. During low load
period, supply voltage is increased which increase the magnetizing current which cause the decreased
power factor)

3. Industrial heating furnaces

4. Electrical discharge lamps (High intensity discharge lighting) Arc lamps (operate

a very low power factor)

5. Transformers

6. Harmonic Currents

Advantages of Power factor improvement and Correction

Posted by: Electrical Technology 10/09/2013in AC Fundamentals, Alternating Current, Generation
Transmission and Distribution, Over Head Lines,Power factor, Power System, Questions/Answers
(Electrical), Single Phase AC Circuits1 Comment
Advantages of Power factor improvement and Correction:

Following are the merits and benefits of improvedPower factor;

1. Increase in efficiency of system and devices

2. Low Voltage Drop
3. Reduction in size of a conductor and cable which reduces cost of the Cooper
4. An Increase in available power
5. Line Losses (Copper Losses) I2R is reduced
6. Appropriate Size of Electrical Machines (Transformer, Generators etc)
7. Eliminate the penalty of low power factor from the Electric Supply Company
8. Low kWh (Kilo Watt per hour)
9. Saving in the power bill
10. Better usage of power system, lines and generators etc
11. Saving in energy as well as rating and the cost of the electrical devices and equipment is reduced
How to Calculate the Suitable Capacitor Size in Farads & kVAR
for Power factor Improvement (Easiest way ever)
Posted by: Electrical Technology 11/04/2013in Basic/Important Electrical
Formulas, Capacitors, Controlling, Generation Transmission and Distribution,How To, Over Head
Lines, Power factor, Power System, Questions/Answers (Electrical), Single Phase AC Circuits, Three
Phase AC Circuits9 Comments
How to Calculate the Suitable Capacitor Size in Farads & kVAR for Power factor
Improvement (Easiest way ever)

Hi there! With a very important tutorial.. I hope you will find it very useful because I have already
spent two days to prepare this article. I think all of those who have sent messages and mails about
the topic will never ask again if they follow these simple methods to calculate the proper Size of
Capacitor bank in kVAR and micro-farads for power factor correction and improvement in both
single phase and three phase circuits. I think it’s too much..

Now let’s begin…

Consider the following Examples.

Example: 1

A 3 Phase, 5 kW Induction Motor has a P.F (Power factor) of 0.75 lagging. What size of
Capacitor in kVAR is required to improve the P.F (Power Factor) to 0.90?
Solution #1 (By Simple Table Method)

Motor Input = 5kW

From Table, Multiplier to improve PF from 0.75 to 0.90 is .398

Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.75 to 0.90

Required Capacitor kVAR = kW x Table 1 Multiplier of 0.75 and 0.90

= 5kW x .398

= 1.99 kVAR

And Rating of Capacitors connected in each Phase

1.99/3 = 0.663 kVAR

Solution # 2 (Classical Calculation Method)

Motor input = P = 5 kW

Original P.F = Cosθ1 = 0.75

Final P.F = Cosθ2 = 0.90

θ1 = Cos-1 = (0.75) = 41°.41; Tan θ1 = Tan (41°.41) = 0.8819

θ2 = Cos-1 = (0.90) = 25°.84; Tan θ2 = Tan (25°.50) = 0.4843

Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.75 to 0.90

Required Capacitor kVAR = P (Tan θ1 - Tan θ2)

= 5kW (0.8819 – 0.4843)

= 1.99 kVAR

And Rating of Capacitors connected in each Phase

1.99/3 = 0.663 kVAR

Tables

The following tables have been prepared to simplify kVAR calculation for power factor
improvement. The size of capacitor in kVAR is the kW multiplied by factor in table to improve from
existing power factor to proposed power factor. Check the others Examples below.

Table – from 0.01 to 0.09 (Click image to enlarge)

Table – from 0.10 to 0.30 (Click image to enlarge)

Table – from 0.31 to 0.49 (Click image to enlarge)

Table – from 0.50 to 0.74 (Click image to enlarge)

 Table – from 0.75 to 1.00 (Click image to enlarge)

The whole Table – from 0.10 to 1.0 (Click image to enlarge)

Example 2:

An Alternator is supplying a load of 650 kW at a P.F (Power factor) of 0.65. What size of
Capacitor in kVAR is required to raise the P.F (Power Factor) to unity (1)? And how many
more kW can the alternator supply for the same kVA loading when P.F improved.

Solution #1 (By Simple Table Method)

Supplying kW = 650 kW

From Table 1, Multiplier to improve PF from 0.65 to unity (1) is 1.169

Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.65 to unity (1)

Required Capacitor kVAR = kW x Table 1 Multiplier of 65 and 100

= 650kW x 1.169

= 759.85 kVAR

We know that P.F = Cosθ = kW/kVA . . .or

kVA = kW / Cosθ

= 650/0.65 = 1000 kVA

When Power Factor is raised to unity (1)

No of kW = kVA x Cosθ

= 1000 x 1 = 1000kW

Hence increased Power supplied by Alternator

1000kW – 650kW = 350kW

Solution # 2 (Classical Calculation Method)

Supplying kW = 650 kW

Original P.F = Cosθ1 = 0.65

Final P.F = Cosθ2 = 1

θ1 = Cos-1 = (0.65) = 49°.45; Tan θ1 = Tan (41°.24) = 1.169

θ2 = Cos-1 = (1) = 0°; Tan θ2 = Tan (0°) = 0

Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.75 to 0.90

Required Capacitor kVAR = P (Tan θ1 - Tan θ2)

= 650kW (1.169– 0)

= 759.85 kVAR

How to Calculate the Required Capacitor bank value in both kVAR and Farads?

(How to Convert Farads into kVAR and Vice Versa)

Example: 3

A Single phase 400V, 50Hz, motor takes a supply current of 50A at a P.F (Power factor) of 0.6.
The motor power factor has to be improved to 0.9 by connecting a capacitor in parallel with
it. Calculate the required capacity of Capacitor in both kVAR and Farads.

Solution.:

(1) To find the required capacity of Capacitance in kVAR to improve P.F from 0.6 to 0.9 (Two
Methods)

Solution #1 (By Simple Table Method)

Motor Input = P = V x I x Cosθ

= 400V x 50A x 0.6

= 12kW

From Table, Multiplier to improve PF from 0.60 to 0.90 is 0.849

Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.60 to 0.90

Required Capacitor kVAR = kW x Table Multiplier of 0.60 and 0.90

= 12kW x 0.849

= 10.188 kVAR

Solution # 2 (Classical Calculation Method)

Motor Input = P = V x I x Cosθ

= 400V x 50A x 0.6

= 12kW

Actual P.F = Cosθ1 = 0..6

Required P.F = Cosθ2 = 0.90

θ1 = Cos-1 = (0.60) = 53°.13; Tan θ1 = Tan (53°.13) = 1.3333

θ2 = Cos-1 = (0.90) = 25°.84; Tan θ2 = Tan (25°.50) = 0.4843

Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.60 to 0.90

Required Capacitor kVAR = P (Tan θ1 - Tan θ2)

= 5kW (1.3333– 0.4843)

= 10.188 kVAR

(2) To find the required capacity of Capacitance in Faradsto improve P.F from 0.6 to 0.9 (Two
Methods)

Solution #1 (Using a Simple Formula)

We have already calculated the required Capacity of Capacitor in kVAR, so we can easily convert it
into Farads by using this simple formula

Required Capacity of Capacitor in Farads/Microfarads

C = kVAR / (2 π f V2) in microfarad

Putting the Values in the above formula

= (10.188kVAR) / (2 x π x 50 x 4002)

= 2.0268 x 10-4

= 202.7 x 10-6

= 202.7μF

Solution # 2 (Simple Calculation Method)

kVAR = 10.188 … (i)

We know that;

IC = V/ XC

Whereas XC = 1 / 2 π F C

IC = V / (1 / 2 π F C)

IC = V 2 F C

= (400) x 2π x (50) x C

IC = 125663.7 x C

And,
kVAR = (V x IC) / 1000 … [kVAR =( V x I)/ 1000 ]

= 400 x 125663.7 x C

IC = 50265.48 x C … (ii)

Equating Equation (i) & (ii), we get,

50265.48 x C = 10.188C

C = 10.188 / 50265.48

C = 2.0268 x 10-4

C = 202.7 x 10-6

C = 202.7μF

Example 4

What value of Capacitance must be connected in parallel with a load drawing 1kW at 70%
lagging power factor from a 208V, 60Hz Source in order to raise the overall power factor to
91%.

Solution:

You can use either Table method or Simple Calculation method to find the required value of
Capacitance in Farads or kVAR to improve Power factor from 0.71 to 0.97. So I used table method in
this case.

P = 1000W

Actual Power factor = Cosθ1 = 0.71

Desired Power factor = Cosθ2 = 0.97

From Table, Multiplier to improve PF from 0.71 to 0.97 is 0.783

Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.71 to 0.97

Required Capacitor kVAR = kW x Table Multiplier of 0.71 and 0.97

= 1kW x 0.783

=783 VAR (required Capacitance Value in kVAR)

Current in the Capacitor =

IC = QC / V

= 783 / 208
= 3.76A

And

X C = V / IC

= 208 / 3.76 = 55.25Ω

C = 1/ (2 π f XC)

C = 1 (2 π x 60 x 55.25)

C = 48 μF (required Capacitance Value in Farads)

Good to Know:

Important formulas which is used for Power factor improvement calculation as well as used
in the above calculation

Power in Watts

kW = kVA x Cosθ

kW = HP x 0.746 or (HP x 0.746) / Efficiency … (HP = Motor Power)

kW = √ ( kVA2- kVAR2)

kW = P = VI Cosθ … (Single Phase)

kW = P =√3x V x I Cosθ … (Three Phase)

Apparent Power in VA

kVA= √(kW2+ kVAR2)

kVA = kW/ Cosθ

Reactive Power in VA

kVAR= √(kVA2- kW2)

kVAR = C x (2 π f V2)

Power factor (from 0.1 to 1)

Power Factor = Cosθ = P / V I … (Single Phase)

Power Factor = Cosθ = P / (√3x V x I) … (Three Phase)

Power Factor = Cosθ = kW / kVA … (Both Single Phase & Three Phase)
Power Factor = Cosθ = R/Z … (Resistance / Impedance)

XC = 1/ (2 π f C) … (XC = Capacitive reactance)

IC = V/ XC … (I = V / R)

Required Capacity of Capacitor in Farads/Microfarads

C = kVAR / (2 π f V2) in microfarad

Required Capacity of Capacitor in kVAR

kVAR = C x (2 π f V2)

ow to Convert Capacitor Farads into kVAR & Vice Versa (For

Power factor improvement)
Posted by: Electrical Technology 11/04/2013in Capacitors, Generation Transmission and
Distribution, How To, Over Head Lines, Power factor, Power System, Questions/Answers
(Electrical), Single Phase AC Circuits, Three Phase AC Circuits3 Comments
How to Convert Capacitor Farads into kVAR & Vice Versa for Power factor
improvement?
How to Calculate the Required Capacitor bank value in both kVAR and Farads?
 (How to Convert Farads into kVAR and Vice Versa)

How to Convert Capacitor Farads into kVAR & Vice Versa (For Power factor improvement)
In this simple Calculation tutorial, we will find the way “How to Convert
Capacitor Faradsinto kVAR and Vice Versa, usually used in Power Factor improvement Calculation
and problems. We will use two simple methods for finding and Conversion for both quantities. For
explanation, consider the following simple Example.

Example 1:

A Single phase 400V, 50Hz, motor takes a supply current of 50A at a P.F (Power factor) of 0.6.
The motor power factor has to be improved to 0.9 by connecting a capacitor in parallel with
it. Calculate the required capacity of Capacitor in both kVAR and Farads.

Solution.:

(1) To find the required capacity of Capacitance in kVAR (i.e, Convert Capacitor Farads into
kVAR) to improve P.F from 0.6 to 0.9 (Two Methods)

Solution #1 (By Simple Table Method)

Motor Input = P = V x I x Cosθ

= 400V x 50A x 0.6

= 12kW
From Table, Multiplier to improve PF from 0.60 to 0.90 is 0.849

Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.60 to 0.90

Required Capacitor kVAR = kW x Table Multiplier of 0.60 and 0.90

= 12kW x 0.849

= 10.188 kVAR

Solution # 2 (Classical Calculation Method)

Motor Input = P = V x I x Cosθ

= 400V x 50A x 0.6

= 12kW

ActualP.F = Cosθ1 = 0..6

Required P.F = Cosθ2 = 0.90

θ1 = Cos-1 = (0.60) = 53°.13; Tan θ1 = Tan (53°.13) = 1.3333

θ2 = Cos-1 = (0.90) = 25°.84; Tan θ2 = Tan (25°.50) = 0.4843

Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.60 to 0.90

Required Capacitor kVAR = P (Tan θ1 - Tan θ2)

= 12kW (1.3333– 0.4843)

= 10.188 kVAR

(2) To find the required capacity of Capacitance in Farads (i.e, Convert Capacitor Farads into
kVAR) to improve P.F from 0.6 to 0.9 (Two Methods)

Solution #1 (Using a Simple Formula)

We have already calculated the required Capacity of Capacitor in kVAR, so we can easily convert it
into Farads by using this simple formula

Required Capacity of Capacitor in Farads/Microfarads

C = kVAR / (2 π f V2) in microfarad

Putting the Values in the above formula

= (10.188kVAR) / (2 x π x 50 x 4002)

= 2.0268 x 10-4

= 202.7 x 10-6

= 202.7μF

Solution # 2 (Simple Calculation Method)

kVAR = 10.188 … (i)

We know that;

IC = V/ XC

Whereas XC = 1 / 2 π F C

IC = V / (1 / 2 π F C)

IC = V 2 F C

= (400) x 2π x (50) x C

IC = 125663.7 x C

And,

kVAR = (V x IC) / 1000 … [kVAR =( V x I)/ 1000 ]

= 400 x 125663.7 x C

IC = 50265.48 x C … (ii)

Equating Equation (i) & (ii), we get,

50265.48 x C = 10.188C

C = 10.188 / 50265.48

C = 2.0268 x 10-4

C = 202.7 x 10-6

C = 202.7μF
Good to Know:

These are the main Formulas to Convert Capacitor kVAR into Farads and Vice Versa

Required Capacity of Capacitor in Farads/Microfarads (Convert Capacitor Farads into kVAR)

C = kVAR / (2 π f V2) in microfarad

Required Capacity of Capacitor in kVAR (Convert Capacitor kVAR into Farads)

kVAR = C x (2 π f V2)
Electric Phase or Line Tester: Construction and Working
Posted by: Electrical Technology 10/23/2013in EE Instruments/Devices &Components, Electrical
Instruments/Measurements, Electrical Wiring (Basic for Home), How To, Questions/Answers
(Electrical), Troubleshooting3 Comments
Phase or Line Tester
Phase or Line Tester is a tool which is used to identify or test the Phase/Live/Hot or
Positive wire/Conductor.
Phase or Line Tester is also called Neon Screw Driver or Test Pin.

(Good to Know: Phase, Line, Hot, Live and Positive are the same terms)

Construction of Phase or Line Tester

Following are the main parts of a typical Phase or Line Tester.

1). Metallic Rod and Mouth

It is a cylindrical metal rod. The flat end (mouth) is used as a screw driver or touch electrical
conductors/wires to find phase or live wires and the other end is connected to the resistance, neon
bulb, element and metallic cap screw respectively. The flat end of cylindrical metal rod is also
covered with transparent insulated plastic for insulation proposes except mouth.

2). Body and Insulation

All these components (Resistance, Neon bulb, Element or metallic spring, and Metallic Cap screw)
are covered in a transparent insulated body which made of plastic. The flat end of cylindrical metal
rod is also covered with transparent insulated plastic for insulation proposes except mouth.

3). Resistor

Resistor is an element which opposes the flow of current through it. In a Phase or Line Tester,
Resistor is connected between cylindrical metal rod and Neon bulb to prevent high current and
reduces it to a safe value for Neon bulb. Without a resistor, high current may damage the neon bulb.
Moreover it would not be a safe to use this tool without resistor.

4). Neon Bulb

Neon bulb is connected between Resistance and Element (metallic spring). It is used as phase
indicator bulb. When a small current flows through it, then it glows. Due to neon bulb, a Phase or
Line tester is also called a Neon Screw driver.

5). Element (Metallic Spring)

Element (metallic spring) is used to make connection between neon bulb and metallic cap screw.

6). Metallic Cap Screw and Clip

Metallic Cap screw is used for tight all the components inside the Phase tester slot. In addition,
Metallic cap screw is connected with spring (element) and spring (element) is connected with neon
bulb. Moreover Clip is used for holding the phase tester in pocket.

Click image to enlarge

Click image to enlarge

Working of a Phase or Line Tester:

When we touch mouth (flat end of the Metallic rod) of Phase or Line tester with naked Live / hot
wire whereas one of our finger touch the metallic Cap Screw or Clip of Phase/Line Tester, then
circuit is completed and current start to flow in Metallic rod.

Metallic rod is connected to the resistor which reduces high current to a safe value. The reduced
Current passes through Neon bulb which is connected to (metallic spring). Metallic spring is
connected with metallic Cap screw which is in contact of our fingers. A very small current passes
through our body to earth and complete the circuit. When circuit is completed, current starts to
flow and the filament of neon bulb starts glowing. This indicates that the touched wire with
Phase/Line Tester mouth is Phase/Line/Hot.

(Good to Know: Phase, Line, Hot, Live and Positive are the same terms)

If we perform the same action as mentioned above, and Neon bulb does not glow, it means that is a
Neutral Wire/Conductor.

Click image to enlarge

Safety Precaution:

 Never try to work on electricity without proper guidance and care

 Work with electricity only in presence of those persons who has good knowledge and practical
work to deal with electricity
 Don’t touches the open wire/Conductor even tester shows absence of phase or hot supply
 Use Line Tester only with 100V-500V
 Don’t use Phase or Line Tester with High voltages
 Don’t hit on the handle of Line tester otherwise, Neon bulb or element may damage.
Diversity Factor in Electrical Wiring Installation
Posted by: Electrical Technology 10/21/2013in Electrical Wiring (Basic for Home), How
To, Questions/Answers (Electrical) 3 Comments
Diversity Factor in Electrical Wiring Installation

In a building, the whole load of Electrical Wiring installation doesn’t use at the same time. In other
words, we do not use all the loads at once at home i.e., we do not Switch ON all the fans, light points, Air
conditioner, TV, fridge, Water gazer, heater, Electric iron etc at once. Therefore, keep in mind this
(diversity factor) factor while selecting the proper and most suitable size of cable for electrical wiring
installation.

Diversity factor may e defined as:

Diversity Factor = Total Connected Load / Actual Maximum Load

Good to know:

 Diversity factor may neglect in case of final sub circuits.

 Instead of Homes and buildings, Diversity factor in electrical wiring installation may neglect in offices
or those places where all connected loads operate at once.
Example:

In a flat, the max demand of load current is follow (about 85 Amp)

Click image to enlarge

But with the help of using diversity factor, we found total load current about 52 A.

So in this case, use 52 A (+ 20% for future load = 62.4A) instead of 90A for calculation and selection of
proper size of cable for wiring.
Series, Parallel and Series-Parallel Configuration of Batteries
Posted by: Electrical Technology 11/14/2013in Batteries, DC Circuits, Electrical Wiring (Basic for
Home), How To, Questions/Answers (Electrical)Leave a comment
Series, parallel and Series-Parallel Configuration of Batteries.

Today, we will discuss about Series, parallel and Series parallel Connection of batteries. As I
received some confusing circuits about the topic, so I decided to tell something basic about it.

Now let’s begin…

Types of Battery Connection

There are three basic types of Batteries connection

(1). Series Connection

(2). Parallel Connection

(3) Series-Parallel Connection

Below is the comprehensive detail about each connection.

(1). Series Connection of Batteries

If we connect the Positive terminal of battery to Negative and Negative to Positive Terminal Then
the batteries configuration would be in Series.

Good to know:

In Series Connection of batteries, Current is same in each wire or section while voltage is different
i.e. Voltage is additive e.g.V1+V2+V3….Vn = 12V + 12V = 24V, 200Ah

In below figure,.

Two batteries each of 12V, 200Ah are connected in Series. So the total effective Ampere-hour would
be same while Voltage is additive (Remember that this is a Series Circuit)
(2). Parallel Connection of Batteries

As we know that if we connect the Positive terminal of battery to positive and Negative to Negative
Terminal. Then the batteries configuration would be in Parallel

Good to know:

In parallel Connection, Voltage will be same in each wire or section, while current will be different
i.e. current is additive e.g. I1+I2+I3…+In = 200Ah +200Ah = 400Ah, 12V.

In below figure,.

Two batteries each of 12V, 200Ah are connected in Parallel. So the total effective Voltage would be
same while Ampere-hour is additive (Remember that this is a Parallel Circuit)
(3). Series-Parallel Connection of Batteries

If we connect two pairs of two batteries in series and then connect these series connected batteries
in parallel, then this configuration of batteries would be called Series-parallel Connection of
batteries.

In below figure,.

Six (6) batteries each of 12V, 200Ah are connected in Series-Parallel configuration.

i.e.

(1) = B1 & B2 in Series … 12V+12V = 24V 200Ah …Series Connection

(2) = B3 & B4 in Series … 12V+12V = 24V 200Ah …Series Connection

(3) = B5 & B6 in Series … 12V+12V = 24V 200Ah …Series Connection

And then the pair of these batteries are connected in parallel i.e. (1) , (2) and (3) Sets are connected
in parallel

So the effective voltage and Ampere-hour would be = 200Ah+200Ah+200Ah = 24V, 600Ah. (Parallel
Connection)
You may also read these interesting and informative articles about batteries
How to Connect Portable Generator to Home Supply System
(Three Methods)
Posted by: Electrical Technology 11/18/2013in Alternator, Electrical Wiring (Basic for Home), How
To, Questions/Answers (Electrical) 4 Comments

How to Connect a Portable Generator to Home Supply System (Three

Methods)
Hi folks! I am here with a new tutorial…Most of you sent me messages about the portable generator
wiring diagrams in home. So I have prepared this article for you guys. Also, all these Electrical
installation wiring diagrams useful in emergency i.e. in main power supply failure so you can
restore electric supply by connect Portable Generator (Gas/Petrol/Diesel Generator) to home
power supply system.

So now let’s begin.

We can connect Portable Generator to our home supply system by three methods.

Below are the details of each method. (Please read all cautions and care must be taken while
installing a Generator to home Electric Power supply system.)

Important Note:

Electricity is Our Enemy, if you give it a chance to kill you… Remember…They will never miss it.

Please read all caution and instruction while doing this tutorial.

Method # 1

Connect Portable Generator to home power supply system

Generator Connection Diagram to Home Supply (With Separate MCB)

First of all, Switch off both the main Switches (MCB) of main power supply and the Second MCB
where generator to be connected. Connect a Power inlet to the second MCB. Now connect the 3 pin
power plug of Generator in that power inlet (As shown in below fig). You have done!

The Blue Line and arrow shows the power flow.

Click image to enlarge

Operation and working

1. In case of, when Power supply available from Power House

In this Case, the main electric power supplies electricity to home appliances and power flow will
continue to those Electrical appliances this way by main power supply. And Generator remains
standby.

The Blue Line and arrow shows the power flow.

 Click image to enlarge

2. In case of, when Power supply is not available from Power House

In this Case, Generator supplies electricity to home appliances and power flow will continue to
those Electrical appliances this way by Generator (as shown in below image).

The Blue Line and arrow shows the power flow.

 Click image to
enlarge

Please! Be Careful

Note:

In this Case, the first MCB (Main Switch which is connected to main power supply) would be “ON”
and The Second MCB Switch (Which is connected to Generator) should be “OFF”.

Caution:

If the second MCB is “ON” in the above operation, i.e. Both MSBs switch ON the same time. Then;

1. When Power restore, it may damage your generator or burn the whole system that can cause
dangerous fire and explosion.
2. When main electric supply not available, Generator will send electric supply back into main
cable which may overload the generator and may give shock to electrician who work/repair in
other homes and utility power lines
Method # 2

Connect Portable Generator to Home Supply system

Generator Connection Diagram to Home Supply with Change-Over Switch

To connect portable generator with home supply system, follow the steps below:

1. Install a Change-Over switch (about 65A) near main distribution board in the home.
2. Connect the main power supply to the one end of Change-Over Switch.
3. Connect a 7.029 (or 4mm)” or 7.044” (or 6mm) flexible wire to the other end with Change-Over
switch.
4. Now connect a 3-pin power socket with flexible wire and install it near the generator onto the
wall. Now put the generator 3-pin power plug into that socket which you have installed in step
(4).
5. You have done and ready to supply emergency electric power to the home appliances.
Click image to enlarge

Method # 3

Connect Portable Generator to Home Supply System. Method #3

Connecting the Generator to the 3-Pin Power wall socket in home you have already installed
This is quite simple method to Connect Portable Generator to home power supply system and you
can quickly restore electric supply (but dangerous one)

In case of power supply failure, just switch “off” the main switch and simply plug the Generator 3-
pin plug into 3-Pin power inlet/ wall Socket which is already installed in home.

Click image to enlarge

Operation and working

1. In case of, when Power supply available from Power House

In this Case, the main electric power supplies electricity to home appliances and power flow will
continue to those Electrical appliances this way by main power supply. And Generator remains
standby.

The Blue Line and arrow shows the power flow

Click image to
enlarge

2. In case of, when Power supply is not available from Power House

In this Case, Generator supplies electricity to home appliances and power flow will continue to
those Electrical appliances this way by Generator (as shown in below image).
 The Blue Line and arrow shows the power flow.

Click image to
enlarge

Please! Be Careful

Note:

In this Case, the first MCB (Main Switch which is connected to main power supply) would be “ON”
and The Second MCB Switch (Which is connected to Generator) should be “OFF”.
Caution:

If the second MCB is “ON” in the above operation, i.e. Both MSBs switch ON the same time. Then;

1. When Power restore, it may damage your generator or burn the whole system that can cause
dangerous fire and explosion.
2. When main electric supply not available, Generator will send electric supply back into main
cable which may overload the generator and may give shock to electrician who work/repair in
other homes and utility power line. if you don’t know the safety rules of electricity, then do not
connect portable generator to home power supply system.

General Precaution

 Disconnect the power source before servicing, repairing or installing electrical equipments.
 Never try to work on electricity without proper guidance and care
 Work with electricity only in presence of those persons who has good knowledge and practical
work to deal with electricity
 Read all instruction and cautions and follow them strictly.
 The author will not be liable for any losses, injuries, or damages from the display or use of this
information or try any circuit in wrong format so please! Be careful because it’s all about
electricity and electricity is too dangerous
Norton’s Theorem. Easy Step by Step Procedure with Example
(Pictorial Views)
Posted by: Electrical Technology 01/18/2014in Analyzing Electric Circuits, Basic Concepts, DC
Circuits, How To, Questions/Answers (Electrical)4 Comments

Norton’s Theorem
Easy Step by Step Procedure with Example (Pictorial Views)
This is another useful theorem to analyze electric circuits like Thevenin’s Theorem, which
reduces linear, active circuits and complex networks into a simple equivalent circuit. The main
difference between Thevenin’s theorem and Norton’s theorem is that, Thevenin’s theorem
provides an equivalent voltage source and an equivalent series resistance, while Norton’s
theorem provides an equivalent Current source and an equivalent parallel resistance.

Norton’s Theorem may be stated under:

Any Linear Electric Network or complex circuit with Current and Voltage sources can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit containing of a single independent Current Source I N and a
Parallel Resistance RN.

Simple Steps to Analyze Electric Circuit through Norton’s Theorem

1. Short the load resistor

2. Calculate / measure the Short Circuit Current. This is the Norton Current (I N)
3. Open Current Sources, Short Voltage Sources and Open Load Resistor.
4. Calculate /measure the Open Circuit Resistance. This is the Norton Resistance (RN)
5. Now, Redraw the circuit with measured short circuit Current (IN) in Step (2) as current Source
and measured open circuit resistance (R N) in step (4) as a parallel resistance and connect
the load resistor which we had removed in Step (3). This is the Equivalent Norton Circuit of
that Linear Electric Network or Complex circuit which had to be simplified and analyzed. You
have done.
6. Now find the Load current flowing through and Load Voltage across Load Resistor by using
the Current divider rule. IL = IN / (RN / (RN+ RL)) ((For better understanding…check the solved
example)

Example:

Find RN, IN, the current flowing through and Load Voltage across the load resistor in fig (1) by
using Norton’s Theorem.
Click image to enlarge
 Norton’s Theorem: Step by Step Procedure with Examples

Solution:-

Step 1.
Short the 1.5Ω load resistor as shown in (Fig 2).

Click image to enlarge

Step 2.
Calculate / measure the Short Circuit Current. This is the Norton Current (I N).

We have shorted the AB terminals to determine the Norton current, I N. The 6Ω and 3Ω are then
in parallel and this parallel combination of 6Ω and 3Ω are then in series with 2Ω.

So the Total Resistance of the circuit to the Source is:-

2Ω + (6Ω || 3Ω) ….. (|| = in parallel with).

RT = 2Ω + [(3Ω x 6Ω) / (3Ω + 6Ω)] → IT= 2Ω + 2Ω = 4Ω.

RT = 4Ω

IT = V / R T

IT = 12V / 4Ω

IT = 3A..

Now we have to find ISC = IN… Apply CDR… (Current Divider Rule)…

ISC = IN = 3A x [(6Ω / (3Ω + 6Ω)] = 2A.

ISC= IN = 2A.

Click image to enlarge

Step 3.
Open Current Sources, Short Voltage Sources and Open Load Resistor. Fig (4)
 Click image to enlarge

Step 4.
Calculate /measure the Open Circuit Resistance. This is the Norton Resistance (RN)

We have Reduced the 12V DC source to zero is equivalent to replace it with a short in step (3),
as shown in figure (4) We can see that 3Ω resistor is in series with a parallel combination of 6Ω
resistor and 2Ω resistor. i.e.:

3Ω + (6Ω || 2Ω) ….. (|| = in parallel with)

RN = 3Ω + [(6Ω x 2Ω) / (6Ω + 2Ω)]

RN = 3Ω + 1.5Ω

RN = 4.5Ω

Click image to enlarge

Step 5.
Connect the RN in Parallel with Current Source I Nand re-connect the load resistor. This is shown
in fig (6) i.e. Norton Equivalent circuit with load resistor.

Click image to enlarge

Norton Equivalent circuit

Step 6.
Now apply the last step i.e. calculate the load current through and Load voltage across load
resistor by Ohm’s Law as shown in fig 7.

Load Current through Load Resistor…

IL = IN x [RN / (RN+ RL)]

= 2A x (4.5Ω /4.5Ω +1.5kΩ) → = 1.5A

IL = 1. 5A

And

Load Voltage across Load Resistor…

V L = I L x RL

VL = 1.5A x 1.5Ω

VL= 2.25V
Click image to enlarge
 Finding the Load Current and Load Voltage through Norton’s Theorem
Now compare this simple circuit with the original circuit of figure 1. Can you see how much
easier it will be to measure/calculate the load current and Load Voltage for different load
resistors through Norton’s Theorem? Only and only yes…
Thevenin’s Theorem. Easy Step by Step Procedure with Example
(Pictorial Views)
Posted by: Electrical Technology 01/15/2014in Analyzing Electric Circuits, Basic Concepts, DC
Circuits, How To, Questions/Answers (Electrical)14 Comments

Thevenin’s Theorem
Step by Step Procedure with Examples.
A French Engineer, M.L Thevenin , made one of these quantum leaps in 1893. Thevenin’s
Theorem is not by itself an analysis tool, but the basis for a very useful method of
simplifying active circuits and complex networks because we can solve complex linear
circuits and networks especially electronic networks easily and quickly.

Thevenin’s Theorem may be stated below:

Any Linear Electric Network or complex circuit with Current and Voltage sources can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit containing of a single independent Voltage Source V TH and a
Series Resistance RTH.

You may Also Read

 Norton’s Theorem. Easy Step by Step Procedure with Example (Pictorial Views)
Simple Steps to Analyze Electric Circuit through Thevenin’s Theorem

1. Open the load resistor.

2. Calculate / measure the Open Circuit Voltage. This is the Thevenin Voltage (VTH).
3. Open Current Sources and Short Voltage Sources.
4. Calculate /measure the Open Circuit Resistance. This is the Thevenin Resistance (RTH).
5. Now, Redraw the circuit with measured open circuit Voltage (VTH) in Step (2) as voltage
Source and measured open circuit resistance (RTH) in step (4) as a series resistance and
connect the load resistor which we had removed in Step (1). This is the Equivalent Thevenin
Circuit of that Linear Electric Network or Complex circuit which had to be simplified and
analyzed by Thevenin’s Theorem. You have done.
6. Now find the Total current flowing through Load resistor by using the Ohm’s Law IT= VTH/
(RTH + RL).

Example:

Find VTH, RTHand the load current flowing through and load voltage across the load resistor in fig
(1) by using Thevenin’s Theorem.

Click image to enlarge

 Thevenin’s Theorem. Easy Step by Step Procedure with Example

Solution:-

Step 1.
Open the 5kΩ load resistor (Fig 2).

Click image to enlarge

Step 2.
Calculate / measure the Open Circuit Voltage. This is the Thevenin Voltage (VTH). Fig (3).

We have already removed the load resistor from figure 1, so the circuit became an open circuit
as shown in fig 2. Now we have to calculate the Thevenin’s Voltage. Since 3mA Current flows in
both 12kΩ and 4kΩ resistors as this is a series circuit because current will not flow in the 8kΩ
resistor as it is open.
So 12V (3mA x 4kΩ) will appear across the 4kΩ resistor. We also know that current is not
flowing through the 8kΩ resistor as it is open circuit, but the 8kΩ resistor is in parallel with 4k
resistor. So the same voltage (i.e. 12V) will appear across the 8kΩ resistor as 4kΩ resistor.
Therefore 12V will appear across the AB terminals. So,

VTH = 12V

Click image to enlarge

Step 3.
Open Current Sources and Short Voltage Sources. Fig (4)

Click image to enlarge

Step 4.
Calculate /measure the Open Circuit Resistance. This is the Thevenin Resistance (RTH)

We have Reduced the 48V DC source to zero is equivalent to replace it with a short in step (3),
as shown in figure (3) We can see that 8kΩ resistor is in series with a parallel connection of
4kΩ resistor and 12k Ω resistor. i.e.:

8kΩ + (4k Ω || 12kΩ) ….. (|| = in parallel with)

RTH = 8kΩ + [(4kΩ x 12kΩ) / (4kΩ + 12kΩ)]

RTH = 8kΩ + 3kΩ

RTH = 11kΩ

Click image to enlarge

Step 5.
Connect the RTHin series with Voltage Source VTH and re-connect the load resistor. This is
shown in fig (6) i.e. Thevenin circuit with load resistor. This the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit

Click image to enlarge

Thevenin’s equivalent circuit

Step 6.
Now apply the last step i.e Ohm’s law . calculate the total load current & load voltage as shown
in fig 6.

IL = VTH/ (RTH + RL)

= 12V / (11kΩ + 5kΩ) → = 12/16kΩ

IL= 0.75mA

And

VL = ILx RL

VL = 0.75mA x 5kΩ

VL= 3.75V

Click image to enlarge

Now compare this simple circuit with the original circuit of figure 1. Can you see how much
easier it will be to measure/calculate the load current for different load resistors by Thevenin’s
Theorem? Yes and only yes.

Difference between Unilateral and Bi-Lateral Circuits & Elements

Posted by: Electrical Technology 12/31/2013in Analyzing Electric Circuits, Basic Concepts, Basic
Electrical Fundamentals, Basic Electronics, DC Circuits, Questions/Answers (Electrical)Leave a comment
Unilateral circuits

In unilateral circuits, the property of circuit changes with the change of direction of supply voltage
or current. In other words, unilateral circuit allows the current to flow only in one direction. Diode
rectifier is the best example of unilateral circuit because it does not perform the rectification in
both direction of supply.

Bi-lateral circuits

In bilateral circuits, the property of circuit does not change with the change of direction of supply
voltage or current. In other words, bilateral circuit allows the current to flow in both
directions. Transmission line is the best example of bilateral circuit because, if you give supply from
any direction, the circuit properties remain constant
How to determine the number of Nodes, Branches, Loops and
Meshes in a Circuit?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 12/27/2013in AC Fundamentals, Analyzing Electric Circuits, Basic
Concepts, DC Circuits, How To, Questions/Answers (Electrical), Single Phase AC Circuits, Three Phase
AC Circuits2 Comments
Solving and analyzing electrical circuits and networks, you must know about Nodes, Branches,
Loops and Meshes. So we are here with a simple tutorial ever to find all these terms in electric
circuits.

Node

A point or junction where two or more circuit’s elements (resistor, capacitor, inductor etc) meet is
called Node

Branch

That part or section of circuit which locate between two junctions is called branch

In branch, one or more elements can be connected and they have two terminals.

Loop

A closed path in circuit where more than two meshes can be occurred is called loop i.e. there may
be many meshes in a loop, but a mesh does not contain on one loop.

Mesh

A closed loop which contains no other loop within it or a path which does not contain on other
paths is called Mesh.

Let’s make it easier.

Now will find all these terms one by one with the following simple steps

Consider the following Simple Electric Circuit which contains on 7 components or elements

Click image to enlarge

1. Finding Nodes in Electric Circuits

After redrawing the above circuit, it becomes as below circuit, now you can easily find the total
number of Nodes as shown in fig below

Click image to enlarge

2. Finding Branches in Electric Circuits

Click image to enlarge

3. Finding Loops in Electric Circuits

Click image to enlarge

4. Finding Meshes in Electric circuits

Click image to enlarge

5. Over all circuit with 6 Nodes, 7 Branches, 3 Loops and 2 Meshes
Click image to enlarge
The Main Difference between Linear and Nonlinear Circuit
Posted by: Electrical Technology 12/22/2013in Analyzing Electric Circuits, Basic Concepts, Basic
Electrical Fundamentals, DC Circuits,Questions/Answers (Electrical), Single Phase AC CircuitsLeave a
comment
The Main Difference between Linear and Nonlinear Circuit
Linear Circuit
In simple words, a linear circuit is an electric circuit in which circuit parameters (Resistance,
inductance, capacitance, waveform, frequency etc) are constant. In other words, a circuit whose
parameters are not changed with respect to Current and Voltage is called Linear Circuit.

Fundamentally, theword “linear” literally means “along with a straight line”. As the name tells
everything, a linear circuit means linear characteristics in between Current and Voltage, which
means, current flowing through a circuit is directly proportional to the applied Voltage. If we
increase the applied voltage then the current flowing through the circuit will also increase, and vice
versa. If we draw the circuit output characteristic curve in between Current and Voltage, it will look
like a straight line (Diagonal) as shown in fig (1).

Refer to Ohm’s Law, where we recognize that:

If the applied voltage increases, then Current also increases (where resistance remains same).

But this is not always the case. That’s why we use P=VxI instead of V=IxR (in Transformer)

In other words,

In a linear circuit, the output response of the circuit is directly proportional to the input. Simple
Explanation of the above statement is,

in an electric circuit, in which the applied sinusoidal voltage having frequency “f”, the output
(Current through a component or Voltage between two points) of that circuit is also sinusoidal
having frequency “f”.

Linear Circuit and its characteristic curve are shown in below fig (1).
click image to enlarge
Examples of Liner Circuits and Linear Elements

Resistance and Resistive Circuit

Inductor and Inductive Circuits

Capacitor and Capacitive Circuits

Non Linear Circuit

A nonlinear circuit is an electric circuit whose parameters are varied with respect to Current and
Voltage. In other words, an electric circuit in which circuit parameters (Resistance, inductance,
capacitance, waveform, frequency etc) is not constant, is called Non Linear Circuit.

If we draw the circuit output characteristic curve in between Current and Voltage, it will look like a
curved or bending line as shown in fig (2).

Non Linear Circuit and its characteristic curve are shown in below fig (2).
click image to enlarge

Examples of Liner Circuits and Linear Elements

Diode, Transistor, Transformer, Iron Core inductor when the core is saturated and any circuit
composed exclusively of ideal Diode, Transistor, Transformer, and Iron Core inductor is called Non
linear circuit.

Solving Linear and Nonlinear Circuits

Solving of a nonlinear circuit is a little bit complex then linear circuits. Linear circuit can be solved
with simple techniques and scientific calculator. While solving Non linear circuits, a lot of data and
information is required. But nowadays, due to aggressive technological changes andModernization,
we can simulate and analyze, with output curves both linear and non linear circuits very easily with
the help of circuit simulation tools like PSpice , MATLAB, Multisim etc.
A Voltmeter, an ammeter (Ampere meter) and a battery cell are
connected in series. It is observed that ammeter practically shows
No Deflection. Why?
Posted by: Electrical Technology 05/29/2013in Basic Concepts, Batteries, Electrical
Instruments/Measurements, Questions/Answers (Electrical)3 Comments
A Voltmeter, an ammeter (Ampere meter) and a battery cell are connected in series. It is
observed that ammeter practically shows No Deflection. Why?
Due to the large resistance of the voltmeter, the circuit resistance becomes very high.
As a result, very small current will flow in the circuit. this small current f on passing
through the coil of voltmeter will produce some deflection. However, in case of ammeter
(Ampere meter), most of this small current will flow through the shunt. Consequently the
deflection of the ammeter will be practically nil.

SMD Resistor Codes: How to Find the value of SMD Resistors

Posted by: Electrical Technology 07/22/2013in Basic Electronics, Basic/Important Electrical
Formulas, How To, Questions/Answers (Electrical),Resistors, Troubleshooting1 Comment

SMD Resistor Codes

How to calculate or Find the value of SMD Resistors

SMD resistor: Surface Mount Technology

SMD Resistor stands for Surface Mount device (Taken out from SMT = Surface Mount Technology)
Resistor. These tiny chips are marked with three (3) or four (4) digit codes which is called SMD Resistor
codes to indicate their resistance values.

Below are the roles to follow for that how to read SMD Resistor codes and values?
How to determine the suitable size of cable for Electrical Wiring
Installation with Solved Examples (in both British and Si System)
Posted by: Electrical Technology 10/18/2013in Basic/Important Electrical Formulas, Electrical Wiring
(Basic for Home), How To, Questions/Answers (Electrical)37 Comments
How to determine the suitable size of cable for Electrical Wiring Installation
Voltage drop in Cables
We know that all conductors and cables (except Super conductor) have some amount of resistance.

conductor R ∝ L/a [Laws of resistance R = ρ (L/a)]

This resistance is directly proportional to the length and inversely proportional to the diameter of

Whenever current flows through a conductor, a voltage drop occurs in that conductor. Generally,
voltage drop may neglect for low length conductors but in a lower diameter and long length
conductors, we cannot neglect that voltage drops.

According to IEEE rule B-23, at any point between power supply terminal and installation, Voltage
drop should not increase above 2.5% of provided (supply) voltage.

Example: if the Supply voltage is 220V, then the value of allowable voltage drop should be;

Allowable Voltage Drop = 220 x (2.5/100) = 5.5V

In electrical wiring circuits, voltage drops also occur from the distribution board to the different
sub circuit and final sub circuits, but for sub circuits and final sub circuits, the value of voltage drop
should be half of that allowable voltage drops (i.e. 2.75V of 5.5V in the above case)

Normally, Voltage drop in tables is described in Ampere per meter (A/m) e.g. what would be the
voltage drop in a one meter cable which carrying one Ampere current?

There are two methods to define the voltage drop in a cable which we will follow.

In SI (System international and metric system) voltage drop is described by ampere per meter.

In FPS (foot pound system) voltage drop is described in 100feet.

 Update: Now you can also use the following Calculators to find Voltage drop & the wire size in
American wire gauge.
1. Electrical Wire & Cable Size Calculator (Copper& Aluminum)
2. Wire & Cable Size Calculator in AWG
3. Voltage Drop in Wire & Cable Calculator
Tables
Below are the important Tables which you should follow for determining the proper size of cable
for Electrical Wiring Installation.

Click image to enlarge

Click image to enlarge

Click image to enlarge

Click image to enlarge

 Click image to enlarge

To find voltage drop in a cable, follow these simple steps

 First of all, find the maximum allowable voltage drop

 Now, Find load current
 Now, according to load current, select a proper cable (which current rating should be nearest to
the calculated load current) from table 1
 From Table 1, find the voltage drop in meter or 100feet (what system you prefer) according its
rated current
(Stay cool we will follow both methods and system for finding voltage drops (in meter
and 100feet) in our solved example for whole electrical installation wiring)
 Now, calculate the voltage drop for the actual length of wiring circuit according to its rated
current with the help of following formulas
(Actual length of circuit x volt drop for 1m) /100 —-> to find Volt drop in per meter
(Actual length of circuit x volt drop for 100ft) /100—> to find volt drop in 100feet
 Now multiply this calculated value of volt drop by load factor where
Load factor = Load Current to be taken by Cable/ Rated Current of Cable given in the table
 This is the value of Volt drop in the cables when load current flow through it.
 If the calculated value of voltage drop is less than the value calculated in step (1) (Maximum
allowable voltage drop), than the size of selected cable is proper
 If the calculated value of voltage drop is greater than the value calculated in step (1) (Maximum
allowable voltage drop), than calculate voltage drop for the next (greater in size) cable and so on
until the calculated value of voltage drop became less than the maximum allowable voltage drop
calculated in step (1)
How to determine the proper Cable Size for Given Load (with Examples)

For a given load, cable size may be found with the help of different tables but we should keep in
mind and follow the rules about voltage drop.

Determining the size of cable for a given load, take into account the following rules

For a given load except the known value of current, there should be 20% extra scope of current for
additional, future or emergency needs

From Energy meter to Distribution board, Voltage drop should be 1.25% and for final sub circuit,
voltage drop should not exceed 2.5% of Supply voltage

Consider the change in temperature, when needed, use temperature factor (Table 3)

Also, consider the load factor when finding the size of cable

When determining the cable size, consider the wiring system i.e. in open wiring system,
temperature would be low but in conduit wiring, temperature increases due to the absence of air.

 Note: Keep in mind Diversity Factor in Electrical Wring Installation while selecting the proper
size of cable for electrical wiring installation
Examples

Following are the examples of determining the proper Size of cables for electrical wiring
installation which will make it easy to understand the method of “how to determine the proper size
of cable for a given load”.

Example 1 ……….. (British / English System)

For Electrical wiring installation in a building, Total load is 4.5kW and total length of cable from
energy meter to sub circuit distribution board is 35 feet. Supply voltages are 220V and temperature
is 40°C (104°F). Find the most suitable size of cable from energy meter to sub circuit if wiring is
installed in conduits.

Solution:-

Total Load = 4.5kW = 4.5 x1000W = 4500W

20% additional load = 4500 x (20/100) = 900W

Total Load = 4500W + 900W = 5400W

Total Current = I = P/V = 5400W /220V =24.5A

Now select the size of cable for load current of 24.5A (from Table 1) which is 7/0.036 (28 Amperes)
it means we can use 7/0.036 cable according table 1.

Now check the selected (7/0.036) cable with temperature factor in Table 3, so the temperature
factor is 0.94 (in table 3) at 40°C (104°F) and current carrying capacity of (7/0.036) is 28A,
therefore, current carrying capacity of this cable at 40°C (104°F) would be

Current rating for 40°C (104°F) = 28 x 0.94 = 26.32 Amp.

Since the calculated value (26.32 Amp) at 40°C (104°F) is less than that of current carrying capacity
of (7/0.036) cable which is 28A, therefore this size of cable (7/0.036) is also suitable with respect
to temperature.

Now find the voltage drop for 100feet for this (7/0.036) cable from Table 4 which is 7V, But in our
case, the length of cable is 35 feet. Therefore, the voltage drop for 35feet cable would be

Actual Voltage drop for 35feet = (7 x 35/100) x (24.5/28) = 2.1V

And Allowable voltage drop = (2.5 x 220)/100 = 5.5V

Here The Actual Voltage Drop (2.1V) is less than that of maximum allowable voltage drop of 5.5V.
Therefore, the appropriate and most suitable cable size is (7/0.036) for that given load for
Electrical Wiring Installation.

Example 2 ……. ( SI / Metric / Decimal System )

What type and size of cable suits for given situation

Load = 6kW

Volts = 230V

Length of Circuit = 35meter

Temperature = 35°C (95°F)

Solution:-
Load = 5.8kW = 5800W

Voltage = 230V

Current = I = P/V = 5800 / 230 = 25.2A

20% additional load current = (20/100) x 5.2A = 5A

Total Load Current = 25.2A + 5A = 30.2A

Now select the size of cable for load current of 30.2A (from Table 1) which is 7/1.04 (31 Amperes)
it means we can use 7/0.036 cable according table 1

Now check the selected (7/1.04) cable with temperature factor in Table 3, so the temperature
factor is 0.97 (in table 3) at 35°C (95°F) and current carrying capacity of (7/1.04) is 31A, therefore,
current carrying capacity of this cable at 40°C (104°F) would be

Current rating for 35°C (95°F) = 31 x 0.97 = 30 Amp.

Since the calculated value (30 Amp) at 35°C (95°F) is less than that of current carrying capacity of
(7/1.04) cable which is 31A, therefore this size of cable (7/1.04) is also suitable with respect to
temperature.

Now find the voltage drop for per ampere meter for this (7/1.04) cable from (Table 5) which is
7mV, But in our case, the length of cable is 35 meter. Therefore, the voltage drop for 35 meter cable
would be:

Actual Voltage drop for 35meter =

= mV x I x L

(7/1000) x 30×35 = 7.6V

And Allowable voltage drop = (2.5 x 230)/100 = 5.75V

Here the actual Voltage drop (7.35V) is greater than that of maximum allowable voltage drop of
5.75V. Therefore, this is not suitable size of cable for that given load. So we will select the next size
of selected cable (7/1.04) which is 7/1.35 and find the voltage drop again. According to Table (5)
the current rating of 7/1.35 is 40Amperes and the volte drop in per ampere meter is 4.1 mV (See
table (5)). Therefore, the actual voltage drop for 35 meter cable would be

Actual Voltage drop for 35meter =

= mV x I x L

(4.1/1000) x 40×35 = 7.35V = 5.74V

This drop is less than that of maximum allowable voltage drop. So this is the most appropriate and
suitable cable size.
Example 3

Following Loads are connected in a building:-

Sub-Circuit 1

2 lamps each o 1000W and

4 fans each of 80W

2 TV each of 120W

Sub-Circuit 2

6 Lamps each of 80W and

5 sockets each of 100W

4 lamps each of 800W

If supply voltages are 230V then calculate circuit current and Cable size for each Sub-Circuit?

Solution:-

Total load of Sub-Circuit 1

= (2 x 1000) + (4 x 80) + (2×120)

= 2000W + 320W + 240W = 2560W

Current for Sub-Circuit 1 = I = P/V = 2560/230 = 11.1A

Total load of Sub-Circuit 2

= (6 x 80) + (5 x 100) + (4 x 800)

= 480W + 500W + 3200W= 4180W

Current for Sub-Circuit 2 = I = P/V = 4180/230 = 18.1A

Therefore, Cable suggested for sub circuit 1 = 3/.029” (13Amp) or 1/1.38mm (13Amp)

Cable suggested for Sub-Circuit 2 = 7/.029” (21Amp) or 7/0.85mm (24Amp)

Total Current drawn by both Sub-Circuits = 11.1A + 18.1A = 29.27

So cable suggested for Main-Circuit = 7/.044” (34Amp) 0r 7/1.04mm (31Amp)

Example 4

A 10H.P (7.46kW) three phase squirrel cage induction motor of continuous rating using Star-Delta
starting is connected through 400V supply by three single core PVC cables run in conduit from
250feet (76.2m) away from multi-way distribution fuse board. Its full load current is 19A. Average
summer temperature in Electrical installation wiring is 35°C (95°F). Calculate the size of the cable
for motor?

Solution:-

Motor load = 10H.P = 10 x 746 = 7460W *(1H.P = 746W)

Supply Voltage = 400V (3-Phase)

Length of cable = 250feet (76.2m)

Motor full load Current = 19A

Temperature factor for 35°C (95°F) = 0.97 (From Table 3)

Now select the size of cable for full load motor current of 19A (from Table 4) which is 7/0.36” (23
Amperes) *(Remember that this is a 3-phase system i.e. 3-core cable) and the voltage drop is 5.3V
for 100Feet. It means we can use 7/0.036 cable according Table (4).

Now check the selected (7/0.036) cable with temperature factor in table (3), so the temperature
factor is 0.97 (in table 3) at 35°C (95°F) and current carrying capacity of (7/0.036”) is 23 Amperes,
therefore, current carrying capacity of this cable at 40°C (104°F) would be:

Current rating for 40°C (104°F) = 23 x 0.97 = 22.31 Amp.

Since the calculated value (22.31 Amp) at 35°C (95°F) is less than that of current carrying capacity
of (7/0.036) cable which is 23A, therefore this size of cable (7/0.036) is also suitable with respect
to temperature.

Load factor = 19/23 = 0.826

Now find the voltage drop for 100feet for this (7/0.036) cable from table (4) which is 5.3V, But in
our case, the length of cable is 250 feet. Therefore, the voltage drop for 250 feet cable would be

Actual Voltage drop for 250feet = (5.3 x 250/100) x 0.826 = 10.94V

And maximum Allowable voltage drop = (2.5/100) x 400V= 10V

Here the actual Voltage drop (10.94V) is greater than that of maximum allowable voltage drop of
10V. Therefore, this is not suitable size of cable for that given load. So we will select the next size of
selected cable (7/0.036) which is 7/0.044 and find the voltage drop again. According to Table (4)
the current rating of 7/0.044 is 28Amperes and the volt drop in per 100feet is 4.1V (see Table 4).
Therefore, the actual voltage drop for 250feet cable would be

Actual Voltage drop for 250feet =

= Volt drop per 100feet x length of cable x load factor

(4.1/100) x 250 x 0.826 = 8.46V

And Maximum Allowable voltage drop = (2.5/100) x 400V= 10V

The actual voltage drop is less than that of maximum allowable voltage drop. So this is the most
appropriate and suitable cable size for Electrical wiring Installation of given situation.

Electric circuits / Networks and important terms related to it you

must know
Posted by: Electrical Technology 01/07/2014in AC Fundamentals, Analyzing Electric Circuits, Basic
Concepts, DC Circuits, EE Instruments/Devices &Components, How To, Questions/Answers
(Electrical), Single Phase AC Circuits3 Comments
Electrical Network
Combination of different electric elements or components which are connected in any way is called
electric network

Complex Networks

A Circuit which contains on many electrical elements such as resistors, capacitors, inductors,
current sources and Voltage source (both AC and DC) is called Complex network. These kinds of
networks can’t be solved easily by simple ohm’s Law or Kirchhoff’s laws. I.e. we solve these circuits
by specific technique i.e. Norton’s Theorem, Thevenin’s Theorem, Superposition theorem etc.
Circuit or Electric Circuit

Circuit is a close loop path giving a return path for the current. Or a close conducting path in which
current can flow is called circuit

Click image to enlarge

Types of Electric Circuits

There are many types of electrical circuits. Here we will briefly discuss one by one.

Series circuit = in this circuits, all the electrical elements (Voltage or Current sources, inductors,
capacitors, resistors etc) are connected in series i.e. There is only one path for traveling electricity
and no other branches consist in this circuit.

Parallel circuits = in this circuits, all the electrical elements (Voltage or Current sources, inductors,
capacitors, resistors etc) are connected in parallel i.e. There are many paths for traveling electricity
and the minimum branches in this circuit are two.

Series-parallel circuits = if circuit elements are series connected in some parts and parallel in
others, that would be a series-parallel circuit. In other words, this is a combination of series and
parallel circuits.

Star-Delta Circuits

Star-Delta Circuit = this is not series or parallel nor series-parallel circuit. In this circuit, electrical
elements are connected such a way that undefined in term of Series, parallel or Series Parallel
configuration. These kinds of circuits can be solved by Star Delta Transform or Delta Star
transformation.

Following are more derived circuits of the Series, parallel, and Series-parallel circuits

 Pure Resistive Circuit

 Pure Inductive Circuit
 Pure Capacitive Circuit
 Resistive, Inductive Circuit i.e. RL Circuit (Series & Parallel)
 Resistive, Capacitive Circuit i.e. RC Circuit (Series & Parallel)
 Capacitive, Inductive Circuits i.e. LC Circuits (Series and Parallel)
 Resistive, Inductive, Capacitive Circuit RLC Circuit (Series & Parallel)
These all circuits are shown in below image.

Click image to enlarge

In the above circuits, all the above mentioned components or elements may be connected in series,
parallel, or in series-parallel configuration.

Let’s go to discuss some more electric circuits which you must know before starting to analyze an
Electric circuit or network.

Linear circuit

A linear circuit is an electric circuit in which circuit parameters (Resistance, inductance,

capacitance, waveform, frequency etc) are constant. In other words, a circuit whose parameters are
not changed with respect to Current and Voltage is called Linear Circuit.

Non linear circuits

A nonlinear circuit is an electric circuit whose parameters are varied with respect to Current and
Voltage. In other words, an electric circuit in which circuit parameters (Resistance, inductance,
capacitance, waveform, frequency etc) is not constant, is called Non Linear Circuit.

 The Main Difference between Linear and Nonlinear Circuit

Unilateral circuits

In unilateral circuits, the property of circuit changes with the change of direction of supply voltage
or current. In other words, unilateral circuit allows the current to flow only in one direction. Diode
rectifier is the best example of unilateral circuit because it does not perform the rectification in
both direction of supply.

Bi-lateral circuits

In bilateral circuits, the property of circuit does not change with the change of direction of supply
voltage or current. In other words, bilateral circuit allows the current to flow in both directions.
Transmission line is the best example of bilateral circuit because, if you give supply from any
direction, the circuit properties remain constant

Difference between Unilateral and Bi-Lateral Circuits & Elements

Circuit’s Parameters or Constants and related terms
Different components or elements which use in Electric Circuits are called circuit’s parameters or
constants i.e. resistance, capacitance, inductance, frequency etc. These parameters can be lumped
or distributed.

Active Circuit

A circuit which contains on one or more [Link] (Electro motive force) sources is called Active Circuit

Passive Circuit

A circuit, in which no one EMF source exist is called Passive Circuit

 The Main Difference between Active and passive Components (Very Easy Explanation
with Examples)
Other important related terms to Electric Circuits and Networks

Node

A point or junction where two or more circuit’s elements (resistor, capacitor, inductor etc) meet is
called Node

Branch

That part or section of circuit which locate between two junctions is called branch

In branch, one or more elements can be connected and they have two terminals.

Loop

A closed path in circuit where more than two meshes can be occurred is called loop i.e. there may
be many meshes in a loop, but a mesh does not contain on one loop.

Mesh
A closed loop which contains no other loop within it or a path which does not contain on other
paths is called Mesh.

 How to determine the number of Nodes, Branches, Loops and Meshes in a Circuit?
Click image to enlarge

Good to know*

We use different theorems to solve complex networks. Generally, Complex network can be solved
by the following two methods (which we will discuss later)

Direct method

Equivalent Circuit Method

(We will discuss these two methods latter)