CLOUD COMPUTING

Unit 01
 DIFFERENT COMPUTING PARADIGMS
Parallel Computing:
●
Parallel computing is defined as a type of computing where
multiple computer systems are used simultaneously.
●
Here a problem is broken into sub-problems and then further
broken down into instructions.
●
These instructions from each sub-problem are executed
concurrently on different processors.
●
The goal of parallel computing is to save time and provide
concurrency.
●
Multiple processors work together on the same task,
at the same time, to get faster results.
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3
 Distributed computing
●
Distributed computing is defined as a type of computing
where multiple computer systems work on a single
problem.
●
Here all the computer systems are linked together and the
problem is divided into sub-problems where each part is
solved by different computer systems.
●
The goal of distributed computing is to increase the
performance and efficiency of the system and ensure fault
tolerance.
Tasks are divided across computers in different
locations and coordinated to solve a big problem.
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5
 Cluster Computing:
●
A cluster is a group of independent computers that work
together to perform the tasks given.
●
Cluster computing is defined as a type of computing that
consists of two or more independent computers, referred to as
nodes, that work together to execute tasks as a single
machine.
●
The goal of cluster computing is to increase the performance,
scalability and simplicity of the system.
A group of computers (cluster) that work together as if they
were one powerful computer, usually in the same location.

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 Grid Computing :
●
Grid computing is defined as a type of computing where it is
constitutes a network of computers that work together to perform
tasks that may be difficult for a single machine to handle.
●
All the computers on that network work under the same umbrella
and are termed as a virtual super computer.
●
The goal of grid computing is to solve more high computational
problems in less time and improve productivity.
Uses computers in different places (even owned by different
people) to work together like a virtual supercomputer.
Resources are shared across a “grid”.

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 Cloud Computing :
●
Cloud is defined as the usage of someone else’s server to
host, process or store data.
●
Cloud computing is defined as the type of computing
where it is the delivery of on-demand computing services
over the internet on a pay-as-you-go basis.
●
It is widely distributed, network-based and used for
storage.
You rent computing resources (storage, power,
software) over the internet on-demand no need to buy or
maintain hardware.

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 DEFINITIONS
●
Gartner:
“a style of computing in which scalable and elastic IT-enabled capabilities are
delivered as a service to external customers using Internet technologies.”
●
Forrester Research
“a standardized IT capability (services, software, or infrastructure) delivered via
Internet technologies in a pay-per-use, self-service way.”
●
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
“Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous(common), convenient, on-
demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources
that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or
service provider interaction.”

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“Cloud computing is a specialized form of distributed
computing that introduces utilization models for remotely
provisioning scalable and measured resources.”

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CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE

Architecture of cloud computing is the combination of both

SOA (Service Oriented Architecture) and EDA (Event Driven
Architecture). Client infrastructure, application, service,
runtime cloud, storage, infrastructure, management and
security all these are the components of cloud computing
architecture.
The cloud architecture is divided into 2 parts,
Frontend
Backend

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Cloud Computing architecture
provides a structural framework for
designing, implementing and
managing cloud-based solutions.
Cloud Computing Architecture
provides benefits like scalability,
flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. It
also solve related to security,
reliability, and performance.

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1. Frontend

Frontend of the cloud architecture refers to the client side of cloud

computing system. Means it contains all the user interfaces and
applications which are used by the client to access the cloud
computing services/resources. For example, use of a web browser to
access the cloud platform.
2. Backend

Backend refers to the cloud itself which is used by the service

provider. It contains the resources as well as manages the resources
and provides security mechanisms. Along with this, it includes huge
storage, virtual applications, virtual machines, traffic control
mechanisms, deployment models, etc.
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Components of Cloud Computing Architecture
[Link] Infrastructure: Client Infrastructure is a part of the
frontend component. It contains the applications and user
interfaces which are required to access the cloud platform. In
other words, it provides a GUI( Graphical User Interface ) to
interact with the cloud.
[Link] : Application is a part of backend component that
refers to a software or platform to which client accesses. Means
it provides the service in backend as per the client requirement.
[Link]: Service in backend refers to the major three types of
cloud based services like SaaS, PaaS and IaaS. Also manages
which type of service the user accesses.
[Link] Cloud: Runtime cloud in backend provides the
execution and Runtime platform/environment to the Virtual
machine.
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SStorage: Storage in backend provides flexible and scalable
storage service and management of stored data.
IInfrastructure: Cloud Infrastructure in backend refers to the
hardware and software components of cloud like it includes
servers, storage, network devices, virtualization software etc.
MManagement: Management in backend refers to management of
backend components like application, service, runtime cloud,
storage, infrastructure, and other security mechanisms etc.
SSecurity: Security in backend refers to implementation of
different security mechanisms in the backend for secure cloud
resources, systems, files, and infrastructure to end-users.

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IInternet: Internet connection acts as the medium or a bridge
between frontend and backend and establishes the interaction
and communication between frontend and backend.
DDatabase: Database in backend refers to provide database for
storing structured data, such as SQL and NOSQL databases.
Example of Databases services include Amazon RDS,
Microsoft Azure SQL database and Google CLoud SQL.
NNetworking: Networking in backend services that provide
networking infrastructure for application in the cloud, such as
load balancing, DNS and virtual private networks.
AAnalytics: Analytics in backend service that provides analytics
capabilities for data in the cloud, such as warehousing,
business intelligence and machine learning.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
OOn-demand self-services: The Cloud computing services does
not require any human administrators, user themselves are able
to provision, monitor and manage computing resources as
needed.
BBroad network access: The Computing services are generally
provided over standard networks and heterogeneous devices.
RRapid elasticity: The Computing services should have IT
resources that are able to scale out and in quickly and on a need
basis. Whenever the user require services it is provided to him
and it is scale out as soon as its requirement gets over.

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MMeasured service: The resource utilization is tracked for
each application and occupant, it will provide both the user
and the resource provider with an account of what has been
used. This is done for various reasons like monitoring billing
and effective use of resource.
MMulti-tenancy: Cloud computing providers can support
multiple tenants (users or organizations) on a single set of
shared resources.
FFlexible pricing models: Cloud providers offer a variety of
pricing models, including pay-per-use, subscription-based,
and spot pricing, allowing users to choose the option that best
suits their needs.
S
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S
RResilient computing: Cloud computing services are typically
designed with redundancy and fault tolerance in mind, which
ensures high availability and reliability.
VVirtualization: loud providers use virtualization to turn
physical machines into virtual ones, so users can use them
like separate computers.
SSecurity: Cloud providers invest heavily in security measures
to protect their users' data and ensure the privacy of sensitive
information.V

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 HISTORY OF CLOUD COMPUTING
●
A long time ago, in the 1960s, computers were big and very expensive. People couldn’t afford one each, so many users
shared one large computer using simple machines called terminals. It was like using a library computer everyone took
turns.
●
Then in the 1970s, something amazing happened virtualization. This meant one computer could pretend to be many
smaller computers. Imagine a teacher giving each student their own workbook from one big book that's what
virtualization did.
●
As time passed, the internet came in the 1990s and changed everything. Suddenly, you could send emails, browse
websites, and even use some software online. Companies started putting their services on the web so people could
access them from anywhere.
●
In 1999, something big happened a company called Salesforce let people use software through the internet without
installing it. This was the beginning of cloud applications. You just needed a browser, and the software was ready to
use like ordering food instead of cooking.
●
Then in 2006, Amazon came up with Amazon Web Services (AWS). They said, “Why buy your own servers when you
can rent ours?” This made it super easy for businesses to build apps, websites, or services without worrying about
hardware.
●
Soon after, big names like Google and Microsoft joined the game with Google Cloud and Microsoft Azure. Now,
cloud wasn’t just a trend it became the backbone of the internet.
●
By the 2010s, cloud computing was everywhere schools, banks, hospitals, games, shopping all started using it. And
now, in the 2020s, cloud is smarter than ever. It works with AI, machine learning, big data, and even smart
devices like Alexa or smart cars.
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 ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
●
Cost-Effective
No need to buy expensive hardware or maintain data centers. Pay only for what you use.
●
Scalability
Easily increase or decrease computing resources based on demand.
●
Accessibility
Access services and data from anywhere using any device with internet.
●
Automatic Updates
Cloud providers handle updates and maintenance automatically.
●
Disaster Recovery
Data is backed up regularly; quick recovery in case of data loss.
●
Collaboration
Multiple users can work on the same file or application in real-time.
●
Security
Advanced security features like encryption, identity management, etc., are offered by most providers.
●
Environmentally Friendly
Reduces energy consumption by sharing resources efficiently.
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 DISADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
●
Internet Dependency
Requires a stable internet connection. No access if the internet is down.
●
Limited Control
Users have limited control over infrastructure and backend systems.
●
Security Concerns
Data is stored on third-party servers, which may raise privacy concerns.
●
Downtime
Cloud services can face outages and downtime due to technical issues or maintenance.
●
Hidden Costs
Although cheaper initially, costs can add up with data transfer, storage, and additional features.
●
Vendor Lock-in
Switching from one provider to another can be difficult and costly.
●
Performance Issues
In shared environments, performance may vary depending on the load and location.
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 APPLICATIONS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
●
Data Storage and Backup
Use: Store files, photos, videos, documents online.
Example: Google Drive, Dropbox
A student saves assignments on Google Drive and can access them
from any device.
●
Education
Use: Online classes, learning materials, collaboration.
Example: Google Classroom, Microsoft Teams for Education
A school conducts virtual classes and shares notes via cloud
platforms.
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Business Applications
●

Use: Managing sales, accounting, HR, CRM.

Example: Salesforce, Zoho
A company tracks customer details and sales online without
installing software.
Software Development and Testing
●

Use: Develop, test, and deploy software quickly.

Example: GitHub, AWS Cloud9
Website Hosting
●

Use: Hosting websites and blogs.

Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Bluehost
User enters URL → DNS finds cloud server → Cloud server
sends web page → Visitors see the site instantl
y

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●
Entertainment and Media Streaming
Use: Watch or listen to content without downloading.
Example: Netflix, Spotify
●
E-commerce
Use: Manage online stores and shopping platforms.
Example: Flipkart, Amazon
●
Healthcare
Use: Store patient data, virtual consultations.
Example: Practo, cloud-based hospital records

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TRENDS IN CLOUD COMPUTING
AI and ML

One of the most trending technologies that are close to cloud

computing is Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning.
They are cost-effective technologies as they require high
computational power and storage for the collection of data and
training. Major trends that will grow in this sector in the
upcoming years are self-automation, self-learning, personalized
cloud, high data security, and privacy. Many cloud service
provider companies such as Amazon, Google, IBM, etc are
investing a lot in artificial intelligence and machine learning.
Amazon’s AWS DeepLens camera and Google Lens are two
such examples of their products based on machine learning.

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EXAMPLE:
You're curious about a flower’s name.
You take a photo using Google Lens on your phone.
The image is sent to the cloud, where Google's machine learning
algorithms analyse it in seconds.
The app tells you: “This is a Hibiscus flower.”
→
What’s happening behind the scenes?
Your phone uses cloud-based AI to identify objects.
Machine learning models trained on millions of images (in the cloud) are
used to give accurate results.
This requires massive computing power made possible by cloud
infrastructure.

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Data Security

When it comes to data security, no business or organization wants to

compromise. Security of the organization’s data is a top priority. Threats
such as data leaks, data deletion, and unauthorized amendments to the data
need to be minimized. Certain steps can be taken to minimize the losses
and ensure high data security.
Data breaches can be minimized with the help of encryption and
authentication. Data losses can be reduced with the help of backups,
reviewing privacy policies, and data recovery systems. Security testing
will be done thoroughly to detect any loopholes and patches. High-security
measures should be taken during storage and transfer of data. Cloud
service providers secure the data with many security protocols and data
encryption algorithms.

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EXAMPLE:
You’re working on confidential business reports and storing them on Google Drive.
Your files are automatically encrypted before being stored in the cloud and during
transfer.
Only you or people you share with (using your Google account credentials) can
access them.
If you accidentally delete a file, you can recover it from the Trash.
Google also runs regular security audits and uses AI to detect suspicious login
attempts.
→
Why it matters:
Even if your device is lost or stolen, your data remains safe in the cloud, protected by
encryption, backups, and access controls—ensuring high data security at all times.

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Multi-Cloud vs. Hybrid Cloud
Multi-Cloud: using two or more public cloud providers at the same time for different tasks. It’s like
using Google Drive for documents and Dropbox for photos both are cloud services, but from different
companies.
Hybrid Cloud: means using both a private cloud (your own secure system) and a public cloud (like AWS,
Azure, or Google Cloud) together. It’s like storing important files in your home locker (private
cloud) and non-important files in Google Drive (public cloud).
Multi-Cloud at Work
EXAMPLE: Banks
●
AWS is used for fraud detection using real-time
Hybrid Cloud at Work analytics.
●
Private Cloud: Stores customer data, account numbers, ●
Azure is used to run the customer service website.
and transaction history securely.
●
Public Cloud (like AWS): Runs the mobile banking
●
Google Cloud is used to analyse customer
app, chatbots, and notifications. behaviour and suggest better financial products.
●
So, the bank mixes both private for sensitive data,
and public for customer services. This is Hybrid Cloud.
Hybrid Cloud = Private + Public cloud working together.
Multi-Cloud = Using 2 or more public cloud providers for different tasks.

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EXAMPLE:

Netflix uses multiple cloud providers to ensure smooth global

streaming. While most of its operations run on Amazon Web
Services (AWS), it also integrates Google Cloud for advanced
analytics and machine learning features. This multi-cloud
approach allows Netflix to balance performance, ensure
uptime, and take advantage of specialized tools from each
provider all while avoiding over-reliance on a single cloud
vendor.

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Low Code and No Code Cloud Solutions

Those days are gone when users need to write hundreds of lines of code to
create applications and solve real-world problems and have deep technical
knowledge. Businesses can create applications and make use of AI and its
subdomains with low-code and no-code cloud solutions. These solutions
can help in the development of websites, apps, services, etc without having
any technical knowledge.
This helps in reducing the time and cost involved to create these solutions.
These solutions increase product development speed and result in a smaller
number of errors. Tools such as Figma and Zoho enable users to design and
develop websites, apps, and services without any computing infrastructure
and coding knowledge involved.

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EXAMPLE:
A small retail business uses Zoho Creator to build a custom
inventory management app without hiring a software
developer. Using a simple drag-and-drop interface, the business
owner sets up data fields, workflows, and reports—all in a
matter of days, without writing code. The app runs on the
cloud, making it accessible from anywhere and easily scalable.

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IoT

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a trend that is becoming popular day

by day. IoT involves the use of many sensors that generate huge
amounts of data which gets storage on cloud servers. IoT makes use
of many sensors, and actuators and performs analysis on the data
collected to yield results that will help in taking business decisions.
It involves connectivity among computers, networks, and servers. It
can remotely collect data and communicate with the devices.
IoT collects data from various sensors and devices and acts as an
intermediator between remote systems and smart device
management. Smart connectivity plays a major role in making IoT a
trend in cloud computing.

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EXAMPLE:
In a smart home setup, Amazon Alexa acts as a hub that
connects to various IoT devices like smart lights, thermostats,
and security cameras. When a user gives a voice command like
“Turn off the lights,” Alexa sends that data to the cloud,
processes it, and communicates back with the smart device to
perform the action. The system also collects usage patterns and
sensor data to offer personalized recommendations or automate
tasks showcasing how IoT and cloud computing work hand-in-
hand.

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Disaster Recovery and Backup

Disaster recovery plays a crucial role in the restoration of critical

data and systems in case of any kind of disaster. Many
organizations have faced huge losses of unsaved data due to
server crashes. With the help of cloud computing, a backup of
critical data of businesses can be stored to quickly recover from
disruptions such as data loss, power outages, natural disasters,
cyberattacks, or hardware failures. For any organization, a strong
disaster recovery and backup plan with the help of cloud
computing can save them from a huge loss. Many enterprises
keep electronic records and files and upload those documents on
an external cloud server automatically.

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EXAMPLE:
You accidentally drop your phone in water and lose access to everything
on it your photos, videos, and personal files.
If you were using Google Photos, all your pictures were automatically
backed up to the cloud.
You get a new phone, sign in with your Google account, and instantly
restore all your photos.
No need to worry about manual backups or permanent data loss.
→
Why it matters:
This simple scenario shows how cloud-based backup protects your
important data and makes recovery quick and easy even in everyday
disasters.

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 LEADING CLOUD PLATFORM SERVICE
PROVIDERS.
Amazon Web Services (AWS)

Launched in 2006, AWS is the best cloud service provider leading in the market. It
becomes a major player in AI, database, machine learning, 5G cloud, multi-cloud and
serverless deployments. AWS operates in 20 geographical regions across the world. The
company reported a revenue of 9 billion dollars in Q3 2019.
AWS offers 175 fully-featured services to meet any kind of business requirements. These
services are database storage, computing power, networking and many more.
You can virtually host any applications, including networks like firewall, DNS, Load
balancing, or even you can have your virtual private cloud.
WS applications are scalable, flexible, reliable, secure and trustworthy.
Easy sign-up and fast deployment. The best thing is there is no upfront cost and you pay
for what you use. It also offers a FREE tier for some of their popular services.
Example: When you watch Netflix, the shows are streamed using AWS cloud servers.
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1. There’s a hospital called HealthyCare Hospital. It uses computers to store patient details like:
●
Name, age, blood group
●
Medical history
●
Test reports
●
Treatment plans
This is very sensitive information. You can’t let just anyone access it.
What do Private Cloud do: Instead of keeping everything on one computer or using a public cloud (which is like a shared
space), the hospital creates a Private Virtual Cloud (VPC).
A VPC is like a private, locked room in a large cloud building, just for the hospital.
What Makes It Private:
●
Only hospital staff can enter (access the data).
●
They control who gets in and what they can do.
●
It has walls (security rules) and locks (firewalls & VPNs).
●
But it’s still in a cloud environment, so it's fast, reliable, and scalable.
Why Private Cloud:
Safe and secure: Keeps patient data private.
Flexible: Can grow during emergencies, like a COVID wave.
Compliant: Follows health laws like HIPAA or NDHM.
2. You and your friends all rent lockers in the same gym. That gym is like a public cloud. But you decide to get a special
locker with fingerprint access, only you can open it. That’s your Private Virtual Cloud—secure, isolated, and still part of 43
EXAMPLE:
A small business launches an online store to sell handmade crafts. They need
a reliable and scalable way to host the website, store product images, and
process customer orders.
They choose Amazon Web Services (AWS) to:
●
Host their website using Amazon EC2 (virtual servers).
●
Store product photos and videos in Amazon S3 (cloud storage).
●
Use AWS RDS a ready to use database(Relational Database Service). to
manage customer and order databases.
●
Automatically scale up resources during high traffic, like festive sales.
With AWS, the business gets fast, secure, and affordable cloud services,
allowing them to grow without investing in expensive hardware or
worrying about website crashes during peak times.
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Microsoft Azure

Microsoft Azure is a cloud computing platform created by [Link] started in 2010 as Windows
Azure and was renamed to Microsoft Azure in [Link] though it came
after AWS and Google Cloud, it is growing very fast and is now one of the top cloud service providers.
Microsoft Azure has data centers in 54 regions and is available in 140 countries. It
has big partnerships, like a 5-year deal with Disney to power their cloud needs.

Azure offers hundreds of services, such as: Azure can be used as:
●
AI & Machine Learning
●
A public cloud (shared with others)
●
A private cloud (only for one organization)
●
Data Analytics ●
A hybrid cloud (a mix of both)
●
Databases Why Azure:
●
Web hosting ●
It’s scalable (grows as your needs grow)
●
Mobile apps ●
Secure and reliable
●
Internet of Things (IoT)
●
Flexible – supports many operating systems,
languages, and tools
●
Security & Storage ●
You don’t have to rewrite your app to move it to
●
DevOps tools (Github,Selenium)and more Azure
●
Offers a free 30-day trial
●
24/7 customer support available
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EXAMPLE:
A school wants to shift to online learning and needs a reliable platform to
host virtual classes, store assignments, and manage student data.
They choose Microsoft Azure to:
●
Host their learning management system (LMS) on Azure Virtual
Machines.
●
Use Azure SQL Database to store student records securely.
●
Integrate with Microsoft Teams (also part of Azure) for live classes and
collaboration.
●
As a result, teachers can easily conduct virtual lessons, students can
access learning materials from home, and school admins can manage
everything from one place without setting up physical servers.
Azure helps the school scale up quickly, stay secure, and
ensure uninterrupted learning even during lockdowns or
emergencies.
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Kamatera

Kamatera, established over two decades ago, has evolved into one of the most reliable and

flexible cloud infrastructure platforms in the industry. With a strong focus on scalability,

Kamatera allows businesses to configure their cloud environments based on real-time needs,

making it a top choice for startups and large enterprises alike. Unlike many other providers,

Kamatera's pricing is incredibly cost effective, allowing users to pay only for the resources they

use, with no hidden fees. The platform supports a wide array of operating systems and software,

giving users complete freedom to build and deploy custom cloud solutions. In 2025, Kamatera

is renowned for its global data centres that ensure minimal latency (delay) and high availability

across the world.

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●
Allows users to adjust server configurations, CPU, RAM, and
storage in real-time.
●
Highly reliable with 99.95% up-time guaranteed.
●
Allows you to only pay for the resources you use, with no upfront
investment or hidden fees.
●
Lets you scale your cloud resources to match changing business
needs.
●
24/7 Technical Support is offered. A dedicated team available round-
the-clock for troubleshooting and assistance.
●
Kamatera operates in 24 cities across 4 continents and has recently
expanded to Singapore, Tokyo, and Sydney.
●
Supports multiple operating systems, databases, and applications for
seamless cloud deployment.
●
Kamatera offers a 30-day free trial of up to $100.
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EXAMPLE:
A startup launching a new mobile app that allows users to book home cleaning
services. Initially, they expect only a few hundred users, so they configure
a small server using Kamatera’s cloud platform with minimal CPU and RAM.
As the app gains popularity, more users start signing up, and performance
starts to lag. Instead of switching platforms or investing in expensive
infrastructure, the team simply scales up their server configuration on
Kamatera adding more CPU, RAM, and storage in real-time, without
downtime.(You can upgrade your server resources while your app or
website stays online and running, without any interruption for users.)
They also benefit from pay-as-you-go pricing, so they only pay for the exact
resources they use each month. With Kamatera’s global data centers, they serve
customers in different cities like New York, Singapore, and Sydney with low
latency and high uptime, and any time they need help, 24/7 technical support is
just a click away.
This flexibility allows the startup to grow quickly and cost-effectively
without worrying about IT infrastructure limits.
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