MODULE 2

Electrical Services - Internal Electrical

distribution systems and Renewable
Energy Systems

Residential & Commercial Building internal electrical Distribution system:

• Power Requirement
• Incoming Power Source Voltage
• RMU
• Transformers
• HT Metering
• Sub Metering Panels
 Electrical Power Distribution Systems
Design

Electrical power distribution system essentially is the

system that receives power from one or more points of
power supply and then distributes it over to different
electrical equipment individually.

The reason why electrical power systems design is a

crucially important concern is that in case of improper
electrical design, old and worn out system, there are
potential risks of electrical damage.
Power Distribution System Details:

Electrical engineers who are responsible for the management and

assessment of these power systems should be very well-aware of
the intricacies of the system, its risks and possible solutions for risk
management.

Facilitation by a Diagram:
Electrical Power Distribution Systems Design is first charted through
diagrams. These diagrams facilitate in analyzing proper distribution,
anticipate possible distribution problems and also help in executing the
design. Sometimes, these diagrams can help interpret required
equipment for the system and even possible risks.
Residential Building internal electrical Distribution system:

Distribution inside Large Buildings:

In large buildings the type of distribution depends on the building type,

dimension, the length of supply cables, and the loads.
The distribution system can be divided into the vertical supply system
(rising mains) and the horizontal supply (distribution at each floor level).

The arrangement of the rising mains depends on the size and shape of the
building and suitable size of shafts for installing cables and bus ducts must
be provided in coordination with the building architect.

Modern electrical installations are placing increasing demands on all

products of the electrical equipment manufacturer.
Products must have reliable service life, adaptability to new requirements,
low installation costs, low maintenance costs, inherent safety features,
minimal purchase cost, energy efficiency, safe recycling.
Residential systems can be of following types:

– A free standing house

– An apartment building
– A complex containing free standing houses or apartment buildings, or both

Generally, an apartment will have one distribution board (DB).

A free standing house may have one main distribution board and other sub-
distribution boards (SDB) depending upon the number of separate dwellings

The different types of commercial buildings are as follows:

– A shopping complex (mall) building containing shops

– Supermarket/Departmental store building
– An outdoor shopping complex with several buildings
– Conference centre or entertainment centre
– Sports complex (such as gymnasium and swimming pool)
– Sports stadium…etc
 DOMESTIC ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
• Most domestic premises receive a single-phase supply of
electricity from an area electricity board at a rating of 240 volts and
frequency of 50 hertz.
• The area electricity board's cable, from which the domestic supply is
taken, consists of four lines, three lines each carrying a 240 volt
supply and the fourth is the common return line or neutral.
• Neutral is connected to earth at the transformer or substation as a
safety precaution should a fault occur on the electrical appliance.
• Each line or phase is tapped in turn together with the neutral to
provide the single-phase 240 V supply

ELECTRICITY BOARD INTAKE

 The supply or intake cable may enter building in two ways
I. Underground duct
II. Overhead supply.
 An underground supply is preferred since all of the electrical
service is hidden.
• From the sealing chamber the supply passes through
the meter, which records the electricity consumed in
units of kilowatt/hours, to the consumer unit which has
a switch controlling the supply to the circuit
breakers or circuit fuses.
• These fuses are a protection against excess current or
overload, the fuse or circuit breaker will isolate the circuit
from the source of the problem.
• The consumer unit should be fitted close to the point
of service entry and from here the service is divided into
a number of sub-circuits.
• It is normal in a domestic installation to separate power
circuits and lighting circuits so that if a fault occurs then
not all socket outlets or lights are isolated.
• Sometimes an external cabinet is used for easy meter reading. This
is located in an outside wall as shown below.
 POWER CIRCUITS
• When deciding on the number of circuits for a house, a useful
rule is; one power circuit for every 100m2 of floor area.
• In larger houses this means that two circuits can be used for
power socket outlets, in a two-storey house this would be one
circuit for upstairs and one for downstairs.
• In some larger houses a separate power circuit is also
installed for the garage / utility area
• In all domestic installations a separate power circuit is
required for the cooker since the electrical demand is likely to
be high. The immersion heater in the hot water cylinder can
also be supplied from a separate circuit since a 3kW load is
quite high.
• Ring circuits are used as a safe and economic method of
distribution of electricity to socket outlets.
 Electrical Building Protection
• Protection against electric shock is provided by insulating and placing live
parts out of reach in suitable enclosures, earthing and bonding metal work
and providing fuses or circuit breakers.
• A fuse or miniature circuit breaker (MCB) will disconnect the supply
automatically before the overload current can cause a rise in temperature
which would damage the installation.

• An isolator is a mechanical device, which is opened manually and is provided

so that the whole of the installation, one circuit or one piece of equipment
may be cut off from the live supply.

• In addition, a means of switching off for maintenance or emergency switching

must also be provided.
• In practice it is the aim to bring the Electrical supply to the appliance with as
small a loss of voltage through the conductor as possible.

• This means that the wiring must have the smallest resistance that is
economical
 Distribution in High Rise Buildings
• The electrical distribution system in high rise flats and office
buildings uses a busbar system.

• A busbar is a solid copper bar that carries the electrical current.

• The busbars run vertically inside trunking and are supported by

insulated bars across the trunking chamber.
• The electrical supply to each floor is connected to the rising main by
means of tap-off units.

• To balance electrical distribution across the phases, connections at

each floor should be spread between the phase bars.
• To prevent the spread of fire and smoke, fire barriers are
incorporated with the busbar chamber at each compartment floor
level.
• The chamber must also be fire stopped to the full depth of the floor.
 RMU
A Ring Main Unit (RMU) is a totally sealed, gas-insulated compact
switchgear unit. The primary switching devices can be either switch
disconnectors or fused switch disconnectors or circuit breakers.

In case a circuit breaker is the switching device, it is also equipped with

protective relaying, either with a very basic self-powered type or a more
advanced one with communication capabilities.

The rated voltage and current ranges for RMUs typically reach up to 24 kV and
630 A respectively. With many of the manufacturers of RMUs, the basic
construction of the unit remains the same for the whole of the voltage range.

The increase in rated voltage is handled by an increase in the insulating

gas pressure.
11 KV HT Ring Main Unit (RMU) Outdoor / Indoor
type:

This unit finds extensive use in H.T. side. It is marked with switches
(Circuit Breakers or Isolators or LBS) of three numbers. This unit
finds use for two inputs that may be mechanical or electrical
interlock. One outgoing is also provided in this unit to help in heavy
load withstanding capacity. Apart from these, this unit is also used
for purposes such as redundancy feeder.
RMU FACILITATES

• SAFE ON-LOAD OPERATION

• EASY NETWORK HANDLING

• NETWORK FLEXIBILITY

• PROMPT SUPPLY RESTORATION

• UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY

• PROVIDES CABLE STATUS INDICATION THROUGH VPIS

• INDICATES FAULTY SECTION THROUGH FPI

• REDUCES FIRE HAZARDS

• MAINTENANCE FREE

• REMOTE OPERATIONS AND STATUS MONITORING

 TRANSFORMERS

1. Transformer is an electrical device

that transfer electric power from one
circuit to another
2. It does so without a change of
frequency
3. It accomplishes this by
electromagnetic induction
4. Where the two electric circuits are in
mutual inductive influence of each
other
Distribution Transformer…..
• Used for distribution of electrical energy

• Generally, operates at low voltage as less than 33KV in industrial

purpose and 440v-220v in domestic purpose

• Three phase distribution transformers ,widely used in 11kv

distribution line to step down the voltage level.

Oil immersed distribution

Transformer….
 METERING, CONTROL AND RELAY PANELS

▪To house various measuring Instruments, control Instruments, Protective

relays. They are located in air-conditioned/ well ventilated building. Control
Cables are laid between Switchyard equipment and these panels.
 HT METERING PANEL
The metering cubicles shall be installed electrically in
between the incoming supply point and the step down
transformer of consumers installation. The general
arrangement of the cabinet shall be as per the
approved specification

11KV HT Metering Cubicles Panels as per ESCOM standards where metering is done in 3
phase 4 wire system employing 3 current transformers and 3 voltage transformers. The
panel contains the equipments and components complete with bus bar interconnections,
control wiring, designation labels, caution notices, Electricity Board sealing and pad locking
facilities wherever required. Required space is provided for entry of H. T. cable from the
bottom through detachable gland plates. Bus bars are epoxy encapsulated. Canopy will be
provided for outdoor type metering cubicles.
The Current and Potential Transformers used in these panels are Accuracy tested at
KPTCL / National Accredited testing laboratory.

Metering Cubical with Load Break Switch 630A, 26.3KA / VCB with Current sensor
operated over current & Earth Fault Relay
HT HRC fuses of suitable rating (Access to the HT Fuse chamber is possible only after
switching OFF the LBS)
The Instrumental Current Transformer (Resin cast)
The Potential Transformer (Resin cast)
The Electronic Trivector Meter
Test Terminal Block 3Ph. 3 Wire Front Connection
Sealing Facility Provided as per EB norms
 SUB METERING PANEL
These will monitor multiple electrical circuits and basic power and energy. They
determine exactly when and where energy is being used. These products are
used in the commercial, industrial and utility markets.