INTERMEDIATE IN

COMPUTER SCIENCES
FIRST-YEAR
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
CHAPTER NO: 01
 • Intermediate in Computer Sciences
What is ICS? • 2 years degree program

Major • Computer Science

• Mathematics
subjects: • Physics or Statistics

Why ICS? • Best for students, who want Innovation or who want to explore
modern trends.
• Students of ICS have the greatest opportunities because
Scope of ICS: almost every organization has an IT dept.
 ICS STUDENTS MAY SELECT THE FIELDS FOR
FURTHER STUDIES SUCH AS:
Software engineering Avionics

Computer Engineering Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Robotics

System engineering Cyber & Information Security

Cloud Computing Bioinformatics & Genetic Sciences (forensics)

Electronics Embedded & Control Systems

Data Sciences Computational Intelligence

Networks & Data Communication Mechatronics

COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDENTS MAY GET JOBS IN:
• IT firms
• Software houses
• Data Collection Companies
• E-Commerce
• Freelancing
• Banking Sector
• Computer Integrated Manufacturing units etc.
COMPUTER SCIENCE:
Study of computers and computing, there
• theoretical and algorithmic foundations,
• use of hardware and software for processing information,
• modeling data and information processes,
• computer network designs
• computer architecture experimentation etc.
 COMPUTER:
A computer is an electronic device that: CPU
→ takes data as input from the user
→ performs operations on data at a very high speed
Input Main Memory Output
→ stores relevant data before or after processing
→ produces results as output for the user
Storage

A digital computer is a programmable device that executes a programmed list of

given instructions in a sequence.
The Computer System is composed of a Central Processing Unit (CPU), Input devices, output devices,
Memory and Storage devices, and communication devices interconnected to each other
CPU is the main component that interprets and executes the instructions
 BASIC OPERATIONS OF COMPUTER:
Regardless of the size and type of computer, every computer performs the
following basic operations.

Input operation:- Output operation:. Processing operation:- Storage operation:-

▪ Accepting/reading ▪ Producing results for ▪ performing certain ▪ Process of writing or

data from any other the user after operations on input storing data into
source into the processing is called data is called storage devices is
computer is called Output operation. Processing operation. called Storage
Input operation. ▪ Output operations ▪ These operations can operation.
▪ Input devices are performed by be Arithmetic (+,- ▪ Storage devices can
perform input Output devices. ,*,/), logical be Hard disk, CD,
operations. ▪ Such as Monitor, Comparison flash drive etc.
▪ Such as a Mouse, Printers, Speakers (<,>,<=,>= ) and
Keyboard, Camera, etc. decision making.
Scanner, etc. • Processing is
performed by the
CPU.
 CLASSIFICATION OF DIGITAL COMPUTERS
Different computers have different factors/characteristics to differentiate them.

• Factors Characteristics of Digital Computers :

* Size * Cost
* Processing Speed * Accuracy
* Versatility * Precision
• Reliability
 ▪ Computers may vary by their size.
Size:- ▪ The size of computers can be from Pocket PCs to the size covering large
rooms.

Cost:- ▪ Cost of computers ranges from Thousands to Millions of Rupees.

▪ Different computers have different processing speeds.

Processing Speed :- • Speed can be from Trillions of Instructions per second
(TIPS ) to Millions of Instructions per second(MIPS ).

▪ Computers always produce correct results as

Accuracy:-
the instruction was provided.

• A computer can be used to perform a variety of tasks to make

Versatility:-
them versatile.
• Producing the results closer to the actual one.
Precision:-
• A computer can be used to perform a variety of tasks to make them versatile.

• Computers is more reliable than humans.

Reliability:-
• It does not make any mistakes during processing.
 COMPUTING DEVICES:
All machines, components, or devices that contain specialized computing chips
embedded in them, are called Computing devices.
Also called Embedded Devices/systems.
These devices are used to perform special Computing tasks automatically.
Following are the examples of Computing devices. i.e. ATM Machines, Electronic
toys, digital Alarm clocks, Microwave ovens, ACs, Digital Washing Machines, Cell
phones, etc.
Computing devices can be classified into:
A.) Early Computing Devices B.) Modern Computing Devices
A) EARLY COMPUTING DEVICES:
1.) Abacus: The Abacus may be considered the first computer, which was
developed about 5000 years ago by the Chinese.

Construction: It consisted of a wooden frame having parallel rods. These

rods had several wooden beads that moved up and down with fingers along the
length of the rods.
Tasks Performed by Abacus: Abacus was used to perform addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division.
2.) PASCALINE: This device was one of the first mechanical calculators
invented by 19-year-old French mathematician Blaise Pascal in 1642. Pascaline
is also called Pascal's Adder.

Construction: Pascaline consisted of rotating wheels. Each wheel is divided

into ten parts having digits from 0 to 9. The rotation of wheels performed
calculations.

Tasks Performed by Pascaline: This machine was used to add and subtract
numbers and could carry 10s, 100s, and 1000s.
3.) Leibniz Calculator: In 1694, a German mathematician and
philosopher, Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz created a computing machine to
add, subtract and multiply. Leibniz's mechanical multiplier worked by a
system of gears and dials.

• 4.) Difference Engine: The English mathematician Charles

Babbage developed the first mechanical computer in 1822.

Father of Modern Computer: Charles Babbage is considered to

be the "father of the modern digital computer”. He developed the first
automated calculating machine called the difference engine.
 Function of Difference Engine: Difference engine was able to
calculate the table of numbers and also provide a hard-copy of the
results. In other words, It is designed to calculate and tabulate
polynomial functions or to perform differential equations

5.) ANALYTICAL ENGINE: Charles Babbage began to imagine ways

how to improve difference engines. He thought about the
generalization of its operations so that it could perform another kind
of calculation. Thus, he was inspired to work on the first general-
purpose computer called the analytical engine.
6.) Tabulating Machine (Hollerith Desk): In 1890, Herman
Hollerith built a tabulating machine called Hollerith Desk.
Function: Hollerith Desk recorded and stored data on punch cards.
It was used for the United States (US) census in 1890.

7.) Vannervor Bush Differential Analyzer: Vannevor hush

developed a calculator for solving differential equations in 1931. This
machine was also used for complex differential problems.
8.) Clifford E.Berry (1918-1963): Clifford E.Berry was
American computer designer who envisioned on All
Electronic Computer that applied Boolean algebra to
computer circuitry.

9.) Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC): In 1940, Professor John

Atanasoff and his student Clifford-Berry invented the ABC
(Atanasoff-Berry Computer) which was the electronic digital
computer.
10.) The Z3 Computer: In 1941, the German computer
Pioneer Konrad Zuse developed the world’s first
programmable computer, the Z3, which was used to design
airplanes and missiles.

11.) Mark-1 Computer: Howard H. Aiken, a Harvard engineer

working with IBM succeeded in producing an All-Electronic Calculator by
1944. The Harvard-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, or
Mark-1, was an electronic relay computer. It used electromagnetic signals
to move mechanical parts to perform basic arithmetic as well as more
complex equations.
12.) The ENIAC: Another computer development was the Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC). It was developed by John
Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly, ENIAC was a general-purpose
computer that computed at speed 1,000 times faster than Mark-l.

13.) The EDVAC: Von Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete

Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in 1945 with a memory to hold
both a stored program as well as data.
14.) The UNIVAC-I: In 1951, the UNIVAC-I (Universal Automatic
Computer), built by Remington Rand, It's the first commercially
available computer.
B) MODERN COMPUTING DEVICES:
1.) Invention of Transistors: The invention of transistors greatly
changed the computer's development. They were used in early
supercomputers, stretched by IBM and LARC by Spary-Rand. These
computers are designed for atomic energy laboratories, which can handle
large amounts of data.
2.) IBM 1401: There were several computing devices used in business,
universities, and government up to 1960. One important example was the
IBM 1401 computer, which was universally accepted throughout the
industry.
3.) Invention of Integrated Circuits (ICs): The invention of integrated
circuits (ICs) in 1958 by Jack Kilby greatly revolutionized the era of
modern computing devices, in terms of processing speed, memory, and
supporting input/ output devices.

4.) Development of Intel 4004 Chip: The development of the Intel

4004 chip in 1971 by Intel further developed all the components of a
computer like the CPU, memory, and input/output controls on a single chip
which is called the microprocessor.
5.) Personal Computer (PC): In 1981, IBM introduced its
Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and schools.
Computing devices continued their trend toward a smaller size
such as from desktop to laptop computers and then to palmtop
or tablet PCs, which can fit inside a pocket.
CLASSIFICATION OF DIGITAL COMPUTERS:

Computers can be classified into the following categories:

• Super Computers
• Mainframe Computers
• Minicomputers
• Micro Computers
SUPER COMPUTERS:-
• largest, most powerful, and most expensive computers
• used to perform complex calculations, designing and controlling
complicated machines i.e., fighter planes, missiles, rockets, etc.
• used for nuclear research, weather forecasting, etc. that require a large
number of calculations to be executed at a very high speed.
• The best-known Supercomputers are built by Cray, Inc. and IBM!
• In Pakistan, Supercomputers are used in many organizations like Pakistan
Atomic Energy Research Center, NUST, GIKI, SUPARCO, etc.
MAINFRAME COMPUTERS:-
• larger and more expensive than Minicomputers but less than Supercomputers
• Requires a large room to be installed with its Peripherals (External I/O devices)
• Mainframe Computers can execute Trillions of Instructions Per Second (TIPS)
• These support Thousands of users at a time.
• These are used in larger organizations, banks, universities, digital libraries,
scientific laboratories, etc.
• IBM's zEnterprise, EC12, EC196 and HP16500 etc, are popular mainframe
computers
MINICOMPUTERS:-
• Larger and more expensive than Microcomputers
• Requires a small room to be stored with their Peripherals.
• These can execute Billions of Instructions per Second (BIPS)
• These support Hundreds of users at a time.
• These are faster than Microcomputers.
• These are widely used in Industrial Process control, small business
applications, Scientific research operations, etc.
• IBM System 36, DEC PDP, VAX Series, HP 3000 etc.
 MICROCOMPUTERS:-
• least powerful, least expensive, and smallest computers
• These can execute Millions of Instructions Per Second (MIPS).
• Their smaller size is due to LSI (Large Scale Integration) VLSI (Very Large-
Scale Integration) as well as ULSI (Ultra Large-Scale Integration)
technologies.
• It is faster enough to perform common operations. but slower than
Minicomputers and Mainframe computers.
• A Microcomputer can be placed on the Table (Desktop), in a briefcase
(laptop), or Pockets.
• A typical Microcomputer contains a Mouse, Keyboard, Monitor, and
System unit.
• A large variety of software is available for Microcomputers.
• These can be used at Homes for personal use as well as for business
applications.
• Some examples of Microcomputers are the IBM ThinkPad, Toshiba
Satellite Series, Dell XPS, HP Envy Series, Apple Series, Pentium & Core
2 Series, etc.
 MODERN USE OF COMPUTERS IN TODAY'S LIFE:
Mobile computing, IoT, cloud computing, data centers

MOBILE COMPUTING:
• refers to small portable devices that allow people to access information
from anywhere using a wireless network System.
• run on batteries and have limited functionality as compared to laptops
and desktops.
• Tablet PCs, PDAS Personal Digital Assistants, smartphones, digital
watches etc. are the example
IOT (INTERNET OF THINGS) :-
• IoT is the interconnection of Computers, and networks with physical
devices to collect and exchange information.
• Physical devices can be equipped with wireless connectivity as well as
embedded with software, sensors, actuators, cameras, microphones, and
other electronic devices that enable them to collect and share data.
• All kinds of household devices can be modified to work in Internet of
Things (IoT) systems and are called Smart devices.
• Smart devices are designed in such a way that humans can interact
with them using wireless connectivity.
• Smart homes, Autopilot Cars, Electronic Manufacturing plants, etc. can be
examples of IoT.

SMART HOMES:
• Smart Home is a popular application of IoT.
• These are the Homes equipped with various electronic devices that can be
controlled remotely with smartphones or computers through IoT systems.
CLOUD COMPUTING:
• It is a service provided and managed by 3rd party companies.
• It allows us to use hardware and software resources without buying and
installing them on our computers.
• It allows to access the service by using a high-speed broadband
Internet connection.
• It does not matter where the hardware and software is located.
• It can be somewhere in the clouds.
• It is the way of outsourcing the computing requirements.
 ADVANTAGES:
• There is no need to buy and maintain complex computer systems.
• It cuts down the cost of buying computers and peripherals.
• No need to worry about out-of-date (expiry), security, and reliability of data.
DISADVANTAGES:
• It requires a high-speed broadband Internet Connection available every time to
perform Computing operations.
• Privacy and Security risk of storing valuable data on someone else computers at
an unknown location.
• Google, Microsoft, Citrix System, Joyent, and Amazon
 DATA CENTERS:
It is a centralized location for collecting, storing, processing, and distributing
huge amounts of data. It consists of servers, routers, switches as well as backup
equipment. A data center facility requires Air Conditioning, Fire suppression,
smoke detection, and security at the entrance.
Data Centers may be housed in a room, an entire building, or a group of
buildings.
Data centers are used by government agencies, banks, educational institutions,
Libraries, telecom companies, social networking companies, etc. to store large
amounts of data.
It becomes costly to maintain Data Centers efficiently so many organizations
are moving towards cloud services.
Range International Information Group (China)
PTCL (Pakistan)
 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE:
A Computer system is mainly divided into two parts:
1.) Computer Hardware 2.) Computer Software

COMPUTER HARDWARE:
The physical components of a computer system consist of Physical devices i.e., a
Monitor, a Keyboard, hard disks, etc. along with the circuitry to perform
computing operations.
• Tangible components of computer systems.
• Cannot work without software.
• Repaired or replaced in case of disorder.
 COMPUTER SOFTWARE:
• Set of instructions given to the computer (in the form of Programs) to perform
some specific tasks
• It tells the computer what to do and how to do it.
• It is developed by using Programming Languages.
• It is considered as logical component of the Computer.
• It is an intangible component of the computer.
• It is used to solve a problem using computers
• It requires hardware to be installed.
• It is re-installed if becomes corrupt-
• Word processing, spreadsheets, DBMS, Operating System, device drivers,
etc. are examples of software
TYPES OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE:
• Computer software can be classified into the following types:
SOFTWARE

Licensed,
Internet Open Source.
Application S/W System S/W
Applications Shareware,
Freeware
Productivity S/W Web App Operating System

Bussiness S/W Cloud App Device Driver

Entertainment Social Media Utility Software

App
Education S/W Language Translator
 SYSTEM SOFTWARE:
Collection of operative programs that control and coordinate the
activities of the Computer System
• Required to control the operations of the computer hardware and to execute
computer Applications
• Purpose of system software is to make the use of computers more effectively and
efficiently.
Hardware
TYPES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE:
System
Software
✓Operating System Application
✓Device Driver Software

User
✓Utility Software
✓Language Translators
DEVICE DRIVERS:
• Device Driver is the type of System Software used to control the
operations of hardware devices. When peripheral devices are
connected with computer system, these will not work without Device
Drivers.
• Device Drivers are provided by Device Manufacturers. Now-a-days
mostly devices are called Plug-n-Play because their Drivers are pre-
installed and these devices are automatically recognized by computer
system (Such as Mouse, Keyboard, printers, scanners etc.).
 UTILITY SOFTWARE:
• Provides additional facilities to carry out tasks which are beyond the
capabilities of the OS.
• Disk Defragmenter, Disk Cleaner, Antivirus program File compression
software, File Manager etc.

OPERATING SYSTEM:
• Set of system programs used to manage and coordinate with all the
hardware and software resources of Computer System.
• Provides an interface to the Uses to communicate with hardware also
provides platform to the Application software to be installed for performing
operations
• Each computer system must have at least one Operating System
• Some commonly used Operating Systems are Windows, Linux, Unix, MacOS,
Android OS etc.
OPERATING SYSTEM TASKS:
• Allocates system resources
• Manages files by maintaining a proper file and folder system
• Loads and executes application software
• Controls the operations of all the Input/output and storage devices.
• Maintains security CLI
• Provides user interface
• Controls network operations GUI
LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR/PROCESSOR:
• Type of system software used to convert/translate computer programs
• (Source code) into machine language (binary/Machine code)
• Computer programs are written by using High level languages (human
understandable languages)
• The types of Language Translators are:
✓Compiler
High Level Translators
✓Interpreter
✓Assembler Low Level Translator
COMPILER: Source Code Object Code Machine Code
• Source Code Object Code Machine Code
• High level language translator
• Used to convert Source Code into Object Code as a whole before
execution.
• Creates a separate file called Object file
• Faster in execution than Interpreter
INTERPRETER: Source Code Machine Code

• Another high level language translator

• used to convert Source Code into Machine Code
• statement by statement
• Does not create object file
• Slower in execution than Compiler
ASSEMBLER: Assembly Code Machine Code

• Low level language translator

• Translates the Assembly code into Machine code
• Assembly code contains instructions written by Assembly language in
the form of symbols and short phrases called Mnemonics
APPLICATION SOFTWARE:
• Set of programs designed to perform user related tasks. Designed by programmers
on user-demand as well as available in market according to general user
requirements.
• These are installed in Operating System to be executed. These can be used for
Payroll Processing, Office Management, Document development and Processing,
Data Management and Manipulation, Gaming and Entertainment etc.
• Application software can be categorized into:
✓ Productivity Software
✓Business Software
✓Educational Software
✓Entertainment Software
PRODUCTIVITY SOFTWARE:
• It is used to improve efficiency of the user by describing the way people do
their work.
• It speeds up the processing of daily routine tasks performed by individuals as
well as teams by eliminating repetitive tasks.
• Productivity Software includes Word processing, Spreadsheet, database
Management, Video & Graphics Editing Software.

OPERATING SYSTEM:
• It is used by Business personnel to perform business activities.
• It helps them to efficiently and smoothly running business functions of a
Company.
• Payroll, Accounting, Inventory and retail, Campus and Office Management Systems
etc. are the examples of Business Software.
EDUCATION SOFTWARE:
• It is used for learning purposes.
• It helps the learners to enhance their knowledge and skills by practicing drills
and testing themselves.
• Human-body information software, Engine working tool, solar system, typing
tutors, foreign language software, music learning software, subjects related
Simulators, Flight Simulators etc.
ENTERTAINMENT SOFTWARE:
• It is used to entertain the people.
• It includes games, audio/video players, Browsing tools etc.
INTERNET APPLICATIONS:
• This type of software requires Internet connection to perform its operations.
Such as Messenger, cloud-based applications, online games etc.
TYPES OF INTERNET APPLICATIONS:
✓Web Applications Cloud Computing Applications
✓Social Media Network Applications
WEB APPLICATIONS:
• This type of software requires Internet connection to perform its operations.
Such as Messenger, cloud-based applications, online games etc.
• Commonly used Web applications are programs (Gmail, Hotmail),
online ticketing service, online banking app, online auction tools, Instant
Messaging service (Messengers), online games etc.
• Programs that run on remote servers while their users interact with them using
Web browsers.
• These require an Internet connection to perform their operations.
CLOUD COMPUTING APPLICATIONS:
• It is a program that allows to perform cloud computing operations
• Cloud application is entirely stored on remote servers
• Users access it through web browsers over the Internet.
• iCloud, One-Drive, Social Media Networks, Dropbox, Google Drive,
SoundCloud, etc.
 SOCIAL MEDIA NETWORK APPLICATIONS
• Social Media is an Internet-based communication system.
• It allows the creation and exchange of Information, ideas, interests, and other
forms of expression.
• Social Media websites connect users with their friends, families, and
colleagues using the Internet.
• The following are popular Social Media Network Applications.
FACEBOOK:
• Fastest-growing free social media networking service
• Used by millions of people all over the World.
• Allows registered users to create profiles and exchange messages, videos, photos, links, etc.
with other users.
• Provides a platform to create groups and pages on their common interest and share views
and ideas.
TWITTER:
• Online news and social networking service
• Allows subscribers to broadcast short messages.
• Short messages are known as "tweets" and are restricted to 140 characters-
• It is free to join the service.
• It is different from email and news broadcasting
• People from all over the world are continuously broadcasting tweets that can be viewed by
any Subscribers.
• Users of Twitter type their tweets about their activities, their interests, opinions, etc.
WHATSAPP:
• Free instant messaging service for smartphone users
• Allows to exchange text, photos, and video messages to individuals or groups using the
Internet.
• Became the largest messaging service around the world.
• Popular among teenagers for features of group chatting, video sharing, location sharing,
posting status, etc.
• Started for Android mobiles but is now available for others also.
LICENSED SOFTWARE:
• Software that is protected and requires a license to be installed and used by users.
• Generally, most of the System and Application software are licensed
• When the software is purchased, the user is only allowed to use the software, but he is not
the owner of the software.
SOFTWARE LICENSE:
• The legal agreement that defines the terms and conditions to use the computer program/software
• Defines the rights of Software Developers and the user
• Deals with the Copyright law that prevents illegal copying of computer software.
• It allows creators of Computer Software to take financial benefit from their software and to retain
some control over its usage and from making illegal copying.
SOFTWARE PIRACY:
• Making illegal copying and selling it without permission of the owner.
• violation of Copyright Law and makes it difficult for the owner to stay in business.
• Microsoft Windows, Adobe tools, Microsoft Office etc. are Licensed Software.
OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE:
• Software that is available in the market with its Source Code. Allows the users to
study, change, and improve it.
• Free for inspection, modification, and distribution without any cost.
• Linux, Unix, Ubuntu, Fedora, VLC player, Safari browser
 SHAREWARE/TRIAL SOFTWARE:
• Software that is given to users free of cost for a limited period to use and share.
• After Expiry time, this software should be purchased for further usage.
• It is a trial version and is limited in functionality.
• The trial period is usually 30 to 60 days.
• These can be downloaded from the Internet.
• Such as Antivirus programs, Office tools, games, etc.

FREEWARE:
• Software that is available for use and share free of cost. Usually, the full version of the
software is for an unlimited period. There may be some restrictions to be used
• May be allowed for Personal or academic uses or non-profit usage.
• Skype, Viber, Mozilla web browsers, VLC player, etc.
FIRMWARE:
• It is an intermediate form between Hardware and Software
• It consists of software embedded in electronic devices during their
manufacturing.
• It is used when the programs are rarely or never expected to be changed.
• It is mostly used in computing devices or embedded systems
• For example: in Toys, home appliances, and ROM.
• Firmware is also used when the programs
• must not be lost when the power is lost.
INTERNET APPLICATION SECURITY:
• It refers to preventive measures against threats that can harm Internet
applications.
• Internet applications are available 24/7 and offer access to many people
leading to high-risk of intrusion
• Internet security is essential because Internet applications are vulnerable to a
wide variety of threats.
• Hackers can steal, modify, or delete sensitive data
• To ensure application security, it is important to continuously monitor the
activity of the server on which the application is running and block hackers
from trying to obtain sensitive data
• It consists of firewalls, anti-virus programs, spyware detection and removal
programs, and encryption/decryption programs.
TYPES OF COMPUTER HARDWARE:
Computer Hardware has the following types :
1.) Input devices 2.) Output devices
3.) Processing device 4.) Storage devices
Input devices:
These devices are used by users to communicate with computer systems. These
devices accept data and convert it into machine-readable form. These are also
referred to as Peripheral devices. e.g., Mouse, Keyboard, scanner, microphone,
etc.
Input Devices
Types of Input devices:

Keyboard Pointing Devices Audio input devices Scanning Devices

 KEYBOARD: howstuffworks.com
• The primary input device is used to enter text as well as commands into the
computer to perform operations. Each computer must have a keyboard.
When a key is pressed by the user, it converts it into electronic signals in
digital form.
• Standard Keyboard has 101 keys whereas customized keyboards may have
88, 104, 110, or 130 keys. Standard Keyboard is also called a QWERTY
Keyboard due to its special arrangement
• The keyboard is divided into the following parts:-
✓Alphanumeric/Main Keypad Programmable Keys
Screen Navigation/Arrow Keys
✓Function Keys
Special Purpose Keys
✓Additional Keys
Editing Keys
 POINTING INPUT DEVICES:
• The devices that are used to control the movement of Cursor/pointer on the
screen, are called Pointing Input Devices.
• Such as Mouse, Trackball, Joystick, Touch Screen, etc.
Mouse:
The mouse is a hand-held pointing input device. It detects the multi-dimensional
motion of the cursor relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into
the motion of a pointer on a display screen allowing smooth control of the
objects on the screen.
It controls the position of the cursor and performs operations. Such as selecting,
dragging, scrolling, etc. A typical mouse has one or more buttons to allow
operations to be performed.
 A mouse can be a Mechanical Mouse (having a ball rolling & Optical on a
surface to detect motion) Or Modern or Optical Mouse (having an Optical
Sensor to detect motion).
It is beneficial in GUI environments (i.e., Windows)
Trackball:
Trackball is a Mouse like pointing input device. It remains stationary (fix) on the
surface. It has ball at its top to be rolled by fingers.. It has buttons to perform
operations similar to Mouse.
It is used by handicapped persons or when there is less desk space.
[Note: First Mouse was made up of Wood and Invented by Doug Engelbart
around 1964.]